石羊河中下游不同生境柽柳群落物种多样性及土壤水分、盐分关系

为了给石羊河流域柽柳群落植被恢复与保护提供参考依据,以石羊河流域4种类生境型柽柳群落为研究对象,测定了群落物种组成、数量特征及土壤水分、盐分,分析了不同生境群落特征及其与土壤水分之间的关系。结果表明:(1)柽柳群落中共有植物22种,分属9科20属,其中灌木植物最多,为8种(5科6属),其次是多年生草本,为7种(4科7属),一年生草本为7种(3科7属),分别占总物种数的36.36%,31.82%,31.82%。(2)柽柳群落中,固定盐碱沙地密度最大,盐碱地和退耕湿地次之,丘间低地最低; 平均密度差异不显著(p>0.05); 盖度差异显著(p<0.05),以固定盐碱沙地最大,为73.33%,盐碱地和丘间低地次之,均为61.67%,退耕湿地最小,为47.00%。(3)不同生境类型柽柳群落在物种组成及多样性方面存在差异,从Margalef丰富度指数、Shanon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Alatulo均匀度指数看,丘间低地>盐碱地>固定盐碱沙地>退耕湿地(p<0.05),丘间低地群落优势度指数低于盐碱地和固定盐碱沙地、退耕湿地,群落结构相对稳定; 丘间低地Pielou均匀度指数明显高于其他3种类型。(4)在0—10 cm,10—20 cm,20—30 cm,30—40 cm,40—60 cm,60—80 cm土层范围内,盐减地和固定盐碱沙地土壤含水率最高,其次是退耕湿地和丘间低地,总体呈现出先升高然后逐渐下降的趋势。物种多样性与土壤水分均呈正相关关系,但均未达到显著水平(p<0.05),综上所述,不同生境柽柳群落组成物种稀少,结构简单,种群物种平均密度差异不显著。群落组成物种中,灌木种类最多,多年生和一年生草本种类相同。丘间低地多样性指数高于其他生境类型,退耕地最低,而生态优势度指数则相反,物种多样性与土壤水分表现出非显著的正相关关系。     

乌兰布和沙漠降水量对典型灌木群落结构及多样性的影响

[目的]分析降水量对乌兰布和沙漠植被群落结构特征及多样性变化的影响,为乌兰布和沙漠植被保护与植物资源持续利用提供理论依据。[方法]应用2011—2013年固定样方调查数据和同期降水量资料,对乌兰布和沙漠典型灌木群落结构及物种多样性与年降水量的变化相关性进行分析。[结果]降水量对3个典型灌木群落物种数及分科有显著影响。降水量增加,驼绒藜群落物种数增加了5种(新增加2个科别),霸王群落物种数增加了12种(新增加2个科别),四合木群落物种数增加了12种(新增加6个科别);降水量对驼绒藜群落、霸王群落、四合木群落中1年生草本与多年生草本影响最大,对灌木与半灌木影响不大;降水量的增加提高了3个典型灌木群落物种丰富度与物种多样性,有效增加了四合木群落与驼绒藜群落的相似性,减小了两个群落之间的生境差异;降水量与3个典型灌木群落物种数、盖度、丰富度指数(R)、均匀度指数(E)、多样性指数均呈正相关关系,且相关系数均大于0.600 0。[结论]研究区内降水量对3个典型灌木群落物种数、盖度、丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数均具有显著影响。     

灭幼脲Ⅲ号防治马尾松毛虫效果及其松林昆虫多样性变化研究

湖南省宁乡县是3代类型的马尾松毛虫常灾区，1993年6月第1代应用25％灭幼脲Ⅲ号进行防治。防治后12代通过对灭幼脲＋溴氰菊酯（Ⅲ）和对照（CK）4种类型的松林内昆虫多样性调查表明，各处理区内灌木层物种数和个体数均高于树冠层，未施药对照区物种数高于其他3种处理区，溴氰菊酯施药区物种数最低；但各处理区树冠层和灌木层昆虫多样性指数无显著差异，灌木层昆虫物种多样性有待于进一步丰富；经过12代的持续控制后各处理区昆虫多样性水平已基本得到恢复。     

管理措施及土壤因子对5种农田生境地表蜘蛛群落多样性的影响

以往的研究表明有机管理有利于生物多样性保护,但在不同农业生境类型中是否都存在这个结论呢?基于此问题,本研究在一个多生境的有机管理农场与一个相邻的多生境常规集约化管理农区,采用陷阱法进行蜘蛛取样,对比有机和常规管理措施下大棚菜地、果园、稻田田埂、露天田块及农田边界等5种生境类型的农田蜘蛛多样性的差异,并分析土壤因子对蜘蛛多样性的影响。研究发现:1)有机管理与常规管理的蜘蛛物种数没有显著差异,但有机管理的果园中蜘蛛个体数比常规管理的果园中多139%,且差异显著。同一管理措施下,仅常规管理农田区的农田边界蜘蛛个体数和物种数分别显著高于其他生境均值104%和59%。2)有机管理农场比常规管理农田的蜘蛛物种组成差异略大,且在有机管理下不同生境间的蜘蛛群落组成差异更明显。3)土壤因子中有机质、全氮、全磷含量等对蜘蛛群落结构有显著影响,但对蜘蛛个体数和物种数没有显著影响,仅土壤Cu含量和蜘蛛个体数呈显著负相关。在本研究中虽然有机管理和土壤因子对蜘蛛多样性有一定影响,但不同生境间管理强度、植被结构等差异对蜘蛛多样性的影响更大。因此,发展多种农业生境类型的有机农业可提升物种β多样性。同时,在常规集约化管理农区,保留农田边界等半自然生境、适当减少化肥和农药等投入、降低农田内部的管理强度、防止土壤重金属污染等措施均有助于保护蜘蛛多样性。     

宝天曼自然保护区栓皮栎林人工恢复与天然恢复效果比较

为比较宝天曼自然保护区内栓皮栎林人工恢复天然恢复的差异,采用样地调查法对相同恢复年限的栓皮栎人工林与天然次生林的物种组成、重要值、多样性指数和土壤性质等群落特征指标进行了比较研究。结果表明:(1)栓皮栎人工林群落具有维管束植物12科18属24种,次生林群落具有维管束植物27科40属48种,两个群落相似性较低(0.36);(2)栓皮栎次生林乔木层和灌木层物种的重要值比人工林低,乔木层和灌木层的物种数较人工林多;(3)栓皮栎人工林与次生林群落的乔木层、灌木层和草本层的Maglef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson和Pielou均匀度指数相比均较低,人工林的4个多样性指数大小依次为灌木层、草本层、乔木层,天然次生林指数大小表现依次为灌木层、乔木层、草本层;(4)栓皮栎次生林的土壤全氮、全磷、有机质含量比人工林均较高。研究表明在宝天曼自然保护区内,相同恢复的年限,栓皮栎天然次生林无论物种组成、多样性指数、群落结构和土壤理化性质均优于栓皮栎人工林,天然恢复比人工造林恢复效果好。     

重庆市茶园蚂蚁物种多样性及空间分布格局

为筛选茶园害虫的蚂蚁类天敌,采用样地调查法研究了重庆主要产茶区(海拔371~1 068 m)茶园蚂蚁物种多样性特征与空间分布格局。在重庆主要产茶区茶园,设置3条垂直带,每条垂直带划分为低海拔(300~500 m)、中海拔(500~700 m)和高海拔(700 m以上)3个水平带,每个水平带设置3~4块样地,调查茶园的蚂蚁物种组成、群落多样性及空间分布特点。在物种多样性方面:共采集到蚁科昆虫4亚科,39种。各水平带物种丰富度为7~13种,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数0.55~1.25,Pielou均匀度指数0.08~0.16,Simpson优势度指数为0.26~0.65;各水平带蚂蚁群落多样性指数差异不显著,表明其多样性水平比较一致。群落相似性指数为0.22~0.48,多数处于中等不相似水平。在群落优势种方面:不同海拔茶园蚂蚁优势种数目1~3种,常见种最多达6种,最少仅1种;稀有种最多17种,最少5种;从重庆范围来看,重庆主要产茶区茶园蚂蚁群落共有7种优势种。在蚂蚁空间分布方面:有17种蚂蚁具有较宽的垂直空间分布,活动范围涵盖土壤、地表和树冠,有作为天敌昆虫资源的可能。仅有9种蚂蚁在不同水平带的茶园中均有分布。结合群落相似性与多样性分析结果,重庆茶园生境破碎,蚂蚁群落间物种交流受阻,不利于茶园生物多样性水平的稳定与提高。     

羊草草原植被不同演替阶段土壤鞘翅目昆虫群落特征

2007年6月、8月、10月对吉林省羊草草原植被不同演替阶段的土壤鞘翅目昆虫进行调查,共获取土壤鞘翅目昆虫19科,1 670只,优势类群3类:步甲科、隐翅甲科、象甲科幼虫,其中象甲科幼虫为广布类群。不同演替植被生境中土壤鞘翅目昆虫在类群及数量组成上存在明显差异,其垂直分布具有明显的表聚性。土壤鞘翅目昆虫群落多样性指数(H′)表现为:羊草群落>羊草+虎尾草群落>虎尾草群落>碱蓬群落,这与植被演替进程密切相关。不同演替阶段植物群落中土壤鞘翅目昆虫个体数、类群数及多样性指数(H′)均存在明显的季节变化,除虎尾草群落外,个体数在8月份达到最大值。灰色关联分析结果表明土壤鞘翅目昆虫受土壤含水量、pH、土壤有机质等土壤环境因子的影响明显。     

北沟林场天然次生林植物群落结构及物种多样性研究

为了对森林群落结构及其物种多样性进行深入研究,掌握其发展变化规律,以便为有效开展生物多样性保护提供可靠依据,以河北省围场县北沟林场天然次生林为研究对象,从Raunkiaer生活型、多样性指数等方面对森林群落结构及物种多样性进行了研究.结果表明:(1)该区天然次生林物种丰富,共计117种植物,隶属58个科99个属;(2)高位芽植物在天然次生林植物群落中优势明显,其次为地下芽植物,其余生活型植物不占优势;(3)群落内部层片结构复杂,优势层片为大高位芽层片和中高位芽层片;(4)各群落的丰富度指数顺序为:草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层;多样性指数在各层之间呈现多样化趋势;而均匀度指数在各层物种之间差异显著,均匀度指数排序为:草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层.     

不同类型棉田昆虫群落结构研究

运用群落生态学原理和方法,于2007年6月26日至8月20日系统调查了平作春棉田和夏棉田主要害虫的种群数量动态,并利用相对丰富度、优势度指数、优势集中性指数、多样性指数和均匀度分析了其群落结构和时间动态.结果表明:两类棉田昆虫群落组成较为丰富,由10目35科48种组成.其中春棉田昆虫群落为9目30科39种,夏棉田昆虫群落为10目30科43种;优势种是棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover.)、烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci Gennadius)和朱砂叶螨[Tetranychus cinnarinus(J(Bois)].在6月底至7月上旬春棉田优势种主要有朱砂叶螨,7月初数量达最多;两类棉田在7月中旬以后优势种均为棉蚜,7月底至8月中旬优势种均为烟粉虱.两类棉田昆虫群落的总个体数变化较大,但春棉田中昆虫群落和害虫亚群落总个体数始终高于夏棉田;春棉田害虫的相对丰富度较大,而夏棉田天敌的相对丰富度较大;两类棉田以寄生性天敌群落相似系数最高(0.949 4),植食性害虫群落最低(0.439 4);春棉田昆虫群落多样性指数最高为1.895 3,夏棉田昆虫群落多样性指数最高为2.095 1,均匀度的变化趋势与多样性指数变化基本一致,而优势集中性指数的变化趋势与多样性指数和均匀度的变化正好相反,优势集中性指数越大,多样性指数和均匀度越小.     

吉林省中西部平原区农业生境土壤甲虫群落结构特征

2003年7月和9月对吉林省中西部平原区农田、居民点园地和“三北”防护林等典型农业土地利用生境进行土壤甲虫调查，了解农业土地利用差异对土壤甲虫群落的影响。研究区共捕获土壤甲虫26科955只，优势类群为金龟甲科（Scarabaeidae）幼虫、步甲科（Carabidae）和步甲科幼虫，共占全部总捕获个体数65．03％。研究结果表明：土壤甲虫类群空间分布的广狭与个体数量的多寡在吉林省中西部平原区呈现出明显的一致性；中部平原区与西部平原区土壤甲虫群落特征差别显著；土地利用类型差异影响土壤甲虫个体密度和多样性分布，其中农田和居民点园地减少了土壤甲虫个体密度和多样性，防护林的存在对于农业生境土壤甲虫生物多样性保护具有重要意义。     

金沙江干热河谷人工赤桉林群落结构

 为干热河谷地区的生态林建设提供理论依据,从反映群落稳定性的群落结构、物种多样性以及生长量和生物量等常用指标分析,金沙江干热河谷地区人工赤桉(Eucalyptuscamaldulensis)林密度普遍偏高,结构比较简单,群落稳定性较差。3种密度的赤桉林群落,随着林分密度的增大,林下植被层的群落分异性越大,林分中主要分布优势种(乔木为赤桉,林下植物为扭黄茅),其他种群的数量极少,林下植被层的结构比较简单,随着林分密度的增大,物种的丰富度、ShannonWiener指数、物种均匀度和生态优势度等4个指标不断减小,群落物种多样性在不断降低,结构合理性越差;群落生长量和生物量的变化,基本随赤桉林的密度增加而减小,密度最小的林分F1的生物量是其他2种高密度林分生物量的2倍以上。各林分林木生长缓慢,即使密度最小的林分F1的年平均胸径和树高生长量,分别只有0.72cm和0.78m。为了增加干热河谷地区人工乔木林群落的稳定性,使其逐步实现正向演替,发挥其应有的生态防护功能,应该考虑降低乔木层群落密度。     

Conservation-oriented forestry and early successional saproxylic beetles: Responses of functional groups to manipulated dead wood substrates

New conservation-oriented forestry aims to maintain intact populations of forest organisms by improving the conservation value of managed forests and providing protected areas. We tested the conservation value of treatments of dead wood for assemblages of early successional saproxylic beetles. In nine areas in northern Sweden, we selected one clear-cut, one mature managed forest and one reserve. In 2001-2002, we placed three blocks of spruce logs, each containing control, burned and shaded logs and a high stump (“snag”) at each site. Saproxylic beetles emerging from the dead wood were collected using emergence traps and beetles flying close to it were collected using flight-intercept traps. After one year of exposure, assemblage composition was examined, with respect to nutritionally-defined functional groups, red-listed species and fire-favoured species. Experimental snags were most complementary to control logs, supporting different assemblages of cambium consumers and fungivores and supporting more red-listed individuals. Burned logs supported depauperate assemblages, particularly with respect to cambium consumers, while shading of logs affected assemblages of fungivores, but only on clear-cuts. Despite containing less dead wood, managed forests provided valuable habitat, supporting similar assemblages of saproxylic beetles to reserves. Most functional groups were less abundant on clear-cuts than in older forests, but fire-favoured species were more common on clear-cuts, suggesting that clear-cuts may support assemblages of species associated with natural disturbances, if suitable substrates are available. Utilization of logs by saproxylic beetles changes over time, so long-term monitoring of our experimental logs will determine their lifetime conservation value.     

Effects of anthropogenic land use on forest birds and butterflies in Subic Bay, Philippines

Despite the loss of 83% of native forests in the Philippines, little is known on the effects of this massive habitat loss and degradation on its forest biotas. This is a cause for concern because of the threat posed to the country’s large number of endemic taxa. To investigate the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance, forest birds and butterflies were surveyed in closed and open canopy forests, as well as suburban, rural and urban areas within the Subic Bay Watershed Reserve and Olongapo City in western Luzon. Measures of forest species richness and population densities for both taxa were similar in the two forest types, but showed different patterns in the other habitats. Indirect gradient analysis showed that forest bird species were positively correlated with vegetation variables (i.e., canopy cover, tree density, height to inversion and ground cover), while forest butterflies were not strongly correlated to any of the measured habitat variables. Community composition of birds in forests was distinct from those in modified habitats, while butterfly communities were more similar. A simulation showed that canopy cover of 60% or higher was required by 24 of the 26 bird species that were sensitive to canopy loss. Endemicity and nesting strata were the significant predictors of vulnerability to habitat disturbance for birds, while endemicity and larval hostplant specificity were significant for butterflies. Both taxa were negatively affected by anthropogenic disturbance but may respond to different components in the habitat (i.e., structure and resources), and thus cannot be used as surrogates of each other. Conservation of forests with contiguous canopy cover should be prioritized, and more ecological research is needed to improve the knowledge on the effects of disturbance on Philippine biodiversity.     

不同生境对蚂蚁功能群的影响* ——以云南省绿春县为例

为探究土地利用变化主导的生境变化对蚂蚁功能群的影响,采用陷阱法和Winkler袋法调查了云南省绿春县天然次生林(N)、桉树林(E)、紫胶林(L)、橡胶林(R)、紫胶-玉米混农林(M)、旱地(D)和农田(F)7种生境类型的蚂蚁群落。共采集蚂蚁37 891头,隶属于8亚科52属137种;依据竞争关系、生境要求、行为优势以及对环境压力和干扰的响应等4个生态学特性,将52属划分为7个功能群:优势臭蚁亚科(DD)、从属弓背蚁族(SC)、广义切叶蚁亚科(GM)、机会主义者(O)、隐蔽物种(C)、气候特化种(CS)和专业捕食者(SP)。不同功能群的物种丰富度排序为机会主义者(10属32种)气候特化种(15属29种)广义切叶蚁亚科(3属24种)隐蔽物种(14属21种)从属弓背蚁族(2属16种)专业捕食者(6属14种)优势臭蚁亚科(2属2种)。从属弓背蚁族、气候特化种、隐蔽物种3个功能群的蚂蚁多度在天然次生林、桉树林和紫胶林中所占比例较高,而优势臭蚁亚科功能群则在干扰多的农田中比例较高;除优势臭蚁亚科仅2属2种外,在天然次生林、桉树林、紫胶林和紫胶-玉米混农林中大多数功能群的蚂蚁物种丰富度明显高于农田,而专业捕食者功能群蚂蚁物种丰富度在不同生境中差异不大。桉树林和紫胶林蚂蚁功能群的群落结构与天然次生林较为接近,橡胶林、紫胶-玉米混农林和旱地蚂蚁功能群的群落结构相似。气候特化种、广义切叶蚁亚科、机会主义者和从属弓背蚁族在不同类型样地中的物种组成变化程度大于同一类型生境重复样地间的变化程度。广义切叶蚁亚科、机会主义者和从属弓背蚁族3个功能群的蚂蚁群落在不同生境中变化明显,整体上表现为桉树林、紫胶林和天然次生林的蚂蚁群落与旱地和农田不相似;隐蔽物种和气候特化种仅在桉树林和紫胶林蚂蚁群落较为相似;专业捕食者功能群蚂蚁群落在不同生境中的变化不明显。蚂蚁功能群能够指示生境变化,广义切叶蚁亚科、从属弓背蚁族和机会主义者的指示效果较好,实质上是不同功能群中不同物种的多度及功能群内的群落组成变化对生境变化导致的干扰及资源可利用程度的响应有差异。     

Effects of oak barrens habitat management for Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides samuelis) on the avian community

The federally endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides samuelis) is the focal species for a conservation plan designed to create and maintain barrens habitats. We investigated whether habitat management for Karner blue butterflies influences avian community structure at Fort McCoy Military Installation in Wisconsin, USA. From 2007 through 2009 breeding bird point count and habitat characteristic data were collected at 186 sample points in five habitat types including two remnant barrens types, barrens habitat restored from woodland and managed specifically for the Karner blue butterfly, and two woodland habitat types. Although the bird community of managed barrens was not identical to the communities of remnant barrens, the Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla), a species of conservation concern, and sparse canopy associated bird species, such as the Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula) and Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis) were predicted to occupy managed barrens and remnant barrens in similar proportions. Adjacent habitat was the most influential factor in determining the community of bird species using the managed barrens. In Wisconsin, and likely throughout the range of the Karner blue butterfly, management for the butterfly creates habitat that attracts a bird community similar to that of remnant barrens, and benefits several avian species of conservation concern. Additionally, the landscape context surrounding the managed habitat influences avian community composition. Managed barrens that are adjacent to remnant barrens, rather than adjacent to woodland habitats, have the highest potential for conserving barrens breeding birds.     

阿克苏河中游荒漠河岸林物种多样性与群落稳定性

[目的]探究阿克苏河中游荒漠河岸林群落的物种多样性、稳定性及其之间的关系,在物种水平上对当前群落植物组成的复杂性及部分环境因子的关系进行探讨,为荒漠河岸生态系统的恢复提供理论依据。[方法]在样方调查的基础上,运用格局分析法,物种多样性指数与均匀度指数,聚类分析以及M.Godron稳定性测度对植物群落进行综合评估。[结果]阿克苏河中游荒漠河岸林主要的植物种群均呈现聚集分布的格局,群落结构简单,具有单寡种优势群落的特征。不同地段的植物群落物种分布较为均匀,但丰富度与多样性的高低略有起伏;荒漠河岸林植物群落根据环境因子的聚类结果可分为6个群丛,其中有3个群丛的物种多样性较低。物种组成与土壤水分的关联较为密切;当前植物群落尚未达到稳定阶段,物种多样性与群落稳定性者之间并无任何直接联系。[结论]单一以河水漫灌的方式促进该地区植物多样性的恢复具有一定的困难,考虑以胡杨、柽柳为主要格局,种植深根系的乔灌木以营造局部地区小气候,间接优化生境的方式对荒漠河岸林的植被恢复更为有利。     

Land use and habitat gradients determine bird community diversity and abundance in suburban, rural and reserve landscapes of Minnesota, USA

Bird species’ community responses to land use in the suburbanizing Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA, were contrasted among reserves, rural lands, and suburbs. For each land use type, bird composition, diversity, and abundance were recorded for 2 years in ≈99 plots in three sampling units (each ≈4500 ha). A habitat gradient defined by canopy structure (grasslands to savannas to forests) was influenced by land use, so ≈300 plots were used to characterize simultaneous variation in bird communities along land use and habitat gradients. At broad scales (aggregate of 33 plots covering ≈4500 ha) suburbs supported the lowest bird richness and diversity and rural landscapes the most, with reserves slightly below rural. Although reserves were like rural lands in diversity of bird communities, they supported more species of conservation concern, particularly of grasslands and savannas. Differences among land use types varied with habitat structure. Suburbs, rural lands, and reserves had similar forest bird communities, but differed in grassland and savanna bird communities. The extensive rural forests are important for the region’s forest birds. Suburban grasslands and savannas had low shrub abundance, low native bird richness and high non-native bird richness and abundance. However, total bird richness and diversity were as high in suburban as in rural and reserve plots because high native richness in suburban forests and high non-native species richness in suburban grasslands and savannas compensated for lower native richness in suburban grasslands and savannas. Bird conservation here and in the Midwest USA should protect rural forests, expand grasslands and savannas in reserves, and improve habitat quality overall.     

生境和施肥对棉田节肢动物群落结构的影响

采用不同的生境和施肥组合方法,研究生境复杂性和施肥对棉田节肢动物群落结构的影响,以期为棉田害虫生态防治提供理论依据。生境复杂性设棉田未覆盖稻草(A1)与覆盖稻草(A2)2种方式,施肥设复合肥90 kg(N).hm 2(B1)、复合肥90 kg(N).hm 2添加沼肥90 kg(N).hm 2(B2)、复合肥90 kg(N).hm 2添加尿素90 kg(N).hm 2(B3)3种方式。每个小区采取平行线跳跃法抽取10株棉花,每周一次调查每株棉花上和植株周围0.25 m2地表部分所有节肢动物种类数量和个体数量。结果表明,蜘蛛类(Araneae)个体数[A2(391.1±70.1)头.10株1,A1(226.8±29.3)头.10株1]、优势种天敌星豹蛛(Pardosa astrigera)个体数[A2(171.7±13.3)头.10株1,A1(59.3±9.8)头.10株1]、蜘蛛类优势集中性(A20.527±0.089,A10.258±0.049)、害虫类多样性(A21.459±0.067,A11.245±0.249)覆草生境极显著高于未覆草生境。害虫类均匀度(A20.635±0.040,A10.588±0.100)覆草生境显著高于未覆草生境。害虫类个体数[A2(772.4±206.9)头.10株1,A1(1 156.4±243.7)头.10株1]]、目标害虫棉大卷叶螟(Syleptahn derogate)个体数[A2(320.8±80.6)头.10株1,A1(659.5±254.8)头.10株1]、害虫类优势集中性(A20.311±0.029,A10.400±0.107)、蜘蛛类多样性(A20.997±0.169,A11.584±0.138)、蜘蛛类均匀度(A20.536±0.073,A10.803±0.052)覆草生境极显著低于未覆草生境。施肥方式极显著影响了害虫类个体数[B1(1 015.3±344.1)头.10株1,B2(714.0±152.2)头.10株1,B3(1 164.0±168.9)头.10株1]、棉大卷叶螟个体数[B1(552.0±253.8)头.10株1,B2(280.6±63.7)头.10株1,B3(638.0±256.0)头.10株1]、害虫类优势集中性(B10.370±0.055,B20.282±0.022,B30.414±0.111)、害虫类多样性(B11.324±0.228,B21.511±0.066,B31.222±0.200)、蜘蛛类多样性(B11.167±0.374,B21.418±0.373,B31.286±0.262)、害虫类均匀度(B10.600±0.039,B20.683±0.043,B30.550±0.081);显著影响了蜘蛛类优势集中性(B10.457±0.175,B20.353±0.167,B30.368±0.123)、蜘蛛类均匀度(B10.613±0.160,B20.701±0.130,B30.695±0.168)、捕食性昆虫类多样性(B11.190±0.153,B21.496±0.179,B31.474±0.125)。生境与施肥对害虫类个体数、棉大卷叶螟数个体数、害虫类优势集中性、害虫类多样性、害虫类均匀度的交互作用极显著,生境与施肥对蜘蛛物种数的交互作用显著。棉田覆草改善优势种天敌星豹蛛的生存环境,显著提高对棉大卷叶螟的控制效果;复合肥添加沼肥不利于棉大卷叶螟种群数量的增长。     

太行山低山丘陵区不同植物群落物种多样性研究

 通过样地法对小浪底水库库区山地生态系统不同群落间的Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)、Simpson指数(D1)、Margalef物种丰富度(D2)、种间相遇概率(P)和Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)等多样性指数进行研究,利用统计方法分析不同群落的物种多样性指数与其所处环境的关系。结果表明:1)物种多样性指数和丰富度指数与群落类型有密切关系,同一类型的群落中,多样性指数随演替时间表现出复杂的关系;2)土壤含水量对H′、P、Jsw、D1等呈极显著的正相关性,土壤厚度与H′、D1、P呈显著正相关性;多样性指数与坡度无相关性;土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷等养分指标与多样性指数H′、D1有显著的正相关;3)多样性指数H′与乔木、灌木群落生物量表现为正相关关系,草本群落与D1相关性不显著;4)乔木林群落的恢复时间与Jsw、H′呈正相关关系,其余多样性指数(P、D1、D2)与恢复时间关系不显著(P>0.05);恢复时间每增加10a,群落物种数平均增加约6种;5)物种多样性指数H′与灌木的盖度和高度呈极显著正相关性;有些单优群落随高度增加和盖度提高,多样性指数反而表现出降低;6)草本植物群落的高度和盖度与物种丰富度指数D2与呈显著的负相关关系,与H′相关性不显著。