进口流场对虹吸式出水流道的性能影响

采用数值模拟方法,把轴流泵后导叶的出口流场作为虹吸式出水流道的进口流场,研究对其水力特性的影响。计算结果表明,导叶出口流速和压力分布不均匀,存在横向流速和剩余环量,使虹吸式出水流道水力特性变差,下降段和出口段的回流区增大,驼峰断面和出口断面轴向流速分布均匀度显著下降,水力损失增加。轴流泵后导叶出口流场影响虹吸式出水流道两侧的流量分配,右侧流量恒大于左侧流量,而右侧的水力损失却小于左侧的水力损失,但两者都比无旋、轴向进水条件下的流道水头损失大得多,流量和水头损失的关系并不符合二次抛物线变化规律。     

泵站出水池整流措施数值分析

为了改善泵站出水池内的不良水流流态,基于CFD软件,采用RNG模型和VOF方法对原设计方案及4种修改方案的出水池水流进行全流场数值模拟,得到泵站出水池内部的水流流态、流速、水位、水头损失及水头损失系数.计算结果表明,原方案出水池内流态紊乱,隧洞进水条件差,水流偏斜较为明显;纵向水面差为0.33~0.48 m,水头损失和水头损失系数相对较大.通过多个方案比较,推荐采用圆弧边墙+下移隧洞进口方案,对原方案的4处折角边墙分别调整为半径为45和36 m的圆弧,同时隧洞进口向下游移动10 m.该方案能明显改善出水池的流态,水流能较均匀地进入隧洞,纵向水面差减小明显,最大减幅为0.12 m;隧洞进口流速分布均匀度提高了10.3%,水头损失减小了14.7%.根据推荐方案进行物理模型试验,试验结果与数值模拟接近.     

异向流斜管沉淀池水力特性研究

异向流斜管沉淀池在现有的文献上没有类似的可供计算水头损失的公式和系数,在设计时取值困难。以计算流体力学软件FLUENT为平台,采用标准k-ε湍流模型与SIMPLEC算法,采用速度进口与自由出流边界条件以及按无应力边界条件处理的自由水面对异向流斜管沉淀池中的水流运动进行数值模拟计算,对水流流态、断面流速分布与压强分布等水力特性进行了研究。基于数值模拟计算得到了沉淀池的水头损失,与实际工程测量结果吻合较好,找到了一种沉淀池水头损失的计算方法。     

不同流态区盘卷软管阻力损失研究

针对不同水流流态下的卷盘式喷灌机盘卷软管阻力损失计算问题,构建了软管阻力损失试验装置。在一系列的管道流速条件下,对卷盘式喷灌机(卷盘轴径为1.28m)几种常用内径(27.2、34.0、42.6和53.6mm)的软管进行了盘卷软管阻力损失试验。结果表明:软管管内流速相同时,盘卷软管阻力损失均大于直铺软管的阻力损失;随着管内流速的增加,两者之间的阻力损失差值增大;当雷诺数介于29 630和159 208之间,水流形态属于湍流Ⅰ区和湍流Ⅱ区时,盘卷软管阻力损失与管道内水流流态有关,并得到了软管阻力损失系数和软管阻力损失计算公式,为卷盘式喷灌机进水口压力计算提供参考。     

闸坝式枢纽工程闸前导水墙体形优化研究

闸坝式枢纽工程边界条件在库区到闸室段突然收缩,闸室过流单宽流量大、水头高,闸前进水口处易出现水流流态差和间歇性吸气漩涡等问题。为研究并选用合理的导水墙体形,分析闸前进水口处水流流态、流线分布、表面流速、漩涡分布及横向水位差等水力条件,采用数值模拟分析方法,对某闸坝式枢纽工程闸前导水墙体型布置方案进行优化,并用物理模型试验进行验证分析。结果表明优化方案在闸前近坝区束窄河床的导水墙体形布置,可有效改善进水口水流流态,减小闸前水流横向流速,并消除了间歇性吸气漩涡。     

大型泵站肘形进水流道三维紊流仿真计算

通过肘形进水流道三维紊流仿真计算，定性分析流道内部流态，定量计算流道出口轴向流速分布均匀度、出口水流偏流角和流道的水头损失，能预测肘形进水流道的水力特性，为流道水力设计优化和模型试验提供了依据，可以缩短模型试验周期和试验费用。     

大型泵站肘形进水流道三维紊流仿

通过肘形进水流道三维紊流仿真计算，定性分析流道内部流态，定量计算流道出口轴向流速分布均匀度、出口水流偏流角和流道的水头损失，实现了肘形进水流道的水力特性全面预测，为流道水力设计优化和模型试验提供了充分的依据，可大幅度缩短模型试验周期和试验费用。     

U形渠道三角剖面堰数值模拟与水力性能探究

为探究U形渠道三角剖面堰量水的可靠性及其水力特性,以更好地进行灌区科学化管理,合理分配水量。基于堰流原理,通过Fluent 6.3软件,采用VOF方法和RNG k-ε湍流模型对U形渠道三角剖面堰进行三维数值模拟,并对模拟结果进行分析。对不同流量工况下沿程水面线,流速分布,佛劳德数以及水头损失进行探究分析,得到水面线在量水堰处急剧下降,同时流速增大。水流流态从缓流到急流再恢复成缓流,临界流出现在堰顶处,且最大水头损失不超过上游总水头的13%,理论分析发现各项水力特性均符合经典水力学基本原理。建立流量公式并比较分析计算流量,模拟流量和渠道流量,最大误差为13.86%,最小误差为0.03%,基本符合灌区量水堰测流的精度。     

微孔渗灌管水力特性的试验研究

通过试验实测的方法,对埋入地下的微孔渗灌管灌水时管路的水力特性进行了研究。结果表明,随着进水口压力、管长和微孔渗灌管透水性能的增加,微孔渗灌管水流量、沿程的水头损失和水力偏差率增大,且水头损失主要发生在微孔渗灌管靠近进水口的前半段。实际设计管网时,应综合考虑供水压力、渗灌管透水性能对水头损失的影响,确定管网中毛管的长度,保证灌水均匀度。     

泵站蜗壳式出水流道三维紊流数值模拟

采用RNGk-ε湍流模型闭合雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程,数值模拟了某大型混流泵装置中蜗壳式出水流道的内部流动,在分析关键断面流态的基础上,对该出水流道的水力特性进行了预测。模拟结果表明,蜗壳式出水流道的内部流态非常复杂,在一些区域有局部涡流和脱流现象,流速分布均匀性较差。蜗壳出口和流道出口断面的轴向流速分布均匀度曲线均为开口向下的曲线,而出口水流偏流角曲线则是开口向上的曲线,对应于水泵装置最高效率点,两者分别达到最大值和最小值。水头损失随流量变化而变化,在水泵装置最高效率点达到极小值。水泵装置在偏离设计工况大流量侧运行时,出水流道的水头损失迅速增加,装置效率急剧下降。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义，并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状，提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。