森林植被恢复研究进展

笔者论述了森林退化的概念及其基本特征,森林植被恢复的概念与基本策略,国内外森林植被恢复研究现状与问题,以及森林植被恢复研究的发展趋势。     

森林、造林、再造林和毁林的定义与碳计量问题

森林的定义与土地利用,土地利用变化和林业（LULUCF）碳吸收或排放的计量密切相关。同时也是造林,再造林和毁林（ARD）定义的基础;ARD的定义直接关系到《京都议定书》第三条第三款（3.3条款）ARD活动引起的汇清除的计量和大小。本文基于森林有关定义国际研讨会和IPCC有关LULUCF碳计量的方法学指南的研讨和交流。通过大量资料收集和信息查询,对主要国际公约,国际组织和各国森林和ARD的定义进行了调研。并分析讨论了不同定义及其对LULUCF碳计量的影响。提出了碳计量中需要关注的焦点问题。     

森林恢复定义及恢复后生态系统碳储量变化分析

森林恢复在减缓全球气候变暖方面的作用正受到越来越多人的关注。文中探讨森林恢复的定义,概述退化地和退耕地采取森林恢复措施后其生态系统碳储量的变化以及影响恢复过程中植被和土壤碳储量的因素,并提出森林恢复后生态系统碳储量变化研究存在的不足及未来发展趋势。     

退化生态系统植被恢复理论与技术探讨

植被恢复是退化生态系统恢复与重建的首要工作。在回顾国内外植被恢复研究进展的基础上, 提出了植被恢复的理论基础, 总结了植被恢复技术措施, 包括植被恢复目标的确定、植被恢复的步骤与途径及其采用的技术方法, 最后探讨了植被恢复研究尚存在的问题。     

亚高山退化森林生态系统及植被恢复研究进展

对国内亚高山退化生态系统及植被恢复的研究进展进行了综述。包括国内学者对亚高山退化生态系统特征、干扰因子和作用机理、退化生态系统的天然更新即限制因素和植被恢复等方面的研究情况,提出了现有研究中存在的一些问题,并对亚高山退化生态系统更深入系统的研究提供建议和依据。     

森林管理碳计量研究

森林管理作为减缓气候变化最有潜力的方式之一,正受到越来越多的重视。文中阐释了森林管理的定义,对比分析了附件Ⅰ缔约方之间及我国的森林管理固碳能力,得出在2008—2010年间俄罗斯、挪威、斯洛文尼亚等8个缔约方森林管理碳信用额占基准年源排放的比例大于其承诺的减排比例,但俄罗斯、瑞典等9个缔约方在抵消3.3条款下活动碳信用额的作用随着3.3条款下活动碳排放的减少而变弱,而我国2010年森林管理碳源/汇与附件Ⅰ缔约方相比,仅小于俄罗斯和欧盟。在国家、区域及项目3个尺度上对一般的森林管理碳计量的方法及参考水平（基线）的建立进行了探讨,对计量中存在的问题及发展趋势进行了预测及分析:在国家水平上,总—净与净—净核算方法的选择,自然干扰等不可抗力是否予以考虑,建立森林管理参考水平是否有利于缔约方减排成了谈判的争议焦点,采用数据的精度及方程的适用性成了计量难题;而在区域及项目水平上,建立基线情景在选择方法及具体操作上面临很大困难。未来研究方向应集中在基线情景的确立,区分具体的森林管理活动进行碳计量及应用模型预测未来森林管理碳储量变化上。     

山东森林植被恢复的理论方法和实践

1　山东森林植被的现状山东省位于我国暖温带地区 ,在植被分区上属于暖温带落叶阔叶林区域。根据山东省所处的地理位置和气候、地形等条件 ,以及历史记载 ,山东省的地带性植被应为暖温带森林植被。但实际上我们目前所见到的大面积的植被类型是人工的农业植被和荒山灌草丛植被。森林植被只是在山区局部可以见到 ,且多为人工的或次生的。目前的山东森林植被有以下几个特点。1.1　森林覆盖率低 ,荒山秃岭多森林覆盖率是衡量地区生态环境状况和经济发展水平的重要标志。森林覆盖率低 ,荒山秃岭多 ,是山东森林植被的特点。据统计 ,包括农田林网和…     

香格里拉森林植被恢复与景观建设

针对云南香格里拉旅游业快速发展,而森林植被建设相对滞后的实际矛盾,为建设多功能相互结合、稳定、高效、持续发展的森林生态系统,在分析研究待恢复林地的形成及分布特点以及森林植被恢复的功能需求基础上,提出了香格里拉实施森林景观建设的内容框架和技术对策。     

冷水江市森林植被恢复的思考

冷水江市矿产资源十分丰富,是典型的“先有工矿后有城市”的资源型工业城市,经过近百年“掠夺式”开发的工业化进程,境内森林植被遭受严重破坏,生态状况整体恶化趋势未根本得到缓解,通过植被恢复实施生态综合治理已迫在眉睫。本文在客观分析工矿区森林植被现状与破坏成因的基础上,探讨了森林植被恢复、实施生态综合治理的对策。     

Extending rotation age for carbon sequestration: A cross-protocol comparison of North American forest offsets

Through carbon offset programs, forest owners can be offered financial incentives to enhance the uptake and storage of carbon on their lands. The amount of carbon that can be claimed by an individual landowner will ultimately depend on multiple factors, including the productivity of the forest, the management history of the stand, and the program in which the landowner is participating. This project presents a modeling framework for forest carbon accounting which is driven by forest yield curves and carbon pool partitioning. Within this model the amount of creditable carbon generated from adjusting the rotation age of multiple forest stands can be estimated for 46 distinct North American forest types. The model also provides a comparison of total creditable carbon generated under three carbon accounting methodologies: the Department of Energy 1605b Registry, the Chicago Climate Exchange, and the Voluntary Carbon Standard. In our evaluation of a 5-year rotation extension across 102 unique modeling scenarios, we find large differences among the carbon accounting schemes. This has implications for both forest landowners and policymakers alike. In particular, methodologies to account for such issues as leakage, permanence, additionality, and baseline establishment, while potentially increasing the overall legitimacy of any forest carbon offset program, can reduce creditable carbon to the forest owner (by up to 70%). Regardless of the protocol used, we also note strong regional differences, with Pacific Northwest forests of fir, spruce, hemlock, alder and maple being the most effective at sequestering carbon on a per area basis.     

21世纪初期森林作业科学与技术学科发展展望

本首先对森林作业科学与技术的学科界定进行了探讨,然后,对未来１０年本学科的发展展望做以论述。     

安徽省森林经营碳汇技术刍议

本文概述了林业碳汇的重要性以及国内外森林生态系统经营现状,分析了安徽省营林措施和存在的问题,并提出提高碳捕获、减少碳排放的相关措施和建议。     

浅析云南森林植被恢复和保护技术

对云南省“天保”工程县 (局 )级实施方案编制中森林分类区划经营和管理技术进行分析 ,提出一些值得探讨的问题和建议 ,为云南森林植被恢复和保护及云南“天保”工程的顺利实施提供多方位的技术论证     

对黑龙江省森工国有林区林地保护利用规划现地落界的分析

为全面贯彻和落实好黑龙江省森工国有林区林业局林地保护利用规划编制工作,使规划对所属林业局、直属单位未来10年的林地保护利用工作具有指导性、可操作性,保证林业局级规划工作顺利进行,结合黑龙江省森工国有林区各林业局实际,对该省森工国有林区林业局林地保护利用规划现地落界工作进行了分析。     

Temporal mapping of deforestation and forest degradation in Nepal: Applications to forest conservation

Deforestation and forest degradation are associated and progressive processes resulting in the conversion of forest area into a mosaic of mature forest fragments, pasture, and degraded habitat. Monitoring of forest landscape spatial structures has been recommended to detect degenerative trends in forest conditions. GIS and remote sensing play an important role in the generation of such data to identify degraded and deforested areas as well as potential areas for conservation. In this study we analyzed forest degradation and deforestation trends in Chitwan district in Nepal, which contains key habitat elements for wildlife in the region. An artificial neural network was used to predict forest canopy density in five classes using Landsat images of the year 2001. Forest canopy density was predicted with 82% overall accuracy. Except riverine forest, forest area of all other forest types was reduced. Terai Shorea robusta forest, which has high commercial value, showed a loss of 23% between 1976 and 1989 and an overall loss of 15% forest covers between the year 1976 and 2001. Deforestation and forest degradation disproportionately reduced the sizes of the different forest types, a finding that has important management implications. The maps presented in this article could be useful to prioritize limited resources for conservation.     

Deforestation and forest degradation monitoring and assessment of biomass and carbon stock of lowland rainforest in the Analanjirofo region, Madagascar

Madagascar is currently developing a policy and strategies to enhance the sustainable management of its natural resources, encouraged by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and REDD. To set up a sustainable financing scheme methodologies have to be provided that estimate, prevent and mitigate leakage, develop national and regional baselines, and estimate carbon benefits. With this research study this challenge was tried to be addressed by analysing a lowland rainforest in the Analanjirofo region in the district of Soanierana Ivongo, North East of Madagascar. For two distinguished forest degradation stages: “low degraded forest” and “degraded forest” aboveground biomass and carbon stock was assessed. The corresponding rates of carbon within those two classes were calculated and linked to a multi-temporal set of SPOT satellite data acquired in 1991, 2004 and 2009. Deforestation and particularly degradation and the related carbon stock developments were analysed. With the assessed data for the 3 years 1991, 2004 and 2009 it was possible to model a baseline and to develop a forest prediction for 2020 for Analanjirofo region in the district of Soanierana Ivongo. These results, developed applying robust methods, may provide important spatial information regarding the priorities in planning and implementation of future REDD+ activities in the area.     

森林病虫害防治中营林技术的运用

森林生态系统运行必须重视对病虫害的防治,要规避病虫害对森林小循环体系的严重侵害和影响,考虑到森林病虫害的季节反复性特点,要合理引入和运用营林技术,明晰森林病虫害的发病机理和规律,采用相应的营林技术和举措,实现对森林病虫害的综合防治,较好地实现森林生态循环系统的正常运行.