甘蔗新品种云蔗92-19的选育

甘蔗新品种云蔗92—19为中大茎、早熟高糖、丰产性强；萌芽势强、萌芽率高，出苗整齐，蔗苗健壮，分蘖中等；长势强。拔节早。蔗茎均匀粗壮直立，单茎重实，成茎率高，脱叶性较好，有效茎75000株／hm^2左右。平均产量100．2t／hm^2，比CK，（ROC10）和CK2（桂糖11号）分别增产9.3％和4．4％；平均蔗糖分15．24％，比CK1和CK2分别高0．98和1．01个百分点。其中，11月份蔗糖分14．13％，较二对照高1.7-1．98个百分点；平均含糖量15．6t／hm^2，分别比CK，和CK：高18．2％和13．0％。该品种适应性广，高抗黑穗病和嵌纹病。适宜于中等肥力的旱坡地、水肥条件较好的水浇地及水田种植。该品种于2004年10月通过了云南省作物品种审定委员会审定。     

丰产高糖甘蔗新品种闽糖96-1409的选育研究

闽糖96-1409系福建省农科院甘蔗研究所从闽选703（Co1001）×崖城73—226组合中选育出的一个甘蔗新品种．多年多点试验结果表明，闽糖96-1409平均蔗茎产量113．492吨／公顷，比新台糖10号增产8．27％，比新台糖16号增产29．6％．11—1月份平均蔗糖分（绝对值）16．16％，比对照新台糖10号、新台糖16号分别高1．40、0．70个百分点；公顷含糖量17．112吨，比对照新台糖10号、新台糖16号分别增糖19．1%．32．7％，是一个早熟、丰产高糖，适应性广的甘蔗新品种．     

几个引进品种试验表现

新植宿根试验结果表明,3个参试品种蔗茎产量、甘蔗糖分、含糖量等经济性状比对照优.云引42号蔗茎产量127.39t/hm2比CK1、CK2增产14.0%和57.8%,甘蔗季平均蔗糖分13.85%比CK1、CK2增1.06和1.72个百分点,公顷含糖量16.12t/hm2比CK1、CK2增产27.0%和62.7%.云引3号蔗茎产量114.30t/hm2比CK1、CK2增产2.2%和41.6%,甘蔗季平均蔗糖分13.76%比CK1、CK2增0.97和1.63个百分点,公顷含糖量14.17t/hm2比CK1、CK2增产11.7%和43.0%.云引15号蔗茎产量115.97t/hm2比CK1、CK2增产3.7%和43.7%,甘蔗季平均蔗糖分13.58%比CK1、CK2增0.79和1.45个百分点,公顷含糖量14.94t/hm2比CK1、CK2增产17.7%和50.8%.     

桂引9号在广西的种性表现

广西甘蔗研究所1996年从墨西哥引进桂引9号（原名Mex105）。经多年多点试验,该品种表现早熟、高产、高糖,宿根性好,抗病性强,在广西蔗区区域试验中,公顷产蔗量92．3t,比对照种新台糖16号增产12．2％,平均蔗糖分16．08％,比新台糖16号增1．23％,公顷含糖量为14．8t,比新台糖16号增糖21．4％,增产增糖效果显著。高产栽培上侧重于增加有效茎数和提高蔗株的高度。每公顷产蔗量90-120t的合理群体结构为：公顷有效茎为7.00-7．85万条,株高297-325cm,茎径2．53-2．71cm。     

甘蔗新品种闽糖92-505的选育研究

闽糖92．505是福建省农科院甘蔗研究所从选15为母本、CP73—1547为父本的杂交组合中选育出的一个优良甘蔗新品种，该品种具有高产高糖、早熟、宿根性强、抗逆性好、适应性广的优良特性。在福建多年多点试验结果表明，闽糖92．505每公顷蔗茎产量118．424t，11月至翌年2月份平均蔗糖份（绝对值）15．06％，每公顷含糖量17．887t，比福建目前主栽品种闽糖70．611增产24．30％、蔗糖份提高0．87个百分点、增糖32．20％。     

锌、硼对新植蔗产量和品质及一些生理指标的影响

在甘蔗分蘖前期施用锌肥(48kg／hm^2)、硼肥(45kg／hm^2)、锌 硼肥(40．5kg／hm^2 24．5kg／hm^2)，结果表明，锌肥处理较对照增产1．17％，硼肥处理与对照相当，锌 硼处理较对照增产6．05％；锌处理的平均甘蔗蔗糖分都比对照高0．56％(绝对值)，硼处理的平均甘蔗蔗糖分比对照高0．07％(绝对值)，锌 硼处理的平均甘蔗蔗糖分高0．39％(绝对值)。甘蔗施用锌、锌 硼肥对茎径影响不明显，硼肥处理茎径比对照低，各处理的茎数都比对照略高；茎长以锌 硼处理最高；锌、锌 硼处理叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素的含量比对照高，而硼处理的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素的含量比对照低；各处理都提高了硝酸还原酶活性。     

甘蔗施用脲酶抑制剂的效果

研究结果表明，尿素混2％和3％脲酶抑制剂可使甘蔗生长加快，有效茎数增多，比不混脲酶抑制剂的对照平均每公顷增产蔗茎7854kg(n=93)，增产率9．55％，达到统计显著水准，每公顷增农业纯收入1395元，可减少施肥用工45个，节省尿素用量20％左右。     

甘蔗新品种桂糖51号的选育

桂糖51号(试验代号:桂糖06-1023)是广西壮族自治区农业科学院甘蔗研究所以ROC20为母本、崖城71-374为父本进行有性杂交,采用"五圃制"常规育种技术选育而成的甘蔗新品种。多年试验结果表明,该品种出苗好、宿根发株多、分蘖力强,有效茎数多,中大茎,具有早熟、高糖、高产稳产、宿根性好、易脱叶、抗倒性强、适应性广等诸多优良特性。在2014—2015年广西区域试验中,桂糖51号2年新植1年宿根平均蔗茎产量(102.66 t/hm2)比对照ROC22增产2.49%,平均蔗糖产量(14.46 t/hm2)比对照增产5.17%;其中宿根蔗优势明显,蔗茎产量(108.74 t/hm2)比对照增产12.25%,蔗糖产量(15.59 t/hm2)比对照增产17.67%;平均蔗糖分(14.09%)比对照高0.36%(绝对值)。桂糖51号适宜在土壤疏松,中等以上肥力的蔗区种植。     

闽糖02205在国家甘蔗品种第十轮区试中的表现

在2014—2015年国家甘蔗品种第十轮区域试验中,闽糖02205(原代号闽糖02-205)表现为植株高度中等,中至中大茎,有效茎数较多,宿根性强。区域试验2年新植1年宿根平均蔗茎产量105.54t/hm2,比对照新台糖22号略减产0.41%;平均蔗糖产量15.79t/hm2,比对照ROC22增产5.13%;平均甘蔗蔗糖分14.83%,比对照新台糖22号增加0.84个百分点。中抗黑穗病和花叶病。     

甘蔗引种试验简报

会东糖厂引进甘蔗品种Q75、川引99—368、川引99—762等，2001年与当地主裁品种川蔗13号在3个地方进行正规的品比试验。根据12月份测产结果统计，Q75、川引99—368、川引99—762分别比对照川蔗13号公顷增产14．2t、2．6t、—3．0t。其中，Q75的增产效果达到了F检验的显著水推。Q75、川引99—368、川引99—762在元月份的糖分，分别比川蔗13号高1．65％、1．77％、0．59％(绝对值)。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.