转变增长方式是我国水产养殖持续发展的必由之路

水产养殖业是渔业中的重要产业之一,已经成为我国水产品市场供给的主要来源。在回顾我国水产养殖业取得伟大成就的同时,也认识到水产养殖业的发展面临着诸如水资源严重缺乏、耕地资源不断被压缩、水产养殖良种覆盖率水平不高、饲料原料短缺、劳动力不足、水产疫苗和药物发展滞后、质量安全和水产品品质安全等问题。认为唯有转变水产养殖的增长方式才是我国水产养殖持续发展的必由之路,如通过转变现有养殖模式,提高单位水体的产量;转变饲料投喂模式,普及高效环保饲料,开发替代鱼粉的新蛋白源;提高优良品种选育与普及水平;加强疫苗创制能力,扩大其应用范围;转变消费习惯,提升加工与流通领域发展水平等措施。水产养殖产品是我国乃至全世界经济社会可持续发展的刚性需求,政府应从战略高度认识到通过转变增长方式实现我国水产养殖业可持续发展的重要意义。     

A Small-Scale Recirculating Aquaculture System for Global Aquaculture Education and Industry Development

While global aquaculture is expanding rapidly, the United States (U.S.) and East Africa (EA) Great Lakes region have experienced slower growth. Aquaculture education is integral to overcoming existing limitations and accelerating production in these regions and worldwide. Toward this goal, an open access educational recirculating aquaculture system (ERAS) was designed to meet the differential objectives of aquaculture education in the U.S. and EA and trialed within educational institutions. Key ERAS design considerations were cost, operation, size, component availability, and construction. A secondary aspect of ERAS design was flexibility and application to different learning objectives. Over the trial period, two potential educational uses emerged: (1) to build student awareness of aquaculture and its importance in the food system, and (2) to teach practical aquaculture skills necessary for aquaculture careers. Construction and assembly guides for the educational ERAS will be offered open source through the University of Massachusetts Amherst aquaculture extension website.     

Development and Evaluation of Diets for Crustacean Aquaculture

Effective purified and unrefined diets have been developed and evaluated for use in studying the nutrition of lobsters ( Homarus sp.). A 4-month growth experiment showed that the purified diets yielded weight increases nearly 80% of that achieved on a live food diet, with concomitant high survival rates. Lower-cost unrefined diets supported growth over half of that observed on live food diets. Supplementation of a purified diet with an astaxanthin concentrate derived from crayfish waste enhanced growth significantly, and all the diets tested promoted growth and survival with only 0.2% dietary cholesterol.
Growth and survival are the most useful criteria for evaluating crustacean diets, but other factors such as proximate analyses of feeds, physical characteristics such as pellet leaching rates, and measurable physiological effects can provide important supplemental information. Our analysis of some of these factors suggests that pellet integrity and resistance to leaching may not be directly related either to growth, or to levels of binder in the diets.     

水产养殖设施技术的发展与展望

渔业的现代化和可持续发展离不开水产养殖设施的现代化和发展,本文扼要概述国内外水产养殖设施技术及研究的热点并展望未来水产养殖设施技术发展前景。     

以科学发展观推动辽宁海水养殖业的发展

1自然环境优势辽宁省濒临黄、渤二海,全省海岸线(包括岛礁岸线)全长约2510 km。近海有大小岛屿500多个,大小港湾40多处,有大型的鸭绿江、辽河等30条河流入海。沿海滩涂面积广阔,总面积近16.2×105hm2。半岛南部及辽西南部多为岩礁岸带。全省海岸类型多样,加之地处温带,四季分明     

盐度影响水产养殖动物生长发育的研究进展

盐度作为水产养殖环境的一个重要理化因子,与养殖动物的渗透压、生长、发育关系密切,探索盐度影响水产养殖动物生长发育的机制,可为充分利用内陆盐水水域提供可靠的理论依据,本文概述了这一方面的研究内容。1　对脊椎动物影响机制的研究盐度对脊椎动物生长发育影响的研究主要集     

Alkalinity and Hardness: Critical but Elusive Concepts in Aquaculture

Total alkalinity and total hardness are familiar variables in aquatic animal production. Aquaculturists—both scientists and practitioners alike—have some understanding of the two variables and of methods for adjusting their concentrations. The chemistry and the biological effects of alkalinity and hardness, however, are more complex than generally realized or depicted in the aquaculture literature. Moreover, the discussions of alkalinity and hardness—alkalinity in particular—found in water chemistry texts are presented in a rigorous manner and without explanation of how the two variables relate to aquaculture. This review provides a thorough but less rigorous discussion of alkalinity and hardness specifically oriented toward aquaculture. Alkalinity and hardness are defined, their sources identified, and analytical methods explained. This is followed by a discussion of the roles of the two variables in aquaculture, including their relationships with carbon dioxide, pH, atmospheric pollution, ammonia, and other inorganic nitrogen compounds, phytoplankton communities, trace metals, animal physiology, and clay turbidity. Liming and other practices to manage alkalinity and hardness are explained. Changes in alkalinity and hardness concentrations that occur over time in aquaculture systems are discussed. Emphasis is placed on interactions among alkalinity, hardness, water quality, and aquacultural production.     

Recent Progress in Research and Development of Marine Cold Water Species for Aquaculture Production in Norway

The paper reviews recent progress in larviculture of Atlantic cod and Atlantic halibut in different experimental enclosed seawater systems in Norway. More than 240,000 cod juveniles have been produced in a 270,000 m³ seawater pond. However, very promising production results of cod have been achieved in plastic enclosures with volumes > 100 m³. Halibut juveniles have been successfully produced in plastic enclosures and tanks by using natural zooplankton as food. The enclosure technique could be adapted to commercial scale production of juvenile halibut. However, scaling up experiments are necessary.     

青蟹Scylla sp.养殖研究现状和发展趋势

本文根据有关资料，主要阐述了世界主要青蟹养殖国家对青蟹养殖研究的现状及存在的问题，着重介绍了亚洲地区主要国家近年来青蟹亲蟹培育、人工育苗、幼体培育和成蟹养殖的技术进展情况。     

艾蒿在水产养殖中的开发与应用

艾蒿为野生中草药,应用于水产养殖中,它具有诱食、增色、促进鱼虾生长、改善鱼虾产品品质、防治多种疾病等功能。同时,艾蒿又是一种天然、多营养、无污染、无公害、无有害物残留的生态绿色饲料添加剂,值得开发应用。     

发展循环经济(Circular Economy)促进水产健康养殖

面对全球庞大的人口数量、资源快速消耗、环境污染等多重压力，人类不得不考意如何维持可持续发展这个重大课题。参照自然界生态系统中的物质循环。提出的发展循环经济是保证可持续发展的唯一有效途径。我国是水产养殖的第一大国。而水产养殖在我国农业发展中所占的份额也越来越大，水产养殖也必须走可持续发展的道路。是循环经济模式体系中的重要组成部分。即向健康养殖的方向发展。本文对水产健康养殖与循环经济的内在关系进行分析。期望水产养殖在新形势下能更好地发展。     

Review of Aquaculture Research and Development of the Australian Freshwater Fish Silver Perch,Bidyanus bidyanus

Silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell), is a freshwater fish that is endemic to the Murray‐Darling River System, Australia. Over recent decades, its distribution and abundance in the wild have declined, and it is now a threatened species with the conservation status of “vulnerable.” Silver perch is a schooling, omnivorous fish, with white flesh, few bones, and high levels of omega fatty acids, and its aquaculture potential has long been recognized. Hatchery techniques, based on hormone‐induced spawning of captive broodfish in tanks and rearing of larvae in fertilized earthen ponds, were developed in the early 1980s. Fingerlings are currently used for stock enhancement and conservation or sold for commercial grow‐out or stocking farm dams. Research into the grow‐out of silver perch commenced in 1990 and demonstrated that it is an excellent fish for culture in static aerated earthen ponds with high survival rates (>90%), fast growth rates (2–5 g/fish/d) at high stocking densities (20,000/ha) leading to high production rates (10 tonnes/ha/yr). Since 1996, there has been research into nutrition, diet development, feeding strategies, broodfish domestication and management, culture in tanks and tank‐based recirculating aquaculture systems, diseases, health management, genetic improvement, and cage culture. Silver perch is a hardy species that performs well under different culture conditions and on diets with no or low levels of fish meal. Technology has been transferred to industry through major conferences in 1994 and 2003 as well as workshops, field days, extension, seminars, and numerous scientific and technical publications. The high quality of silver perch and its excellent culture attributes suggest that the species has the potential to form a large industry based on high‐volume, low‐cost production. However, despite these features and a strong technical base provided by research and development, industry growth has been limited and a relatively small industry currently produces only around 500 tonnes annually. Development has been restricted by a number of factors: poor site selection and design of some farms; use of inappropriate husbandry and/or production strategies; difficulties with pond production, including significant losses to bird predation and diseases; high costs of feeds; limited marketing and promotion; no processing component; no large‐scale investment; and the failure of many farms that were too small to be economically viable. Recent research has found that silver perch performs well in cages (high survival [>90%], good growth [1.7–3.5 g/fish/d], and high production rates [50–90 kg/m³]), and cage culture has advantages such as ease of management and prevention of bird predation that may help overcome some of the problems associated with pond production. Improved health management, new production strategies, cage culture, use of interstrain hybrids and other genetically improved fish, and integration with cotton and other irrigation industries offer opportunities for increased production and efficiencies, and further development of the silver perch industry. The potential of silver perch for commercial aquaculture remains very high.     

如何加快兴城海水养殖业的发展

作为沿海城市,我市提出了建设“海上兴城”的发展战略。海水养殖业在该战略中占有举足轻重的地位,不但成为我市未来经济的重要增长点,而且对于调整产业结构、推动地方经济发展、增加渔民收入都具有极其重要的意义。     

水产高等教育与现代渔业的发展

中国是渔业大国，在世界渔业中占有重要的地位。改革开放以来，我国渔业已成为大农业中增长最为迅速而稳定的行业，现代渔业具有高科技化、信息化、产业化、多元化、企业化和国际化等显著特征，现代渔业科学技术的飞速发展，向水产高等教育提出了更高的要求，如何培养结构合理、层次多样、具有创新能力的水产科技人才成为当务之急，能力的培养成为重中之重。根据培养复合性、应用型人才的目标，面对现代渔业高科技化、信息化、产业化、国际化以及与相关学科相互渗透融合的发展趋势，必须确定科学合理的培养模式，优化课程设置和教学内容，加强水产师资队伍的建设，使培养的人才适应现代渔业可持续发展的需求。     

发展特种水产品养殖八大注意

发展特种水产品养殖在我国方兴未艾，在发展特种水产品养殖过程中，要注意些什么问题，均是生产单位共同关心的问题，本文作者搜集了有关资料，结合实际情况，提出发展特种水产品养殖应注意的问题，供生产单位参考。     

钝顶螺旋藻在养虾废水中的生长研究

研究了钝顶螺旋藻（Spirulina platensis）在养虾废水中的生长情况。结果表明,钝顶螺旋藻不能直接在该养殖废水中生长,但在废水中添加5%比例的Zarrouk培养液后,钝顶螺旋藻能在其中较好地生长。通过正交试验获得了钝顶螺旋藻在含5%Zarrouk培养液的废水中的生长最佳条件：pH=8,初始密度A560为0....