森林作业对林地土壤呼吸的影响

介绍了森林生态系统土壤呼吸的研究意义,森林生态系统土壤呼吸的影响因素,人为扰动对森林土壤呼吸影响的研究进展。提出了森林作业对土壤呼吸的作用机理和人为扰动对森林土壤呼吸各组分的微观影响,同时也提出土壤呼吸对森林生态系统的反馈作用是人为扰动对森林生态系统土壤影响研究中尚未解决的问题。     

火干扰对土壤呼吸的影响及测定方法研究进展

林火是森林生态系统的重要干扰因子,是导致土壤碳储量发生变化的重要因子。火干扰所排放的含碳气体对物质循环、能量流动和信息传递具有重要影响,进而影响森林生态系统的碳平衡以及气候变化。土壤作为巨大的陆地生态系统储碳库,其与大气碳交换的方式主要是通过土壤呼吸,由于土壤的碳储量巨大,土壤碳库的微小变化都会引起大气CO2浓度的巨大改变,从而影响森林生态系统碳平衡。阐述土壤呼吸的各种测量方法,并对比各种测定方法;火干扰对森林生态系统土壤呼吸速率的影响及其测定方法;火干扰对土壤呼吸环境的影响。最后提出今后在火干扰对土壤呼吸研究中应关注的问题,同时对火干扰与森林生态系统土壤呼吸的研究方向进行展望。     

森林生态系统土壤呼吸空间异质性研究进展

土壤呼吸作用是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分。了解森林土壤呼吸的空间异质性是估算整个陆地生态系统碳源、汇的基础。文中概述了森林生态系统土壤呼吸空间异质性的研究进展及其影响因子,以及研究土壤呼吸空间异质性的主要方法,指出当前森林生态系统土壤呼吸空间异质性研究中存在的问题及未来该领域的研究重点。     

计划火烧对阿里河兴安落叶松林土壤呼吸影响

大兴安岭地区是我国北方森林生态系统主要分布区域,也是我国森林火灾高发、频发区域。研究计划火烧对本地区土壤呼吸的影响,对探究计划火烧后森林生态系统碳循环的变化规律,对未来指导计划火烧的开展具有重要意义。本研究选取阿里河林业局兴安落叶松林为样地,在计划火烧24h前、后使用LI-8 100取样测定土壤呼吸速率、土壤温度与土壤湿度等指标。火烧前后土壤呼吸速率平均值分别为0.18±0.19μmol/m2·s和0.89±0.29μmol/m2·s。计划火烧前土壤呼吸与土壤微生物碳氮和土壤湿度显著相关(P0.05),计划火烧后,土壤呼吸与土壤微生物碳氮、土壤湿度、温度等都没有相关性(P0.05),且与火前相比,土壤呼吸没有显著变化。研究结果表明,开展计划火烧不会导致本研究区域内土壤呼吸显著增加。本研究结果对森林生产经营以及开展计划火烧对北方森林生态系统碳库的变化提供数据支持。     

模拟计划火烧对哈尔滨城市林业示范基地典型林型土壤呼吸的影响

火干扰是森林生态系统重要的干扰因素之一,尤其在北方森林生态系统中火干扰的作用更为明显。但是关于火干扰到底如何影响北方森林生态系统的土壤呼吸,以及计划火烧开展对土壤呼吸的影响程度目前研究非常有限,相关科学问题尚不能给出准确答案。因此,本文选择哈尔滨城市林业示范基地的典型3种森林类型白桦林、兴安落叶松林和蒙古栎林,通过小范围控制火烧试验采用LI6400测定火后不同时间(5~9月份)的土壤呼吸,研究计划火烧对3种林型土壤呼吸通量的影响。结果表明,在火后5~9月份中,3种林型火后样地与对照样地相比,白桦林土壤呼吸速率上升了10%,蒙古栎土壤呼吸速率下降了30%,落叶松土壤呼吸速率上升了14%。白桦林、蒙古栎林、落叶松林对照样地与火烧样地的Rc值均呈现出显著的动态变化,但并无一定规律,3种林型中白桦林火后短期内Rc的变化规律并不显著,而蒙古栎林与落叶松林火后短期内Rc的变化规律非常明显,蒙古栎林的Rc值的变化显著降低为34.98%,而落叶松林的Rc值变化却显著升高为13.77%。因为本次小范围计划控制火烧试验对环境温度改变最大,因此研究结果表明本次试验控制土壤呼吸的因素中,温度占主导地位。     

森林土壤呼吸对降雨脉冲的响应研究进展

森林生态系统的土壤碳储量是陆地生态系统碳库的重要组成部分。土壤呼吸则是土壤碳库参与陆地碳循环的主要方式,其受到诸多生物和非生物因子的综合调控。偶发性降雨会引起森林土壤湿度的瞬间增加,进而导致土壤呼吸速率的快速提高。文中介绍了森林土壤呼吸及其组分,综述了降雨脉冲效应的特征和诱导机制（包括物理替代机制、微生物代谢机制、土壤养分限制机制及光化学调控机制等）,分析了当前降雨脉冲研究存在的不足并展望了未来的研究重点,认为森林生态系统是未来开展降雨脉冲效应研究的重要方向,探究森林土壤呼吸不同组分对降雨脉冲的响应差异与机制也是潜在的重要研究方向。     

森林植被对土壤团聚体和微生物特性的影响研究进展

森林作为陆地生态系统的核心主体,具有维持生态系统平衡、保持水土、涵养水源等重要生态功能 。植被类型是 影响土壤团聚体形成和微生物特性的重要因子,研究森林植被类型对提高陆地生态系统生产力、丰富生物多样性及缓解全 球变暖等方面具有重要意义 。森林植被和土壤微生物及土壤团聚体的相互影响及交互作用,均对森林生态系统产生了 重 要影响 。本研究重点阐述了森林植被对土壤团聚体形成及稳定性、微生物生物量、微生物群落结构及功能等方面研究进 展,并提出未来森林生态系统的土壤团聚体与微生物方面的研究重点,以期为森林生态系统的植被恢复和可持续健康发展 研究提供理论依据。     

管理措施影响农田生态系统土壤呼吸研究进展

农田土壤呼吸是碳平衡研究中的重要内容,相对于其他生态系统,农田土壤呼吸受人为因素的影响更为频繁,这使得农田土壤呼吸的研究具有复杂性和必要性。鉴于此,本文简要综述了我国农田生态系统土壤呼吸研究进展及其管理措施对农田土壤呼吸的影响,并对该领域未来的研究方向做了展望。     

森林土壤酶的研究进展

土壤酶在土壤生态系统的物质循环和能量流动方面扮演重要的角色。目前 ,在几乎所有的森林生态系统研究中 ,土壤酶活性的监测似乎成为必不可少的研究内容。森林凋落物分解过程中的酶活性动态 ,植被特征与土壤酶活性的关系 ,土壤微生物与土壤酶的关系 ,植物 -土壤界面的土壤酶 ,森林土壤质量评价指标的土壤酶及人类活动干扰对森林土壤酶活性的影响等是当前森林土壤酶学的研究重点。由于土壤酶的功能和生态重要性 ,森林土壤酶研究可能包括 :(1 )土壤酶系统分异 ;(2 )作为森林土壤质量综合评价指标的土壤酶活性 ;(3)植被动态与土壤酶的关系 ;(4 )退化森林生态系统的土壤酶活性特征 ;(5 )人工林土壤酶活性特征 ;(6 )人类活动对森林土壤酶系统的影响。本文从土壤酶系统分异和生态系统的角度对土壤酶在森林生态系统中的作用和地位进行了综述 ,这对于加深理解森林生态系统中的物质循环、土壤酶的生态重要性以及森林生态系统退化机理有重要作用     

森林经营措施对土壤呼吸的影响机理

全球变暖是当今世界最热的环境问题之一, 其主要原因是大气中CO₂浓度剧增。而森林土壤呼吸占生态系统呼吸总量的60%~90%, 是全球碳循环的一个关键组成部分。文中综述主要森林经营措施对土壤呼吸造成影响的程度及方向, 详尽总结采伐、林地施肥、土壤改良、凋落物移除和火烧等措施对土壤呼吸影响的国内外相关研究。     

Effect of Forest Management Measures on Soil Respiration and Its Mechanism

Global warming is one of the hottest environment problems.One of the reasons is the sharp increase of CO2 in atmosphere.Soil respiration in forest ecosystems accounts to 60%-90%of total ecosystem respiration and is therefore one of the key components of the global C cycle.This paper summarized different responses of soil respiration to forest management measures,and described the relevant researches at home and abroad on the effect of management measures like harvesting,forest fertilization,soil improving(Liming),litter removal, and prescribed burning on soil respiration.     

No diurnal variation in rate or carbon isotope composition of soil respiration in a boreal forest

Characterization of soil respiration rates and delta(13)C values of soil-respired CO(2) are often based on measurements at a particular time of day. A study by Gower et al. (2001) in a boreal forest demonstrated diurnal patterns of soil CO(2) flux using transparent measurement chambers that included the understory vegetation. It is unclear whether these diurnal patterns were solely the result of photosynthetic CO(2) uptake during the day by the understory or whether there were underlying trends in soil respiration, perhaps driven by plant root allocation, as recently demonstrated in Mediterranean oak savannah. We undertook intensive sampling campaigns in a boreal Picea abies L. Karst. forest to investigate whether diurnal variations in soil respiration rate and stable carbon isotope ratio (delta(13)C) exist in this ecosystem when no understory vegetation is present in the measurement chamber. Soil respiration rates and delta(13)C were measured on plots in which trees were either girdled (to terminate the fraction of soil respiration directly dependent on recent photosynthate from the trees), or not girdled, every 4 h over two 48-hour cycles during the growth season of 2004. Shoot photosynthesis and environmental parameters were measured concurrently. No diurnal patterns in soil respiration rates and delta(13)C were observed in either treatment, despite substantial variations in climatic conditions and shoot photosynthetic rates in non-girdled trees. Consequently, assessment of daily soil respiration rates and delta(13)C in boreal forest systems by single, instantaneous daily measurements does not appear to be confounded by substantial diurnal variation.     

皆伐方式对小兴安岭低质林土壤呼吸的影响

针对小兴安岭低质林分,采用不同的皆伐方式,利用LI-8100碳通量自动监测系统在春、夏、秋、冬4个季节对低质林分土壤呼吸进行观测,运用统计分析的方法,分析皆伐方式对土壤呼吸的影响和不同皆伐方式的土壤呼吸产生差异的原因.结果显示:试验区土壤呼吸夏季最大,冬季最低.春季和秋季因土壤温度和湿度差异不大使土壤呼吸相差较小;对于水平带同一条皆伐带,土壤呼吸并无显著性差异,并且不同的带宽对土壤呼吸的影响也不显著;垂直带随海拔升高土壤呼吸呈现波动性,总体趋势随海拔升高土壤呼吸逐渐降低,但是差距较小;水平带、垂直带和林窗的年土壤呼吸量分别为1.184,1.426,1.179 kgCO2·m-a-1,垂直带最高,水平带次之,林窗最低.影响垂直带土壤呼吸的关键因素是土壤温度,林窗则是土壤湿度,而水平带土壤温度和湿度的条件则介于垂直带和林窗之间.这说明在不同的皆伐方式条件下,影响土壤呼吸的关键因素并不完全相同.     

Post-fire salvage logging reduces carbon sequestration in Mediterranean coniferous forest

Post-fire salvage logging is a common silvicultural practice around the world, with the potential to alter the regenerative capacity of an ecosystem and thus its role as a source or a sink of carbon. However, there is no information on the effect of burnt wood management on the net ecosystem carbon balance. Here, we examine for the first time the effect of post-fire burnt wood management on the net ecosystem carbon balance by comparing the carbon exchange of two treatments in a burnt Mediterranean coniferous forest treated by salvage logging (SL, felling and removing the logs and masticating the woody debris) and Non-Intervention (NI, all trees left standing) using eddy covariance measurements. Using different partitioning approaches, we analyze the evolution of photosynthesis and respiration processes together with measurements of vegetation cover and soil respiration and humidity to interpret the differences in the measured fluxes and underlying processes. Results show that SL enhanced CO₂ emissions of this burnt pine forest by more than 120 g C m⁻² compared to the NI treatment for the period June-December 2009. Although soil respiration was around 30% higher in NI during growing season, this was more than offset by photosynthesis, as corroborated by increases in vegetation cover and evapotranspiration. Since SL is counterproductive to climate-change and Kyoto protocol objectives of optimal C sequestration by terrestrial ecosystems, less aggressive burnt wood management policies should be considered.     

Soil CO2 efflux in an Afromontane forest of Ethiopia as driven by seasonality and tree species

Variability of soil CO₂ efflux strongly depends on soil temperature, soil moisture and plant phenology. Separating the effects of these factors is critical to understand the belowground carbon dynamics of forest ecosystem. In Ethiopia with its unreliable seasonal rainfall, variability of soil CO₂ efflux may be particularly associated with seasonal variation. In this study, soil respiration was measured in nine plots under the canopies of three indigenous trees (Croton macrostachys, Podocarpus falcatus and Prunus africana) growing in an Afromontane forest of south-eastern Ethiopia. Our objectives were to investigate seasonal and diurnal variation in soil CO₂ flux rate as a function of soil temperature and soil moisture, and to investigate the impact of tree species composition on soil respiration. Results showed that soil respiration displayed strong seasonal patterns, being lower during dry periods and higher during wet periods. The dependence of soil respiration on soil moisture under the three tree species explained about 50% of the seasonal variability. The relation followed a Gaussian function, and indicated a decrease in soil respiration at soil volumetric water contents exceeding a threshold of about 30%. Under more moist conditions soil respiration is tentatively limited by low oxygen supply. On a diurnal basis temperature dependency was observed, but not during dry periods when plant and soil microbial activities were restrained by moisture deficiency. Tree species influenced soil respiration, and there was a significant interaction effect of tree species and soil moisture on soil CO₂ efflux variability. During wet (and cloudy) period, when shade tolerant late successional P. falcatus is having a physiological advantage, soil respiration under this tree species exceeded that under the other two species. In contrast, soil CO₂ efflux rates under light demanding pioneer C. macrostachys appeared to be least sensitive to dry (but sunny) conditions. This is probably related to the relatively higher carbon assimilation rates and associated root respiration. We conclude that besides the anticipated changes in precipitation pattern in Ethiopia any anthropogenic disturbance fostering the pioneer species may alter the future ecosystem carbon balance by its impact on soil respiration.     

长白山白桦林地土壤呼吸的季节变化

2004年5月至9月,研究了长白山白桦林土壤呼吸以及根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献随土壤温度和土壤湿度的季节变化,研究结果表明：土壤总呼吸、断根土壤呼吸和根系呼吸在生长季内有相似的季节变化趋势,夏季潮湿而且温度较高,呼吸速率也较高,春季和秋季温度较低,呼吸速率也较低。2004年5月至9月,土壤总呼吸、断根土壤呼吸和根系呼吸的平均值分别为4.44,2.30和2.14μmol·m^-2s^-1,三者与土壤温度均呈指数相关,与土壤湿度呈线性相关,三者的Q10值分别为2.82,2.59和3.16,这与其他学者的结果相似。根系呼吸是土壤呼吸的一个重要组成部分,2004年5月至9月,根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献在29.3～58.7%之间。根据Q10模型估算的土壤总呼吸、断根土壤呼吸和根系呼吸的全年平均值分别为1.96、1.08和0.87μmol·m^-2s^-1,即741.73、408.71和329.24gC·m^-2·a^-1,全年根系对土壤总呼吸的贡献为44.4%。土壤呼吸和土壤温度之间的关系模型是了解和预测长白山白桦林生态系统潜在的随森林管理和气候变化而变化的有用工具。