作物生长对土壤水分变动的双重效应

阐述了植物对水分胁迫后复水的双重响应－滞后作用和补偿效应。水分胁迫对植物造成的不利影响，可以通过复水完全或者部分补偿，这取决于水分胁迫的程度和胁迫持续时间。植物在水分胁迫后是否存在补偿效应是目前国际上生物学研究与争论的热点。从植物整体出发，利用对作物生长和水分关系已有的认识及作物生长对水分变动响应的２种效应，建立作物生长对水分经历反应的时间滞后模拟模型，是今后研究的一个重要方向。     

作物生长对土壤水分变动的双重效应

阐述了植物对水分胁迫后复水的双重效应－－滞后作用和补偿效应。水分胁迫对植物造成的不利影响，可以通过复水完全或者部分补偿，这取决于水分胁迫的程度和胁迫持续时间。植物在水分胁迫后是否存在补偿效应是目前国际上生物学研究与争论的热点。从植物整体出发，利用对作物生长和水分关系已有的认识及作物生长对水分变动响应的2种效应，建立作物生长对水分经历反应的时间滞后模拟模型，是今后研究的一个重要方向。     

融合物联网多环境参数的茎干水分SSA-BP预测模型

作为一种典型的生理水分参数，茎干水分与活立木内部水分平衡的维持、光合固碳及细胞代谢等的正常运转有紧密联系，对不同环境参数协同作用下的茎干水分较准确预测是必不可少的。为实现对生长季茎干水分变化特征及其影响因素进行解析，并构建茎干水分预测模型，该研究以常见绿化树种五角枫（Acer pictum subsp. Mono）为研究对象，搭建五角枫物联网生态信息监测系统，实现五角枫茎干水分和各环境参数的实时采集与在线显示，其中茎干水分变化情况由自主设计的基于驻波率原理的茎干水分传感器实时且无损获取。在此基础上，提出麻雀搜索算法（sparrow search algorithm，SSA）优化反向传播（back propagation，BP）神经网络即SSA-BP茎干水分预测模型，计算模型的决定系数（coefficient of determination，R²）、均方根误差（root mean square error，RMSE）和平均绝对误差（mean absolute Error，MAE）以评估其预测性能，与传统的BP模型及遗传算法（genetic algorithm，GA）优化BP即GA-BP模型的预测性能进行对比。结果表明：1）搭建的物联网生态信息监测系统可有效获取茎干水分及各环境参数；萌芽期和落叶期，茎干水分呈“昼升夜降”的变化趋势，生长期，茎干水分呈“昼降夜升”的变化趋势；2）SSA-BP模型的预测性能要优于GA-BP模型和BP模型，萌芽期，SSA-BP模型的R²为0.896～0.987，RMSE为0.314～12.971 mV，MAE为0.232～5.030 mV。该研究提出一种可行的茎干水分采集和预测方法，可为揭示植物茎干内部水分运移规律及其环境适应机制提供借鉴。     

控水处理对胡杨、灰胡杨生长特性及水分利用效率的影响

为提高塔里木盆地农田防护林灌溉水的利用效率,选择适宜的防护林树种,以塔里木荒漠优势树种胡杨和灰胡杨为试验材料,利用盆栽方法研究不同控水处理对2树种的生长特性、光合参数、叶绿素荧光动力学参数、蒸腾耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,2树种光合参数、叶绿素荧光动力学参数（除非光化学猝灭系数qN）、耗水量、耗水强度、生物量和水分利用效率均随供水量的减少而下降,重度胁迫下明显降低。与适宜水分相比,不同水分胁迫处理下胡杨的光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数、耗水量与生物量下降幅度均小于灰胡杨,重度胁迫下明显高于灰胡杨。胡     

全程与阶段性非充分灌溉条件下水稻的生长及部分生理反应

有关水分胁迫改变水稻生长形态、组织结构与生理代谢方面的研究已有不少报道，但试验结果间颇有差异。在以往水分胁迫的植物效应研究中，往往只讨论水分胁迫处理本身对试验结果的影响，较少涉及处理前水稻生长环境的影响。至今尚未见有作物对全程和阶段性非充分灌溉反应差异的试验报道。本研究拟通过作物体对水分胁迫较为敏感的叶片水分含量、叶绿素含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量、根系活力、叶片气孔阻抗和光合速率等指标进行测定，探讨抽穗后(即阶段性)与全程非充分灌溉影响水稻产量形成的差异及其生理机制，为发展水稻节水栽培技术提供理论依据。     

水分胁迫下柱花草叶水势、光合及叶绿素荧光特性的变化特征

以热研2号柱花草为供试材料,采用盆栽控制实验研究了不同土壤水分条件下柱花草叶水势、光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的变化特征。结果表明：（1）柱花草叶水势随着水分胁迫程度的增加而降低,其日变化呈双峰曲线特征,日平均值表现为充分供水〉轻度胁迫〉中度胁迫〉重度胁迫。（2）充分供水条件下柱花草净光合速率最大,而在重度胁迫下最小,水分胁迫下柱花草光合速率的降低主要为非气孔限制因素所致;柱花草气孔导度在充分供水和轻度胁迫下随光合有效辐射的增强而增大,但在中度和重度水分胁迫下变化不明显;充分供水和轻度水分胁迫下,气孔导度均随蒸腾速率的增加而增加,中度、重度水分胁迫下蒸腾速率分别达到0.46、0.31mmol·m-2·s-1时气孔开始关闭;中度胁迫下水分利用效率高于轻度胁迫,可能是植物对胁迫环境的生理适应所致。（3）初始荧光F0随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而增加,而光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学效率Fv/Fm和潜在活性Fv/F0均降低,表明随着胁迫程度的加深,PSⅡ光抑制的程度也加深,水分胁迫抑制了PSⅡ的光化学活性,使其反应中心受到一定程度的破坏或可逆失活。     

水分胁迫前的干旱锻炼对小麦光合生理特性的影响

为探讨水分胁迫前的干旱锻炼对小麦光合生理特性的影响,采用水培法,对小麦幼苗进行水分预胁迫、解除胁迫和再胁迫处理,研究了水分预处理对干旱条件下小麦生物量、叶绿素及光合作用的影响。结果表明,经过水分胁迫预处理后的小麦在水分胁迫下根系生长明显加快,有利于吸收利用有限的水分,水分利用效率明显高于未经过预处理的小麦,净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度、蒸腾速率和叶绿素含量的下降幅度均低于未经过预处理的小麦,预处理缓解了干旱对小麦光合生理特性的影响。     

局部根系水分胁迫下氮形态对玉米幼苗光合特性的影响

本文通过测定玉米幼苗光合特性的变化来研究局部根系水分胁迫下氮形态对植物生长的影响及其机理。试验采用分根装置,聚乙二醇(PEG6000)只向一侧根室加入以模拟局部根系水分胁迫。设置3种形态氮(铵态氮;硝态氮;含铵态氮、硝态氮各为50%的混合氮),两侧根室均匀供应。水分胁迫后第4、5、7天测定玉米幼苗光合与叶绿素荧光参数、生物量等的变化。结果发现在局部根系水分胁迫时,相对于另外2种氮形态,在胁迫初期铵态氮供应的植株光合速率(Pn)、实际光化学量子产量(Yield)、电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)较高,玉米幼苗生长较快;而在水分胁迫第7天,铵态氮供应的植株光合速率、Yield、ETR、qP较低,叶绿素含量下降,植株生长滞缓,而硝态氮以及混合氮处理的植株生长相对加快。     

基于活立木介电特性的茎干蓄水量检测传感器研制

活立木茎干含水率(Stem Water Content,StWC)是揭示树木抗旱机理的重要水分信息.为了提高基于驻波原理的茎干含水率传感器的实用性,该研究基于活立木介电特性和多传感器融合技术,设计了一款可适应树干径向生长的茎干水分复合传感器.传感器主要由弧形探头、压力传感器、固定绳索、传动装置等部分组成,可同时检测St...     

干旱条件下土壤中锌的有效性及与植物水分利用的关系

我国北方地区石灰性土壤上缺锌与干旱限制因子同时存在,影响作物生长和产量提高。本文综述了干旱胁迫影响土壤锌的有效性和植物对锌吸收利用的可能机制:土壤中锌不同形态间的转化与化学行为、根际土壤中锌的移动性、植物根系形态和生理反应、植物体内锌的运输以及植株对锌的需求等在水分胁迫下都可能发生变化。植物锌营养状况可能与植物气孔开闭、活性氧代谢和基因转录因子-锌指蛋白的形成等关系密切,从而影响植物对水分的吸收利用和对干旱胁迫的适应。     

Responses of Bougainvillea spectabilis to elevated atmospheric CO2 under galaxolide (HHCB) pollution and the mechanisms of its rhizosphere metabolism

Purpose

Due to the discovery of synthetic musks in soil and the gradual increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂), it is important to reveal the potential implications of these compounds for bioremediation systems. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the combined influence of galaxolide (HHCB) and elevated CO₂ on an ornamental remediation plant.

Materials and methods

We conducted pot experiments with Bougainvillea spectabilis, an ornamental remediation plant, in which the biomass, HHCB and chlorophyll contents, and rhizosphere metabolism of the plants were analyzed.

Results and discussion

We showed that B. spectabilis exhibited high tolerance under combined HHCB and elevated CO₂ stresses. The addition of HHCB alone to the soil did not significantly reduce the biomass components of B. spectabilis, whereas the presence of elevated CO₂ (750 μL L^?1) alone showed a relatively strong ability to increase plant biomass, especially that of the leaves. An elevated CO₂ concentration stimulated the absorption of low doses of HHCB by the roots. Regarding the root metabolites of B. spectabilis, carbohydrates and organic acids were highly correlated with HHCB concentration, and amino acids were well correlated with CO₂ concentration.

Conclusions

Our study indicates that B. spectabilis may be well suited to remove HHCB from contaminated soil under elevated CO₂ levels, and the root metabolism of this plant provides information about HHCB contamination and elevated CO₂ conditions.

     

氮肥和品种及种植密度对春玉米机械化收获性状及产量的影响

机械化收获是提高农业生产效率的重要措施，但机械化收获受倒伏、籽粒脱水特性和收获籽粒含水率等的影响。为探讨春玉米形态结构与抗倒伏性之间的关系、籽粒脱水进程和收获籽粒含水率对品种、施氮量和种植密度的响应，该研究以先玉335和陕单609为试验材料，设置0、180和225 kg/hm² 三个氮肥水平、6.5×10⁴和8.5×10⁴ 株/hm² 两个种植密度，通过2 a大田试验研究品种、种植密度和氮肥对株高、茎粗、穗位系数、抗折强度、弯曲力矩、倒伏系数、灌浆末期籽粒脱水速率、收获籽粒含水率、产量和生物量等的影响。结果表明：不施氮条件下，株高和茎粗对倒伏系数影响较大；施氮条件下，倒伏系数主要受弯曲力矩、抗折强度和株高影响。施氮显著降低陕单609的倒伏系数（P<0.05），施氮处理下陕单609的株高和茎粗较不施氮处理分别增加8%～21%和26%～45%，抗折强度和弯曲力矩分别增加157%～277%和72%～114%，倒伏系数降低30%～47%。施氮可降低籽粒脱水速率，推迟脱水进程，显著增加收获籽粒含水率（P<0.05）。施氮处理籽粒含水率较不施氮处理提高7%～9%。高密度处理收获籽粒含水率比低密度处理低3%（P<0.05）。先玉335的籽粒脱水速率快，收获籽粒含水率比陕单609低7%（P<0.05）。与不施氮处理相比，施氮处理产量和生物量分别显著提高92%和63%（P<0.05）。与低密度处理相比，高密度处理产量显著增加12%（P<0.05）。综上所述，春玉米的倒伏性、灌浆后期籽粒脱水速率及收获籽粒含水率受品种特性影响，也受施肥、栽培措施和气候条件的显著影响。选育籽粒脱水快的品种、适当增加种植密度并合理统筹氮肥施用量可以提高春玉米机械化收获适宜性。     

臭椿树干液流和直径微变化对土壤水分的响应

[目的] 研究不同水分条件下〔土壤体积含水量分别为10%～15%(W₁),15%～20%(W₂),20%～25%(W₃),25%～30%(W₄)4种水分处理〕臭椿的树干液流和树干径向变化特征及其与气象因子的关系,为深入了解臭椿水分利用策略和科学制定臭椿水分管理措施提供科学依据。[方法] 采用热扩散式探针法(TDP)对臭椿树干液流进行连续观测,使用树干径向变化记录仪持续监测臭椿树干直径变化,并同步监测相关环境因子的变化。[结果] 在W₃和W₄土壤水分处理下,臭椿液流量基本相同,且树干直径的增长量和变化幅度也相近;在W₁—W₃范围内,臭椿液流量随土壤含水量的增加而增大,但夜间液流占日总液流量的比例随土壤含水量的增加而减小,分别为：W₁(12.3%)>W₂(11.9%)>W₃(6.0%)。日尺度下臭椿树干直径的变化幅度随着土壤含水量的增加而减少,但生长量随之增加;随着土壤含水量的不断增加,白天树干液流与气象因子的相关性呈增大趋势,夜间呈降低趋势;树干液流和树干直径的变化都滞后于太阳辐射,提前于饱和水气压差,且二者与饱和水汽压差之间的时滞均随土壤含水量的增加而减小,但二者与太阳辐射之间的时滞受土壤含水量变化的影响很小。日尺度下臭椿树干液流与树干直径的变化呈反向变化规律,且液流的变化总是提前于树干直径的变化。随着土壤含水量的增加,时滞缩短。[结论] 臭椿树干液流与树干直径变化对土壤水分变化的响应存在紧密联系。在W₃水平,土壤含水量达到了臭椿可以充分利用的阈值,因此W₃土壤水分处理为臭椿最适宜的灌溉标准。     

Effect of Single‐Screw Extruder Die Temperature,Amount of Distillers' Dried Grains With Solubles (DDGS), and Initial Moisture Content on Extrudates

Corn distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS) was extruded with corn meal in a pilot plant single‐screw extruder at different extruder die temperatures (100, 120, and 150°C), levels of DDGS (0, 10, 20, and 30%) and initial moisture contents (11, 15, and 20% wb). In general, there was a decrease in water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), radial expansion, and L* value with an increase in DDGS level, whereas a* value and bulk density increased. Increase in extruder die temperature resulted in an increase in WSI and WAI but a decrease in L* and bulk density. Peak load was highest at 30% DDGS as compared with 0, 10, and 20% DDGS extrudates. Die temperature of 120°C and initial moisture content of 20% resulted in least peak load. The a* value remained unaffected by changes in extruder die temperature. Radial expansion was highest at extruder die temperature of 120°C. Maximum WAI, WSI, radial expansion, and L* value were obtained at 15% initial moisture content. An increase in initial moisture content, in general, decreased L* value and bulk density but increased a* value of extrudates.     

Estimation of Water Content in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Soil Based on Remote Sensing Data–Vegetation Index

In this study, a suitable and near-real-time water status monitoring approach for winter wheat before harvest was developed with remotely sensed satellite data. Seven vegetation indices were extracted as remote-sensing parameters by making full use of the land surface reflection and land surface temperature transmitted by moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. The correlation of each vegetation index and measured values of winter wheat and soil water contents in different crop growth periods was established. The simulation models, combining vegetation index, soil water content (SWC), and plant water content (PWC) in different winter wheat growth periods, were constructed to predict water content by using remote-sensing data. We found that the correlations between the difference vegetation index (DVI) and the perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) in the beginning of the stem elongation period with SWC were highly significant (P < 0.01); the correlation between the global environmental monitoring index (GEMI) in the ear emergency period and SWC was highly significant (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the correlation between the PVI in maturing period and SWC was highly significant (P < 0.01). Data of different coefficients of vegetation indices and PWC in different winter wheat growth periods illustrated that correlation between the DVI in the beginning of stem elongation period and PWC was highly significant (P < 0.01), while the correlation between the PVI in the maturing period and PWC was highly significant. Our results indicated that spatial and temporal vegetation indices were closely related to soil moisture and winter wheat water content in Wenxi County, Shanxi Province (P. R. China). The vegetation index is conceptually and computationally straightforward and may be used in prediction of environmental hydrological status.     

Phosphorus requirements and nitrogen accumulation by N2-fixing and non-N2-fixing leguminous trees growing in low P soils

The variation in P uptake and use efficiency and N accumulation by Gliricidia sepium (N₂-fixing tree), Senna siamea and S. spectabilis (leguminous non-N₂-fixing trees) were examined in the field at Fashola (savanna zone), southwestern Nigeria, using four P rates, 0, 20, 40 and 80 kg P ha^-1. Growth of G. sepium and S. spectabilis responded to P application at 24 weeks after planting (WAP) and average yield increases of 58% and 145% were observed by the application of 40 kg P ha^-1 for the two species, respectively. Such a P response was not found in S. siamea at 24 WAP and for any of the species at 48 WAP. G. sepium accumulated more P (on average 162%) than S. siamea and S. spectabilis at 24 WAP and had greater root length and a higher percentage of mycorrhizal infection. However, at 48 WAP S. siamea had 2.5 times more P than G. sepium. Differences in the physiological P use efficiency (PPUE) between G. sepium and the non-N₂-fixing trees were significant at the 0 P level, being higher for S. siamea (average, 0.61 g shoot mg^-1 P) than for G. sepium (0.27 g shoot mg^-1 P). G. sepium had a consistently lower atom % ¹⁵N than S. spectabilis, while that of S. siamea for most of the time did not differ from that of G. sepium. The reference plant affected N₂ fixation extimates, with negative values and a higher variability (CV 60%) associated with S. siamea than with S. spectabilis (CV<20%). Consequently, S. spectabilis was selected as a better reference plant for measuring N₂ fixation in G. sepium. G. sepium fixed on average 35% and 54% of its N at 24 and 48 WAP, respectively. Except at the lowest P rate, percentage and amount of N fixed were not generally enhanced by P application.     

脱硫石膏对盐碱土一维水平吸渗特征及水分运动参数的影响

为探明添加脱硫石膏对盐碱土水分运动参数的影响,以改善和提高银川北部地区土壤结构和土地生产力,进行了室内一维水平土柱吸渗试验。选取6种脱硫石膏添加比例0,1.5%,3%,4.5%,6%和7.5%,探究不同脱硫石膏添加比例下盐碱土水平吸渗特征及水分运动参数的变化。结果表明:脱硫石膏添加减缓了土壤水分入渗过程,随着脱硫石膏添加比例增加,各处理累积入渗量与湿润锋运移距离均逐渐减小。幂函数与Philip模型能较好地拟合不同脱硫石膏添加比例下盐碱土水分吸渗特征,吸渗率随脱硫石膏配比增加逐渐减小,毛管力对水的吸持作用减弱。随着脱硫石膏配比增加,土壤饱和含水率依次增加,饱和导水率依次减小,土壤持水能力明显提高。在Brooks—Corey模型中,形状系数n逐渐增加,进气吸力h_d逐渐减小,土壤通气性增强。在相同含水率情况下,随着脱硫石膏配比增加,土壤水分扩散率减小。添加脱硫石膏增加了土壤持水性能,改变了土壤水分分布状况,对土壤水分运动参数有显著影响。研究结果可为合理利用脱硫石膏改良盐碱地提供参考依据。     

基于层次分析法的豫北地区雨水花园植物综合评价

[目的]研究豫北地区雨水花园植物的筛选,为雨水花园和海绵城市的建设提供理论支撑。[方法]对国家级海绵城市鹤壁市和河南省省级海绵城市安阳市境内的典型雨水花园植物进行研究,采用AHP层次分析法对29种雨水花园植物进行综合评价,从3个准则层和9个指标层构建植物评价体系。[结果]指标层中的抗旱性、抗湿性、绿化美化特性、去污降污能力4个指标对于雨水花园植物的选择具有重要影响。千屈菜、红蓼、东方狼尾草、鸢尾、细叶芒、花叶芒6种植物综合评价等级为1级;再力花、常夏石竹、八宝景天、美人蕉、金鸡菊、马鞭草、大丽花7种植物综合评价等级为4级;香彩雀、紫叶狼尾草、蜀葵等16种植物综合评价等级为2—3级。[结论]综合评价值为1级的植物是豫北地区建设雨水花园的首选植物;综合评价等级为4级的植物是雨水花园慎重选择的植物材料;综合评价等级为2—3级的植物,选择合适的区域如蓄水区、缓冲区、边缘区进行雨水花园植物的种植。     

Effect of biochar,clay substrate and manure application on water availability and tree-seedling performance in a sandy soil

In order to develop a method for extensive pomiculture on marginal soils in semiarid Brazil, a field experiment was conducted to study the impacts of the soil conditioners biochar, clay substrate and goat manure on soil physical parameters of a sandy soil and on seedling performance of Spondias tuberosa Arruda. Manure significantly increased total porosity, soil water content and reduced bulk density of the sandy soil. Water content at field capacity (θ_fc) and at permanent wilting point (θ_pwp) were increased due to manure application. Neither biochar nor clay substrate had a significant impact on the soil physical parameters. Biochar combined with clay substrate led to lower soil water content and significantly reduced the period of retaining atmospheric water. Due to a strong correlation (R² = 0.75) between θ_fc and θ_pwp, the available water capacity within all treatments remained unchanged. Amelioration and initial nutrient supplies had no effect on seedling survival and stem growth of S. tuberosa during the 23-month experiment. This underlines the nondomesticated character of the available plant material of S. tuberosa. The independence of the seedling performance of soil management makes S. tuberosa an interesting species for low-input orchards and for reforestation within the Caatinga.     

Effects of forest plantations on rainfall redistribution and erosion in the red soil region of Southern China

To evaluate the effects of different forest plantations on rainfall redistribution, we measured throughfall, stemflow, interception loss, surface runoff and soil loss from July 2004 to September 2005 in the three types of forest plantations Eucommia ulmoides, Vernicia fordii and Pinus massoniana. The results showed that differences in throughfall and stemflow between the three forest plantations were significant (p < 0·05). Throughfall was highest in the V.fordii plantation and stemflow was highest in the E.ulmoides plantation. Throughfall plus stemflow below the E.ulmoides canopy was greater than that underneath the other forest types. Moreover, significant spatial variation in throughfall was observed. Throughfall in P.massoniana was 28·0–39·7% higher at a stem distance < 60 cm or 11·5% lower at a stem distance > 120 cm than in the other forests, but the difference was not significant between E.ulmoides and V.fordii. Moreover, the difference in throughfall at stem distances 60–120 cm was not significant between the different forest plantations. For E.ulmoides, throughfall under the peripheral crown part was 16·1% higher than that close to the stem. In contrast to E.ulmoides, P.massoniana had 26·8% lower throughfall under the peripheral crown part than close to the stem. No significant difference was found in throughfall for the various stem distances underneath V.fordii. Stemflow in E.ulmoides was 2–3 times higher than in the other forests (p < 0·01). Interception loss accounted for 19·9% of gross rainfall for E.ulmoides, 20·8% for V.fordii and 27·2% for P.massoniana. Surface runoff and soil loss differed considerably among the three types of forest plantations. Annual runoff and total soil loss were lowest in the P.massoniana forest and highest in the V.fordii forest. This study indicated that P.massoniana, as a reforestation tree species, had the most positive effect on soil and water conservation among the three forest plantations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.