结缕草属草坪草在中国的名称与应用

结缕草属草坪草是低矮、匍匐性、草皮型的暖季型多年生禾本科草本.在中国的分布与应用大约有5种1.结缕草;2.中华结缕草;3.大穗结缕草;4.细叶结缕草;5.沟叶结缕草.另外,从日本引入一个栽培种,通名叫做半细叶结缕草.结缕草属草坪草属于公园、风景区、庭园和运动场草坪草以及水土保持覆盖大地之用.     

结缕草属草坪草在中国的名称与应用

结缕草属草坪草是低矮、匍匐性、草皮型的暖季型多年生禾本科草本。在中国的分布与应用大约有 5种 :1 结缕草 ;2 中华结缕草 ;3 大穗结缕草 ;4 细叶结缕草 ;5 沟叶结缕草。另外 ,从日本引入一个栽培种 ,通名叫做半细叶结缕草。结缕草属草坪草属于公园、风景区、庭园和运动场草坪草以及水土保持覆盖大地之用。     

中国结缕草属植物种质资源水分利用效率变异分析

以目前园林绿化中广泛应用的‘青岛结缕草’和马尼拉为对照,对中国结缕草属5种1变种52份野生种源的水分利用效率进行了测定分析.结果表明:中国结缕草属52份种源水分利用效率的变异范围为0.141％～0.377％,变异系数为19.66％,中国结缕草属内不同种源的水分利用效率存在极显著的差异,排序为:细叶结缕＜结缕草＜沟叶结缕草＜中华结缕草＜长花结缕草＜大穗结缕草,变异系数最大的为结缕草;在结缕草、中华结缕草种内水分利用效率存在着极显著的差异,且结缕草种内水分利用效率变异高于中华结缕草种内变异.在52份供试种源中,水分利用效率高于马尼拉的有15份种源,水分利用效率高于‘青岛结缕草’的有11份种源.中国结缕草属植物和结缕草的水分利用效率与纬度呈极显著的正相关,与经度无明显相关性,中华结缕草的水分利用效率与经纬度均无显著的相关性.     

结楼草属草坪草在中国的名称与应用

结缕草属草坪草是低矮、匍匐性、草皮型的暖季型多年生禾本科草木。在中国的分布与应用大约有5种：1. 结缕草；2.中华结缕草；3.大穗结缕草；4.细叶结缕草；5.沟叶结缕草。另外，从日本引入一个栽培种，通名叫做半细叶结缕草。结缕草属草坪草属于公园、风景区、庭园和运动场草坪草以及水土保持覆盖大地之用。     

结缕草属植物的抗旱性初步评价

以目前生产上广泛应用的‘兰引3号’结缕草、‘青岛结缕草’和马尼拉为对照,对48份结缕草种源的表征永久萎蔫系数(APWI)进行了测定并分析,结果如下:1)各种源的APWI的变异范围为8.7 8%~1 3.4 1%,变异系数为9.10%。在48份供试种源中,APWI显著低于‘兰引3号’结缕草的有6份种源;APWI显著低于马尼拉的有2份种源;APWI显著低于‘青岛结缕草’的有15份种源;APWI同时显著低于3份对照的有2份种源。结缕草属植物的APWI存在极显著的差异。2)结缕草属植物不同种的APWI不同,其排序为:中华结缕草>大穗结缕草>结缕草>沟叶结缕草=细叶结缕草,其中变异系数最大为结缕草。3)APWI在结缕草、中华结缕草种内存在着极显著的差异,且结缕草种内抗旱性差异明显高于中华结缕草种内差异。4)结缕草属植物的APWI与经度和纬度均未发现显著相关;结缕草、中华结缕草种内的APWI与经纬度也未发现显著的线性相关。     

4种结缕草光合特性及叶绿素含量的比较研究

以结缕草属4个不同种为试验材料,采用叶绿素测定仪以及光合测定仪,测定4种结缕草光合特征参数以及叶绿素含量。结果表明:(1)4种结缕草叶绿素含量由大到小依次为:日本结缕草,中华结缕草,沟叶结缕草,细叶结缕草;(2)日本结缕草和沟叶结缕草的光补偿点(LCP)为40μmol/(m2.s),接近于自然光照条件下阳性植物的光补偿点30μmol/(m2.s);(3)中华结缕草和细叶结缕草的LCP较高,为80μmol/(m2.s),光饱和点(LSP)都平均为1200μmol/(m2.s);(4)4种结缕草的表观量子效率(AQY)与自然光照条件下植物的AQY(0.03~0.06 mol/mol)一致,但是中华结缕草却显著高于其他3种,因此,可初步推断结缕草为阳性、且耐荫性较强的草坪草,并且中华结缕草以其优异的表现成为亚热带地区草坪草建坪中的最佳草种。     

华东地区结缕草属植物形态类型及其坪用价值

依据１０个重要的外部检索性状对华东地区４３份结缕草属植物进行聚类分析，在欧氏距离０．９３处，可将其分为五个形态类型，即结缕草，宽叶型中华结缕草，中间型中华结缕草，长花结缕草以及细叶型结缕草。根据主成分分析结果，制订出各类型外部性状检索表。各类型坪用价值排序为：细叶型结缕草〉中间型中华结缕草〉宽叶型中华结缕草〉结缕草〉长花结缕草。     

中国结缕草属(Zoysia spp.)植物抗寒性评价

在广泛收集结缕草属(ZoysiaWild.)种质资源基础上,按照形态类型和地理分布,选取40份种质,采用电导法(EL)对其抗寒性进行初步评价。以半致死温度(LT50)为评价指标,在参试材料中除大穗结缕草和来自台湾岛海边沙地的沟叶结缕草外,其它种质都较天堂-419(对照)抗寒;在结缕草属内,抗寒性具有明显的种间差异,耐寒性依次为日本结缕草>中华结缕草>沟叶结缕草>细叶结缕草>长花中华结缕草>大穗结缕草,其中细叶类型的沟叶结缕草和细叶结缕草抗寒性变异较大;日本结缕草和中华结缕草抗寒性变异与地理分布之间没有显著关系,但分布在海边的种类和种质抗寒性明显较低;结缕草属及其中华结缕草的抗寒性与叶长、叶宽以及叶背面被毛之间均存在显著的负相关关系,但这种关系不体现在日本结缕草上。实验结果还表明,EL方法是评价结缕草属抗寒性较为可靠的方法之一。     

干旱胁迫下结缕草叶片抗坏血酸与相关生理指标变化的品种差异研究

通过盆栽试验,以日本结缕草与细叶结缕草为材料,研究了干旱胁迫下结缕草叶片AsA含量与相关生理指标的品种差异。结果表明,干旱胁迫下日本结缕草和细叶结缕草叶片中AsA含量与相关生理指标的动态变化规律基本相似,但品种间差异显著。干旱胁迫下2个品种的AsA含量和AsA/DHA均呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,但日本结缕草下降的时间更早。干旱胁迫下叶片相对含水量、POD活性在2个品种中均呈下降趋势,但日本结缕草的下降趋势更明显,尤其在干旱胁迫后期。胁迫后日本结缕草叶绿素a与叶绿素b含量下降明显,而细叶结缕草变化不大。胁迫后两者的相对电导率和MDA含量均呈上升趋势,但日本结缕草增加的幅度更为显著。干旱胁迫后日本结缕草和细叶结缕草叶片Rubisco的含量均在第3天开始下降,胁迫后期日本结缕草Rubisco含量恢复到对照水平,而细叶结缕草Rubisco含量在胁迫后期显著高于对照。本研究结果表明,干旱胁迫下结缕草可以通过增加和维持叶片中AsA含量与POD活性来减缓Rubisco及叶绿素的降解,降低干旱胁迫对植株造成的氧化胁迫伤害程度,进而改善其抗旱能力。本研究结果进一步证实结缕草抗旱能力有品种差异,其中日本结缕草抗旱能力弱于细叶结缕草。     

结缕草属植物种间关系和遗传多样性的SSR标记分析

利用SSR分子标记技术对结缕草属(Zoysia Willd.)5种、1变种共96份种质材料进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明:(1)结缕草属种质间存在丰富的遗传多样性,29对SSR引物共扩增出282条清晰谱带,其中多态性条带272条,多态性比率(PPB)为96.45%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)为0.2203,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.3504。(2)应用Nei—Li相似系数法估算了96份材料间的遗传相似系数(GS),范围在0.5922~0.9362,平均为0.7811,在不同种之间,结缕草(Z.japonica Steud.)与中华结缕草(Z.sinica Hance.)、沟叶结缕草(Z.matrella(L.)Merr.)与细叶结缕草(Z.tenuifloia Willd.ex Trin.)中的遗传相似系数较高,大穗结缕草(Z.macrostachya Franch.)Z010、长花结缕草(Z.sinica var.nipponica)Z122与其它结缕草的遗传相似系数均相对较低。结缕草、中华结缕草和沟叶结缕草的种内遗传变异较大,GS分别为0.5922~0.9362,0.6879~0.9078和0.6738~0.8582。(3)通过分子系统聚类法,将96份种源分为6个大类群,其中第一大类主要包括结缕草、中华结缕草和少量沟叶结缕草,占所有材料的90.6%。沟叶结缕草和细叶结缕草聚成一小类,大穗结缕草Z010、长花结缕草Z122、沟叶结缕草(Z.matrella)Z095和结缕草(Z.japonica)Z115聚为一类。从亚群来看,基本上结缕草与中华结缕草交叉相聚,沟叶结缕草与细叶结缕草交叉相聚,沟叶结缕草与结缕草、中华结缕草也有交叉聚类现象。本研究明确了结缕草属植物不同种质间亲缘关系及遗传多样性、部分种质的种类归属,还为其进一步研究与利用提供了分子水平的依据。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.