农村生活废弃物沼气发酵的潜力研究

以农村生活废弃物为发酵原料,在35℃条件下,采用批量发酵工艺,探讨了不同条件对沼气发酵的影响.结果表明,农村生活废弃物是一种极易降解的有机原料,在沼气发酵过程中极易造成挥发性有机酸的累积;与大多数农村常用发酵原料相比,农村生活废弃物发酵高峰期比较滞后,从第20 d开始,产气高峰持续35 d.其沼气发酵最佳料液浓度为TS 6.35%左右,平均TS产沼气潜力为630 mL·g-1, VS产沼气潜力为660 mL·g-1,是一种优质的沼气发酵原料.     

甾体制药渣发酵产沼气实验研究

文章以生产甾体类药物过程中的药渣为原料,进行批量式和半连续式沼气发酵实验。通过批量沼气发酵实验测定药渣的发酵情况和产沼气潜力。采用CSTR反应器进行半连续沼气发酵实验。批量实验结果表明:在温度为32℃和TS浓度为3.8%的条件下发酵,药渣的产气潜力达到667 mL·g~(-1)TS和748 mL·g~(-1)VS。在温度为28℃,32℃,36℃和TS浓度为5%的条件下进行发酵,28℃下药渣的产气潜力达到514 mL·g~(-1)TS和576 mL·g~(-1)VS;32℃下药渣的产气潜力达到539 mL·g~(-1)TS和604 mL·g~(-1)VS;36℃下药渣的产气潜力达到601 mL·g~(-1)TS和674 mL·g~(-1)VS。Gompertz模型的拟合结果也较好地反应了批量发酵过程中物料降解情况。半连续沼气发酵实验设置发酵TS浓度为4%和5%,发酵温度为30℃,水力滞留时间为15 d。实验结果表明:CSTR反应器最高日产气量达11 L,稳定期日均产气量为9413 mL。池容产气率最高达1.02 L·L~(-1)d~(-1),沼气中的甲烷含量达到60%以上。甾体制药渣具有良好的产沼气潜力,适宜应用于沼气工程,是一种具有广阔开发前景的生物质资源。     

超市生物质废弃物混合原料厌氧消化实验研究

为寻求超市生物质废弃物无害化、资源化处理新途径,文章以腐烂、变质或过期的香蕉、土豆、鱼和酸奶等为原料,研究其不同有机负荷条件下中温厌氧消化产气性能。结果表明:与粪污、秸秆、餐厨废弃物等常规原料相比,超市生物质废弃物具有极佳的产沼气能力,在发酵原料:接种物总固体(TS)比例约1∶3条件下,TS和VS产气率分别达1077.9 mL·g-1和1147.1 mL·g-1,TS和VS降解率最高,分别为57.5%和67.7%,产气平均CH4体积分数55.7%。表明超市生物质废弃物可作为有潜力的厌氧消化原料。     

啤酒糟产沼气潜力试验研究

文章以啤酒糟为发酵原料,在厌氧发酵温度35℃±1℃条件下进行序批式沼气发酵试验,发酵历时60 d,总固体TS浓度为6%时,其原料产气率为115 mL·g~(-1),TS产气率为139 mL·g~(-1)TS,VS产气率为149 mL·g~(-1)VS,池容产气率为0.11 mL·mL~(-1)d~(-1)。结果表明,啤酒糟是较好的沼气发酵原料。     

醋渣沼气发酵潜力的研究

以醋渣为原料,在严格控制厌氧发酵温度为38℃±1℃的条件下,采用批量发酵工艺,进行厌氧发酵产沼气试验。结果表明,醋渣是良好的沼气发酵原料,其TS产气率和VS产气率分别为359.18 mL.g-1,392.67 mL.g-1,容积产气率为0.1675 mL.mL-1d-1。     

茶渣沼气发酵潜力研究

文章以茶渣为沼气发酵原料,严格控制厌氧消化温度35℃±l℃的条件下,采用批式发酵工艺,进行厌氧消化产沼气试验.结果表明,茶渣是良好的沼气发酵原料,其干物质产气率为0.47L·g-1.     

蜀葵发酵产沼气潜力研究

为解决蜀葵废弃物浪费及污染环境问题,以蜀葵叶子、蜀葵秸秆、蜀葵花籽为原料,分别进行中温(35℃±1℃)条件批量式沼气发酵实验;发酵料液的TS浓度均为6%,沼气发酵实验的运行时间为22 d。实验结果表明:蜀葵叶子、蜀葵秸秆、蜀葵花籽发酵产沼气的潜力分别为397 mL·g~(-1)TS,481 mL·g~(-1)VS; 264 mL·g~(-1)TS,280 mL·g~(-1)VS; 290 mL·g~(-1)TS,314 mL·g~(-1)VS;池容产气率分别为0.39 mL·mL~(-1)d~(-1),0.26 mL·mL~(-1)d~(-1),0.28 mL·mL~(-1)d~(-1),蜀葵叶子的产气潜力明显大于蜀葵花籽和蜀葵秸秆的产气潜力,且蜀葵叶子的甲烷含量也较后两者高,说明蜀葵叶子产出的沼气品位较后两者好。与其他原料相比表明:蜀葵适合用作发酵产沼气的原料,且蜀葵叶子发酵产出的沼气品质较好。     

以酒糟为原料的沼气发酵条件研究

试验研究了以甜高粱秸秆非粮乙醇生产过程中形成的酒糟为原料进行沼气发酵的特性。分析了温度、TS浓度、接种物添加量以及pH值等条件对酒糟沼气发酵的影响。研究结果表明,在高温55℃,TS浓度3.3%,接种物添加量1.5%,并在发酵前对发酵液pH值进行调节的条件下,酒糟产气在第9天达到最大峰值3710 m L·d-1,产气周期为32天,原料产气率高达509 m L·g-1TS。研究结果可为以酒糟为原料进行的沼气发酵提供一定的理论依据。     

醋糟干发酵产沼气潜力研究

在25℃和35℃的条件下,以醋糟为发酵原料,进行批式干发酵产沼气试验。研究了温度对醋糟干发酵产沼气的影响,并分析了醋糟干发酵的可行性。结果表明,在发酵浓度TS为23.7%的条件下,35℃的原料产气率比25℃提高了24.3%,池容产气率提高21.4%。试验表明,醋糟是良好的干发酵产沼气的原料,宜采用的干发酵温度为35℃。     

不同配比牛粪与农村生活废弃物混合发酵的产气潜力研究北大核心

在恒温35℃和发酵液TS为8%的条件下,研究了不同配比(TS质量比分别为1∶9,3∶7,5∶5,7∶3和9∶1)奶牛粪和果蔬废弃物、奶牛粪和餐厨垃圾以及肉牛粪和果蔬废弃物混合发酵的产气效果。结果表明,累计产气量和TS产气量最高的是配比为5∶5的奶牛粪和餐厨垃圾,分别达20702 mL和259 m L·g^(-1),最低的则是配比为3∶7的奶牛粪和餐厨垃圾,分别仅为1173 m L和15 m L·g^(-1)。发酵过程中牛粪与生活废弃物以5∶5,7∶3和9∶1配比混合发酵的pH值均维持在6.0~7.5之间,厌氧发酵累计产气量均较高;而配比为1∶9和3∶7时,发酵过程中pH值几乎均低于5.5,厌氧发酵受到明显抑制。因此,在牛粪与生活废弃物混合发酵时,增加牛粪比例可提高厌氧发酵的累计产气量和发酵液中pH值的稳定性。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义，并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状，提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.