核壳结构nano-CaCO_3/POE复配体系改性渔用聚乙烯复合材料的制备及性能

以纳米碳酸钙/乙烯辛烯共聚物(nano-CaCO_3/POE)复配体系为改性剂,采用两种共混工艺,调节nano-CaCO_3/POE复配体系在渔用高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)基体中的含量,制备了核壳结构nano-CaCO_3/POE复配体系改性渔用聚乙烯三元复合材料(nano-CaCO_3/POE/HDPE),研究了共混工艺、复配体系配比及其含量对nano-CaCO_3/POE/HDPE三元纳米复合材料微观形态结构和宏观力学性能的影响。结果表明,当复配体系中nano-CaCO_3和POE质量比为1∶4时,两步法共混工艺可使nano-CaCO_3与POE在聚乙烯基体中形成nanoCaCO_3为核、POE为壳的核壳结构,且该核壳结构由POE包裹2~3颗nano-CaCO_3粒子组成,尺寸为100~200 nm,均匀分散于聚乙烯基体中。此外,当核壳结构nano-CaCO_3/POE复配体系的含量为5%时,所制备的nano-CaCO_3/POE/HDPE三元复合材料的综合力学性能最优,与纯HDPE相比,其断裂强度、屈服强度和断裂伸长率分别提高了37.2%、5.1%和27.0%。     

MMT改性淀粉基纳米复合纤维的海水降解性能

不可降解渔具造成的“白色污染”和“幽灵捕捞”问题已严重威胁到海洋的生态环境,开发可降解渔具材料已经成为我国渔业可持续发展的有效途径之一。本实验采用熔融纺丝法制备淀粉(STR)/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/纳米蒙脱土(MMT)纳米复合纤维,研究MMT对纳米复合纤维的热学性能、力学性能、动态力学性能与海水降解性能的影响。结果显示,引入MMT后,纳米复合纤维的熔融温度(Tm)移向低温,结晶度增加,而断裂强度下降。此外,MMT的加入显著降低了聚乙烯的玻璃态储能模量和内部损耗,但对淀粉相影响不显著。4个月海水降解结果显示,与STR/HDPE纤维相比,STR/HDPE/MMT纳米复合纤维失重率增加了约5%,纤维直径减小了约11%,这表明MMT加快了STR/HDPE纤维的降解过程。本实验系统研究了MMT改性淀粉基纳米复合纤维的海水降解性能,可为渔业等海洋产业用降解新材料的开发与应用提供参考。     

渔用超高分子量聚乙烯/石墨烯纳米复合纤维的结构与蠕变性能

采用熔融纺丝法制备渔用超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)/石墨烯(GR)纳米复合纤维,研究了GR含量对UHMWPE纤维结构、热性能、力学性能与蠕变性能的影响。结果显示,GR在UHMWPE纤维基体中的分散情况以纳米级厚度为主,当GR含量为1‰和3‰时,GR在UHMWPE纤维基体中分散均匀,当GR含量为5‰时,GR在UHMWPE纤维基体中出现大的团聚体。与纯UHMWPE纤维相比,UHMWPE/GR纳米复合纤维的断裂强度和结节断裂强度均有显著提高,表明一定含量的GR可有效增强UHMWPE的抗蠕变性能且降低其蠕变速率。当GR含量为3‰时,断裂强力提高了31.9%,蠕变率降低了27.3%。当UHMWPE经GR改性后,纳米粒子与聚乙烯链段相互作用力增强,晶区附近受限的非晶区链段增多,α转变峰逐渐增强增宽。研究表明,通过纳米改性技术,可以显著提高超高分子量聚乙烯纤维的力学性能和抗蠕变性能,为实现渔用材料的高性能化提供理论依据。     

基于动态力学分析方法的渔用纤维适配性研究

利用动态力学分析(DMA)方法研究了超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、尼龙(PA)、聚丙烯(PP)、涤纶(PET)、中高分子量聚乙烯(MHMWPE)等6种常用渔用纤维材料的低温适配性及外部介质对其动态力学性能的影响,测定了样品的动态力学性能参数。结果表明:当测试温度由-20℃升至30℃时,几种渔用纤维材料的拉伸模量均下降。其中,UHMWPE、PET纤维具有较低的变化率,而PP单丝具有最高的变化率。DMA分析结果表明,纤维在使用温度区间或附近出现玻璃化转变峰或与结晶相关的α转变峰,使用温度区间纤维的力学性能对温度的敏感性高。若使用温度区间距离转变峰值对应温度远,则对温度的敏感性低。在水介质中,与UHMWPE纤维相比,PA分子链由于酰胺亲水基团的存在吸收了更多水分,模量下降更显著。     

MHMWPE/iPP/EPDM渔用单丝的力学性能与动态力学行为

采用中高分子量聚乙烯(MHMWPE)、等规聚丙烯(iPP)、乙丙橡胶(EPDM)进行熔融共混、纺制MHMWPE/iPP/EPDM渔用共混单丝,研究i PP和EPDM含量对共混单丝的力学性能和动态力学行为的影响。结果显示,iPP或EPDM含量基本不会对共混单丝中MHMWPE的玻璃化转变温度(T_g)造成影响。共混单丝中iPP含量的增加使MHMWPE的结晶生长受阻,结晶度下降,α峰对应损耗因子峰值(tanδα)下降,α峰峰温(Tα)向高温移动。共混单丝中EPDM含量的增加使MHMWPE的结晶度下降,α转变移向低温,tanδα增加。研究表明,一定含量的iPP可有效改善共混单丝的力学性能,提高单丝的断裂强度和结节强度,EPDM的引入可进一步增加渔用单丝韧性和结节强度。     

纳米硫酸钡改性高密度聚乙烯网箱框架材料的耐老化性能和热性能

采用熔融共混的方法制备了高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/硫酸钡(BaSO4)纳米改性网箱框架材料。扫描电镜照片显示纳米硫酸钡(nano-BaSO4)在HDPE中分散良好,且nano-BaSO4含量≤1%时,纳米粒子与基体界面结合优良。热重测试和热老化试验结果显示,本文中的热老化试验有助于提高HDPE的结晶度,使材料的力学性能提高;一定量nano-BaSO4的加入,有利于提高HDPE的耐老化性能、热性能和热氧性能。     

三元共混网线材料断裂强力试验研究

为给渔用材料的合理选用提供参考,以三元共混网线材料(中高分子量聚乙烯/聚丙烯/三元乙丙橡胶,MHMWPE/PP/EPDM)作为研究对象,按不同混合比、不同直径进行网线的断裂强力及结节强力试验,分析其相应的强力、延伸性等性能。结果显示,三元共混网线材料的断裂强力随着直径增大而增加,优于同等直径普通聚乙烯网线材料,且随着直径增大,差异性越明显,最大差异时三元共混网线材料的断裂强力为2 091.4 N,是普通聚乙烯的1.8倍;在相同的网线直径条件下,三元共混网线材料断裂强力均随PP含量增加而增加;在相同的直径下,三元共混网线材料的断裂伸长率小于普通聚乙烯网线材料,结节损失率高于普通聚乙烯网线材料。三元共混网线材料,虽然断裂伸长率低、结节损失率高,但强力性能要优于普通聚乙烯,可在渔业生产中推广应用。     

聚乙烯渔网材料的紫外老化与疲劳性能研究

利用紫外老化环境箱模拟环境老化条件,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱、差示扫描量热、力学性能的测试表征,分析了在老化过程中高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)和超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)渔网材料的微观结构与宏观性能的演变过程,并通过动态疲劳仪分别研究了紫外老化时间、频率变化对HDPE、UHMWPE渔网材料的疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,随着老化时间的延长,C=C共轭双键及含氧结构单元增多,氧化与断链作用更剧烈,聚乙烯渔网材料结晶度呈增大趋势,拉伸性能下降显著。与HDPE渔网相比,UHMWPE渔网的强力保持率高,具有更优异的耐老化性能。随着频率增大,疲劳寿命逐渐降低,紫外能加速聚乙烯渔网材料的疲劳进程。相同老化条件下,UHMWPE渔网比HDPE渔网具有更优异的抗疲劳性能。     

拉伸工艺对渔用聚乙烯纤维结构与性能的影响

为纺制高性能渔用聚乙烯纤维,作者以齐鲁石化生产的高密度聚乙烯为原料,进行螺杆挤出机熔融纺丝-多级热拉伸纺丝实验。研究表明,二级拉伸工艺可使聚乙烯大分子链在纤维中的排列更加规整;提高大分子链的取向度,制备的渔用聚乙烯纤维的综合渔用性能更好。随着总拉伸倍数的提高,聚乙烯纤维的断裂强度、声速取向和热性能均显著提高。随拉伸倍数提高,渔用聚乙烯纤维的结节强度却呈现先升高后降低的趋势。结果显示,一级拉伸倍数为8.17倍时,聚乙烯纤维的断裂强度和结节强度分别为5.71cN/dtex和4.56cN/dtex;当采用二级拉伸工艺,一级拉伸倍数8.17倍,总拉伸倍数为9.52倍时,所制备的渔用聚乙烯纤维的断裂强度和结节强度分别为7.91cN/dtex和5.24cN/dtex,比现行国家标准中规定的聚乙烯单丝优等品指标高出41.3%和34.4%。     

拉伸工艺对渔用聚乙烯纤维结构与性能的影响

为纺制高性能渔用聚乙烯纤维,实验以齐鲁石化生产的高密度聚乙烯为原料,进行螺杆挤出机熔融纺丝—多级热拉伸纺丝实验。结果显示,一级拉伸倍数为8.17倍时,聚乙烯纤维的断裂强度和结节强度分别为5.71和4.56 cN/dtex;当采用二级拉伸工艺,一级拉伸倍数8.17倍,总拉伸倍数为9.52倍时,所制备的渔用聚乙烯纤维的断裂强度和结节强度分别为7.91和5.24 cN/dtex,比现行国家标准中规定的聚乙烯单丝优等品指标高出41.3%和34.4%。研究表明,二级拉伸工艺可使聚乙烯大分子链在纤维中的排列更加规整,提高大分子链的取向度,制备的渔用聚乙烯纤维的综合渔用性能更好。随着总拉伸倍数的提高,聚乙烯纤维的断裂强度、声速取向和热性能均显著提高。随拉伸倍数提高,渔用聚乙烯纤维的结节强度呈现先升高后降低的趋势。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.