厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)反应器处理生活污水中试研究

采用规模为240 m3.d-1的厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)反应器对生活污水进行研究。试验结果表明:采用此系统处理生活污水,出水水质良好。COD的去除率在73%~90%之间,出水的COD值小于70 mg.L-1,SS的去除率在70%~95%之间,停留时间为2 h的产气率在1.26 m3.m-3d-1,出水的氨氮、乙酸值比进水的高;硝酸根离子出水值比进水值低。     

厌氧折流板反应器处理大豆蛋白废水的运行特性

为考察厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理大豆蛋白生产废水的效能及其运行特征,采用一个有效容积为28L的四格室ABR进行了试验.采取分阶段提高进水COD浓度的方式来驯化污泥和增加负荷.在100 d的运行中,研究并考察了启动情况和有机负荷对其的影响.结果表明:以啤酒厂二沉池排放的剩余污泥为种泥,在污泥接种量MLVSS为18.0 g·L-1,进水COD浓度2000 mg·L-1,HRT 39.5 h,(35±1)℃等条件下,可在31天内成功启动并达到初步稳定运行,COD去除率达到96%左右;同时ABR具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力,当进水COD浓度提高到10 g·L-1,即OLR为 6.0 kg·m-3d-1时,ABR仍能实现安全稳定运行,其COD去除率可以稳定在98%左右.     

初始pH值对微波预处理颗粒污泥厌氧发酵制氢的影响

以高浓度有机废水为发酵底物,接种颗粒污泥进行厌氧发酵制氢,通过批量试验研究了初始pH值对经微波预处理后的颗粒污泥厌氧发酵产氢的影响.结果表明:初始pH为9.0时,产氢效果最好,此时的比产氢速率达到24.23 mmolH2·(gCOD·d)-1,COD去除率约为31％,出水挥发性脂肪酸浓度为3768 mg·L-1.     

UASB-接触氧化-絮凝沉淀工艺处理低浓度生活污水小试研究

采用UASB -接触氧化 -絮凝沉淀工艺处理低浓度生活污水的实验研究表明 ,在生物段总水力停留时间为 5 .8h ,其中UASB段 3.8h ,接触氧化段 2 .0h ,进水COD为 10 0～ 30 0mg·L-1时 ,平均CODCr和BOD5去除率分别可达 83.4 %和 92 .7%。系统耐冲击负荷能力强 ,剩余污泥产量极少 ,平均出水CODCr为 2 0 .1mg·L-1,平均BOD5为 3.2mg·L-1,浊度≤ 8NTU ,水质透明 ,无味 ,如果再加以深度处理 ,可以回用。     

UASB处理沤麻废水回用于沤麻的试验

采用UASB反应器处理亚麻沤制废水,水力停留时间为24 h,进水COD浓度为6000～7100 mg.L-1时,出水COD浓度降低到2000 mg.L-1左右,COD去除率达到60%以上;沤麻废水经UASB处理后再回用于沤麻,沤麻过程中COD和pH的变化趋势与只用自来水沤麻相似,当COD小于2000 mg.L-1时,脱胶时间为80 h左右,比自然脱胶时间缩短10 h,而COD大于2000 mg.L-1时,脱胶时间反而比自然脱胶长,表明沤麻废水经处理COD在2000 mg.L-1以内再回用于沤麻是可行的。     

不同粪便交替发酵对固定床厌氧反应器发酵性能的影响

为研究畜禽粪便厌氧发酵产沼气时,不同类型粪便的交替发酵对反应体系性能的影响,进行了牛粪和猪粪这两种最典型粪便的连续交替发酵实验。实验阶段,水力停留时间(HRT)为5天,第1~18天,进料为猪粪,COD先为5000 mg·L-1,后提高到10000 mg·L-1。第19~42天,交替进料为牛粪,COD先为10000 mg·L-1,后提高到15000 mg·L-1。结果表明,进料猪粪时的COD去除率为75%~88%,产气6~9 L·d-1,pH值波动范围大,增大负荷后,罐体容易酸化。而交替成牛粪后的COD去除率下降至60%,产气3~5 L·d-1,pH值经短暂缓冲后迅速恢复稳定在6.8~7.0,罐体耐负荷冲击能力较强,不易酸化。整个粪便交替过程中,产甲烷含量较高,CO2没有积累,菌群结构基本稳定,反应器运行正常,可通过提高负荷得到更高的甲烷产量。     

NaCl和KCl盐度对厌氧污泥的驯化及对比产甲烷活性的影响

研究了NaCl和KCl盐度对厌氧污泥的驯化及盐度对厌氧污泥比产甲烷活性的影响.试验表明,当NaCl和KCl盐度为0～10 g·L-1时,絮状污泥A,B的COD去除率均达到87%以上;当NaCl和KCl盐度为20g·L-1时,絮状污泥A,B的COD去除率分别为84%和74.6%;当NaCl和KCl盐度为30 g·L-1时,絮状污泥A和B均有较差的COD降解效果,且KCl对COD降解的抑制影响大于NaCl.经过驯化后的污泥,10 g·L-1 NaCl或KCl都会对颗粒污泥产生SMA促进作用;10 g·L-1 NaCl对絮状污泥SMA产生轻微抑制,而10 g·L-1 KCl对絮状污泥SMA不会产生抑制影响.20 g·L-1 NaCl或KCl会对颗粒污泥SMA产生轻微抑制,而20 g·L-1 NaCl或KCl都对絮状污泥SMA产生中度抑制.30 g·L-1 NaCl或KCl对颗粒污泥和絮状污泥SMA均产生强烈抑制.     

Na+对IC反应器颗粒污泥影响的试验研究

利用取自IC反应器的颗粒污泥,研究了Na 浓度对厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷活性的影响及其对COD去除效果和出水挥发酸的影响,并研究了系统缓冲能力的变化情况。实验结果表明,Na 会对颗粒污泥的活性产生抑制,当Na <10 g.L-1时系统具有足够的缓冲能力;当Na <12 g.L-1时,有机物去除率保持在82%以上,VFA稳定在203~643 mg.L-1。     

接种比对玉米秸秆水解产酸过程VFA浓度和产气量的影响

文章以厌氧污泥为接种物研究接种比对玉米秸秆水解酸化的影响。在有机负荷为50gTS·L-1的情况下,对底物与接种物比值(S/I)分别为2,4,6,8,10和无接种的情况下进行批式厌氧消化对比试验。结果表明:随着S/I的增加,出料VFA浓度呈先升高后降低的趋势,产气量逐渐减少;最佳S/I值为4,其出料中的pH值,VFA浓度,TS和VS去除率分别为4.9,10799.3mg·L-1,14.9%和15.1%。适量的添加接种物对秸秆水解酸化反应具有积极影响,同时确定了秸秆水解酸化反应的最佳时间为8d。水解酸化过程中,S/I=2和4时累积产气量最高,分别为2800和1940mL;S/I=4时,H2产量较高,为722mL。一级动力学模型可以很好地表征酸化阶段的VFA产量,S/I分别为2,4,6,8,10和无接种的条件下酸化产物生成的速率k1分别为0.34,0.27,0.29,0.34,0.39和0.52d-1。     

聚酯废水处理的设计与调试

聚酯废水是一种较难处理的高浓度废水,本文介绍了一种采用UASB(升流式厌氧污泥床反应器)+活性污泥法为主的工艺处理聚酯废水的工程实例.实践证明当进水COD6000mg*L-1,BOD52400mg*L-1左右时,经本工艺处理后出水COD小于150mg*L-1,完全可以达到排放标准.这种方法操作方便,运行管理简单.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义，并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状，提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.