三疣梭子蟹与不同虾类混养技术研究

分别利用中国明对虾、凡纳滨对虾、日本囊对虾和脊尾白虾等虾类与三疣梭子蟹进行混养。结果表明:日本囊对虾与三疣梭子蟹混养组三疣梭子蟹养殖单产最高,平均产量1678.5 kg/hm2,其次为凡纳滨对虾与三疣梭子蟹混养组,平均产量1659 kg/hm2。对虾养殖单产以凡纳滨对虾与三疣梭子蟹混养组最高,平均产量990 kg/hm2,其次为中国明对虾与三疣梭子蟹混养组,平均产量952.5 kg/hm2。但考虑到日本囊对虾市场售价为其他混养虾类的两倍,因而日本囊对虾与三疣梭子蟹混养组养殖效益最高。     

“黄海1号”中国对虾选育扩繁的几点做法

<正>1993年以前河北省海水养殖的主要品种是中国对虾,养殖面积最高年份达到30万亩,养殖产量近4.7万吨,全省平均亩产155千克,平均规格11.5厘米/只,平均亩效益800元,这三项指标均列全国前茅。1994年至2005年期间,中国对虾养殖处于低潮期,全省中国对虾养殖面积萎缩到不足10万亩,总产量1500吨,中国对虾     

渤海中国对虾资源增殖调查

根据2009年5～10月底的调查和统计资料,对在渤海增殖放流的中国对虾的分布、生长、资源量以及捕捞生产情况进行了调查和研究。结果显示,6月中旬放流的中国对虾多集中在水深1～2m以内和河口附近的浅水区,到7月下旬,分布水深为5～18m,密集分布区在10～15m,之后一直生活在较深水域。6月中旬,中国对虾平均体重为2.5g;7月上、中旬,平均体重为7.0g;7月下旬,平均体重为20.0g;7月底、8月初,平均体重为27.0g;8月中旬,平均体重为36.0g;9月上旬,平均体重为41.0g。8月上、中旬渤海中国对虾的资源量为1 665t;10月下旬,生产捕捞后的资源量减少为137t。8月份中国对虾的资源分布以渤海湾最高,为129.9ind/haul.h,其次为莱州湾,为7.8ind/haul.h,再次是辽东湾,为0.3ind/haul.h,渤海中部最低,为0.05ind/haul.h。2009年渤海共放流中国对虾202641万尾,据初步统计估算,截止10月中旬共捕捞中国对虾2377t,总回捕率为2.8%。     

信息与动态

利用充气新技术养对虾1992年,山东省莱州市利用充气新技术养殖中国对虾有了新突破。全市50公顷实施充气技术养殖的中国对虾喜获丰收,养殖对虾每公顷平均产量达到3900公斤以上,实现了高产高效。实践证明,这一新的养殖技术     

WSSV人工感染量和饵料对中国明对虾存活时间的影响

为揭示不同白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)病毒量对于中国明对虾存活时间和存活率的影响,实验设计了逐尾、定量人工感染实验,在确保每尾中国明对虾进食特定量WSSV毒饵后进行观察、分析.结果显示,分别喂食含5.2×108 copies、1.0×109copies、2.1×109 copies WSSV的毒饵,对虾平均存活时间分别是389.3、323.3和187.3 h,差异极显著(P＜0.01);对虾最终累计死亡率都为100％.研究表明,致死量范围内,WSSV的感染量越低,对虾的平均存活时间越长.为了揭示饵料对中国明对虾抗病性能的影响,对已感染WSSV的中国明对虾投喂不同饵料.结果显示,分别喂食活卤虫、鲜蛤肉和配合饲料,对虾平均存活时间分别是281.7、173.9和164.9 h;喂食活卤虫的实验组平均存活时间显著高于喂食配合饲料和鲜蛤肉的实验组(P＜0.01);喂食配合饲料和鲜蛤肉的对虾平均存活时间无显著差异(P＞0.05);3组累计死亡率都为100％,结果表明,与配合饲料和鲜蛤肉相比,喂食活卤虫更能增强对虾抗WSSV的能力.     

河北省对虾设施化养殖现状及发展趋势

正目前,河北省对虾养殖品种主要是南美白对虾、中国对虾、日本对虾三种,养殖总面积2万余hm2,主要养殖模式为池塘粗放型养殖,其中日本对虾主要是蟹-虾、鱼-虾混养模式。2013年,各类对虾养殖产量分别为南美白对虾10 813t、中国对虾4 254t、日本对虾3 815t,平均单产南美白对虾为1 204.05kg/hm2、中国对虾666.6kg/hm2、日本对虾1 035.6kg/hm2,近几年由于     

新品种对虾养殖获成功

日前,庄河市养殖的千余亩中国对虾新品种“黄海2号”顺利通过中国水产技术推广总站专家组的现场验收,其中精养池17尾对虾重500g;虾参混养池16．3尾对虾重500g,平均亩产量分别为156kg和78kg。     

一例中国对虾暴发性死亡病因分析

<正>辽宁东港市中国对虾养殖面积约6000公顷,产量2500吨。2018年7月东港市某立体养殖池发生中国对虾暴发性大规模死亡,从傍晚到凌晨,死亡率高达50%以上,而该养殖池其他养殖动物未出现异常。为了查明中国对虾发病原因,本文分析了患病中国对虾5种主要病原的感染、细菌分离与鉴定、水质理化指标等检测,为中国对虾养殖疾病防控提供理论参考。一、材料与方法1.试验材料发病的中国对虾养殖池共两个,每个池塘面积3.5公顷,池深1.8米,池底为泥沙底。每个池塘取患病中国对虾150尾,平均体长51.36厘米,     

崂山湾中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)增殖放流的效果评价

为了评价崂山湾中国对虾的增殖效果,2012年5月在崂山湾分两批次放流中国对虾15673万尾。2012年7–9月开展了中国对虾跟踪与回捕调查,进行了中国对虾放流苗种存活生长状况、洄游分布及回捕情况的研究,并应用“Bhattacharya”法区分了中国对虾的自然群体与放流群体。结果显示,8月中旬中国对虾放流苗种主要生活在崂山湾中部海域,第1、2批放流苗种的平均体长分别达到144.9、130.5 mm,随着水温的降低,作季节性短距离的由浅水向深水区移动,放流种群和自然种群分别占总群体的92%和8%;由于受到竞争生物及栖息地环境因素的影响,中国对虾放流群体的回捕率仅为0.58%。虽然相比其他海域中国对虾的回捕率较低,但是崂山湾中国对虾增殖放流仍然取得了一定的生态、经济和社会效益。     

莱州市用充气新技术养殖中国对虾

1992年,山东省莱州市利用充气新技术养殖中国对虾有了新突破,全市750亩实施充气技术养殖的中国对虾喜获丰收,养殖对虾单产平均达到260公斤以上,亩均获取直接经济效益3400多元,实现了高产高效。虾池实施充气养虾这一新技术,是莱州     

对虾池塘水质调节措施

本文综述了对虾池塘人工调节水质措施的生态作用，旨在为养殖者提供有效的调节水质方法，并兼顾养殖的经济效益和环境效益，为养殖业的可持续发展提供技术保障。本文将水质调节措施分为物理、化学和生物三大类别，每一个类别双包含了若干具体的方法。     

Optimization of fixation methods for image analysis of the hepatopancreas in whiteleg shrimp,Penaeus vannamei (Boone)

Pathology in penaeid shrimps relies on histology, which is subjective, time‐consuming and difficult to grade in a reproducible manner. Automated image analysis is faster, objective and suitable for routine screening; however, it requires standardized protocols. The first critical step is proper fixation of the target tissue. Bell & Lightner's (A Handbook of Normal Penaeid Shrimp Histology, 1988, The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge) fixation protocol, widely used for routine histology of paraffin sections, is not optimized for image analysis, and no protocol for frozen sections is described in the available literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to optimize fixation of the hepatopancreas (HP) from whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) for both paraffin and frozen sections using a semiquantitative scoring system. For paraffin sections, four injection volumes and three injection methods were compared, for frozen sections, four freezing methods and four fixation methods. For paraffin sections, optimal fixation was achieved by increasing threefold the fixative volume recommended by Bell and Lightner, from 10% to 30% of the shrimp body weight, combined with single injection into the HP. Optimal fixation for frozen sections was achieved by freezing the cephalothorax with liquid nitrogen, followed by fixation of the section with 60% isopropanol. These optimized methods enable the future use of image analysis and improve classical histology.     

A DEMAND ANALYSIS FOR CRUSTACEANS AT THE U.S. RETAIL STORE LEVEL

This study used a LA/AIDS model to estimate demand system for crustacean species, shrimp, crab, crawfish and lobster at the U.S. retail store level. Shrimp demand is price elastic; crab, crawfish and lobster are price inelastic. Shrimp price significantly affects market shares of crustacean products. Shrimp has more substitutes than other crustaceans, and lobster has less substitutes than others. The demand for crab and lobster grow faster than the demand for shrimp and crawfish when expenditure increases. Promotion has positive effects on market shares and sales volume of own products and negative effects on cross-products. Shrimp price-reduction promotion strategies will be effective in term of raising shrimp sales value. Marketing programs that increase consumers’ marginal utility with an additional small increase in the selling price of crab, crawfish and lobster products will be feasible, and bring higher sale values.     

Bioremediation and reuse of shrimp aquaculture effluents to farm whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei : a first approach

Shrimp aquaculture effluents were bioremediated in a two‐phase system (System A) using the black clam Chione fluctifraga and the benthic microalgae Navicula sp., and then reused to farm whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. In the experimental design, Systems B and C had an identical structure as System A, but no clams or microalgae were added. System B received the same shrimp effluents while System C received only estuarine water. Shrimp raw effluents had a poor water quality. System A improved the water quality by decreasing the concentrations of total nitrogen, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, total suspended solids (TSS) and organic suspended solids (OSS). System B also decreased the concentration of TAN, TSS and OSS via sedimentation, but the effect was less pronounced than that observed in System A. Shrimp reared in the bioremediated effluents (System A) had better production (3166 kg ha^?1) and higher survival (89.2%) than those reared in effluents from Systems B (2610 kg ha^?1, 75.1%) and C (2874 kg ha^?1, 82.1%). It is concluded that the bioremediation system was moderately efficient and the bioremediated effluents were suitable to farm L. vannamei.     

Incentive for shifts in water management systems by shrimp culturists in southern Thailand

ABSTRACT:   Water management systems and other business situations of shrimp culturists were surveyed in two districts in southern Thailand. There were three types of water management systems in southern Thailand, namely closed, semiclosed and open systems, categorized by the frequency of exchange of pond water. Shrimp culturists in those districts tended to shift their system from the open system to the closed system of their own accord, and the average net income ratio decreased due to the change of water management system in a district from more than 2 to less than 1. The reason for this shift, in spite of the decrease in the profit rate, was prevention of infectious disease caused by water exchange. In conclusion, it was proven that independent shrimp culturists, such as medium and small scale shrimp pond owners in southern Thailand, would accept short-term decreases in profit rate in order to stabilize production.     

A dietary modification approach to improve the osmoregulatory capacity of Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in the Arizona desert

A modified diet was formulated for Arizona inland shrimp farming and tested as a method for reducing moult‐associated mortalities presumed due to trace mineral deficiencies. The experimental diet was supplemented with additional dietary magnesium, potassium, phospholipids and cholesterol to a commercial shrimp feed (Rangen 45/10, which was also used as the control diet). The modified diet was tested at Arizona Mariculture Associates (AMA), while the control diet was used at a nearby inland shrimp farm, Desert Sweet Shrimp Farm (DSSF). Both feeds were used throughout the culture season of 2001. Earthen pond‐reared Litopenaeus vannamei at intermoult stages (C‐D₀) and ranging from 7 to 30 g were sampled at intervals for determination of haemolymph osmolality (HO). Results showed that the modified diet had not only resulted in larger size shrimp at harvest, but also improved osmoregulatory capacity (OC). HO of DSSF shrimp decreased as shrimp grew bigger, whereas HO of AMA shrimp was maintained at a stable level, or showed a slightly positive linear relationship with weight. The hyper‐OC of shrimp from AMA (462 mOsm kg^?1) was greater than that from DSSF (398 mOsm kg^?1). Shrimp at AMA fed the experimental diet presented no mass moult‐associated mortalities. To further investigate the iso‐osmotic point of shrimp reared in AMA, a group of six salinity gradients were designed by mixing oceanic salts into the well water to form 5, 8.5, 11.4, 14.4, 17.8, 20.7 p.p.t. medium. HO of subadult shrimp (25 g in average) were then evaluated 48 h after they had been transferred from 5 p.p.t. pond water to the medium. Shrimp HO increased with external salinity, and a plateau formed as salinity reached at 11.4 p.p.t. and higher. The iso‐osmotic point of shrimp was estimated to be 695.5 mOsm kg^?1, equivalent to 26.1 p.p.t. in AMA well water.     

Growth and performance of the whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei (Boone) cultured in low‐salinity water with different stocking densities and acclimation times

We evaluated the performance of whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in response to different stocking densities and acclimation periods. Shrimp postlarvae were acclimated from seawater (30 g L^?1) to low‐salinity well water (<1.0 g L^?1) at a constant hourly reduction rate of 40, 60, 80 and 100 h. After acclimation to low‐salinity well water, postlarvae from each acclimation time treatment were stocked in three replicate tanks at densities of 50, 100, 150 or 200 shrimps m^?2 for 12 weeks of growth. Salinity averaged <1.0 g L^?1 for each growth study. The different treatments resulted in significant differences in both the final body weight and the survival rate (SR). Shrimp acclimated for 100 h showed substantially improved survival (83%) relative to shrimp acclimated for shorter periods. Shrimp yields for all cultured periods ranged from 0.32 kg m^?2 in tanks stocked at 50 m^?2 to 1.14 kg m^?2 in tanks stocked at 200 m^?2. We conclude that whiteleg shrimp can be successfully grown in low‐salinity well water, and that the growth, production output and SRs are significantly higher when shrimp are acclimated for longer periods.     

Characterization of water quality factors during intensive raceway production of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei using limited discharge and biosecure management tools

Disease epizootics have negatively affected production and expansion of the shrimp culture industry. This, along with environmental concerns regarding limited water resources and contamination of receiving streams, has caused the industry to investigate more sustainable and biosecure management practices. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of limited water exchange on water quality, growth and survival of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae (PL) in greenhouse-enclosed raceways. Concentrations of NH₄-N did not exceed 2.0 mg l⁻¹ during this period; whereas, NO₂-N exceeded 26.4 mg l⁻¹, indicating assimilation of primary amines by primary productivity. Periodic removal of suspended solids by a common pressurized sand filter and injection of oxygen into culture water resulted in high-survival rates for both raceways (97.5 and 106.0%) with an average biomass yield of 4.29 ± 0.06 kg m⁻³. Shrimp samples collected during the nursery trial and at harvest showed no signs of bacterial or viral pathogen infections.     

Ecosystem structure and trophic dynamics of an exploited ecosystem of Bay of Bengal,Sundarban Estuary,India

A trophic structure model for commercial fisheries of Sundarban Estuary in the northern Bay of Bengal (BoB) is developed using the mass balance modeling software Ecopath (Version 6.4.10992.0). In this model, we simulated 15 functional groups spread across an area of 17,049 km². The mean trophic level of the present study area is 2.716. The ecotrophic efficiency of the present studied ecosystem is in the range of 0.424 of medium demersals and 0.961 of medium pelagics. Penaeid prawn, small pelagics, and medium pelagics are the most exploited groups of this ecosystem. The coastal northern BoB food web is mainly detritivorous and planktivorous; phytoplankton and detritus positively affected almost all the functional groups, and top predators are essentially absent in the system. The zooplankton and benthos have negative impacts on themselves because of cannibalistic behavior. The average catch per net primary production, i.e. the gross efficiency of the system is around 0.001. The system is low trophic and efficient. Proper ecosystem-based management practice can improve the efficiency of this overexploited ecosystem.     

Growth,body composition,ammonia tolerance and hepatopancreas histology of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing different carbohydrate sources at low salinity

Juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei farmed at 3.0 psu were fed five diets containing glucose, sucrose, wheat starch, corn starch or potato starch as the carbohydrate (CBH) source. Shrimp were fed for 50 days to explore the effect of dietary CBH source on growth, body composition and ammonia tolerance. The specific growth rate of body length of shrimp fed glucose was the highest and significantly higher than those fed potato starch. The survival rate of shrimp fed glucose was 89.44%, and it was the highest and significantly higher than those fed wheat starch. Whole shrimp body crude protein and lipid of the corn starch group were 140.2 g kg^?1 and 10.1 g kg^?1 respectively. And they were significantly higher than those fed wheat starch. Shrimp fed potato starch had higher hepatopancreas and muscle glycogen. Shrimp fed sucrose had higher glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and lower pyruvate kinase activities (P < 0.05). Besides, shrimp fed starch produced more B cells in hepatopancreas tubules than those fed glucose or sucrose. Shrimp fed different sources of CBH differed in the number of R cells. After 96‐h of ammonia nitrogen challenge, the survival rate of the treatments from high to low in turn was glucose, wheat starch, corn starch, sucrose and potato starch, and no significant differences were observed among all treatments. Based on shrimp growth and the economic problems of practical production, we recommend wheat starch as CBH source in practical diets for L. vannamei farmed at low salinities.