绒山羊穿衣的技术

羊穿衣是一种能有效保护羊体羊毛羊绒的管理方法,它可以调节绒山羊体表的微环境,改善羊毛羊绒的生长条件,减少干旱地区沙尘和粪尿杂质、草屑对羊毛羊绒的污染,降低高山地区强烈紫外线对羊毛羊绒的辐射损伤，以及风霜雨雪对羊毛羊绒的侵蚀，防止羊绒被植被挂脱，从而达到提高羊毛羊绒品质的目的。此项技术是提高羊绒经济效益最简便的方法，其成本低，见效快，经济效益显著（穿羊衣后每只羊可增加纯利润21元）。     

区别鹅细小病毒和番鸭细小病毒的PCR-RFLP方法的建立

根据GenBank登录的鹅细小病毒（GPV）和番鸭细小病毒（MDPV）非结构蛋白（NS）基因特征,本研究设计1对特异性引物对GPV和MDPV基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,目的片段大小均为810 bp,并对PCR产物进行切胶回收。用EcoRⅠ酶对GPV和MDPV特异性胶回收产物进行酶切鉴定,结果显示MDPV经EcoRⅠ酶切后琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测片段为2段,大小为530和280 bp;而GPV经EcoRⅠ酶切后琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测片段大小不变。本研究建立了一种快速区别GPV和MDPV感染的检测方法,可对番鸭感染水禽细小病毒的情况进行快速鉴别诊断。     

鸡贫血病毒山东分离株的限制性内切酶酶切图谱多态性分析

利用套式ＰＣＲ扩增在病毒（ＣＡＶ）６８７ｂｐ片段,分别以ＨａｅⅢ,ＨｉｎｆⅠ和ＨｐａⅡ酶切,通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析其限制性片段长度多态性。用该技术对我国山东分离株的分析表明,ＳＪ１和ＳＪ２与日本的ＴＫ５８０３株和瑞典的１／８０和１／９１株相同,应属于Ｔｃｄｄ用限制性内切酶酶切图谱多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）分类方法中的第２组。     

T-RFLP快速鉴定生鲜肉中牛羊成分的研究

试验旨在建立快速检测生鲜肉中牛、羊成分的定性分析方法。通过T-RFLP法,上游引物的5′端用6-FAM进行荧光标记,下游引物5′端用ROX进行荧光标记,PCR结束后选择限制性内切酶HinfⅠ、BlnⅠ进行酶切消化,在测序仪上通过毛细管电泳即可检测荧光标记的两个末端的限制性片段。利用不同物种产生的不同峰谱达到对物种快速定性的目的。该法能够对生鲜肉中牛、羊肉进行定性鉴定分析,不同物种产生不同峰谱,限制性内切酶HinfⅠ酶切牛肉样品所产生的限制性末端片段长度为46和373 bp,限制性内切酶BlnⅠ酶切羊肉样品所产生的限制性末端片段长度为203和515 bp。     

禽腺病毒-Ⅰ群PCR-RFLP分型方法的建立

为快速确定临床禽腺病毒-Ⅰ群(FAdVs)的血清型,本研究根据FAdVs的Hexon基因设计引物,对12个血清型FAdVs标准毒株进行PCR扩增,并根据扩增目的片段进行酶切位点分析和相应酶切反应研究,建立聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法。结果显示,利用该引物可同时扩增12个血清型FAdVs标准毒株,扩增片段大小为894 bp;扩增片段酶切位点分析显示,Eco130 Ⅰ、Pf123Ⅱ、Mlu Ⅰ、Psy Ⅰ和BgⅡ为主要酶切位点,这5种酶切反应结果显示12个血清型FAdVs标准毒株可以得到不同的酶切图谱,且能区分12种血清型FAdVs;应用该酶切方法对本实验室保存的2株已知血清型的分离株进行分析,其结果与已确定的血清型一致。表明本试验建立的PCR-RFLP方法简便、特异性和区分度好,可用于12个血清型FAdVs的分型。     

HGTP基因与羊毛细度的相关性分析及其启动子活性研究

本研究旨在构建高甘氨酸－酪氨酸蛋白（HGTP）启动子荧光素酶报告基因载体并验证其活性,阐明HGTP基因在萨福克羊和中国美利奴羊皮肤毛囊组织中的表达差异与羊毛经济性状的关系。运用PCR方法扩增HGTP基因启动子序列片段,克隆至pGL3-Basic载体中构建重组质粒,并通过双酶切验证和测定核酸序列鉴定;转染皮肤成纤维细胞并检测报告基因的活性;测定羊毛的纤维直径、长度的数据,利用实时荧光定量PCR分析HGTP基因在不同品种绵羊的皮肤毛囊组织中的表达情况。结果显示,萨福克羊与中国美利奴羊的羊毛纤维直径及自然长度差异极显著（P<0.01）,HGTP基因表达水平与羊毛纤维直径存在极显著的高度正相关（P<0.01）,与羊毛自然长度呈现显著的中等负相关（P<0.05）,而羊毛直径与自然长度之间存在极显著的高度负相关（P<0.01）。HGTP基因在萨福克羊和中国美利奴羊皮肤组织中的表达水平差异极显著（P<0.01）。启动子活性荧光素酶检测结果显示,KAP6.1、KAP7和KAP8.1启动子元件在绵羊皮肤成纤维细胞和3T3细胞中均有表达,且在绵羊成纤维细胞中的活性极显著高于在3T3细胞中的活性（P<0.01）。HGTP基因可以作为研究羊毛纤维直径、自然长度的候选基因。构建不同长度的表达载体,转染皮肤成纤维细胞,获得的2个启动子元件都能驱动外源基因在体外细胞水平表达。绵羊HGTP基因启动子的功能研究为调控羊毛发育提供了理论依据。     

鹅细小病毒主要结构蛋白基因的扩增、克隆与原核表达载体的构建

根据已发表的鹅细不病毒（GPV）核苷酸序列设计并合成了1对引物,对GPV主要结构蛋白VP2和VP3基因进行扩增。所获得的PCR产物与预期片段大小相符,约1.8kb。将该片段直接与真核表达pCR3.1T载体连接,转化人感受态大肠杆菌TOP10F＇中增值。在对所提质粒进行快速鉴定、PCR扩增以及BamH I酶切线性化初步鉴定的基础上,经限制性内切酶Sca I 和EcoR V分别酶切进行正反向鉴定,获得了3个正向插入的克隆（PVPA）和2个反向插入的克隆（PVPB）。将正向插入的克隆PVPA1与原核表达载体pET-28b（ ）分别用BamH I和Xho I双酶切后,回收目的片段进行定向连接,并转化入感受态大肠杆菌DH5a中。对所获得的重组质粒分别经Sca I、EcoR V、BamH I/Xho I酶切,证实含有目的基因,且基因插入方向正确,成功地构建了含有GPV主要结构蛋白基因的原核表达载体,为高效原核表达以及研制更为有效的基因工程疫苗打下了基础。     

检测猪链球菌２型的溶菌酶释放蛋白（ＭＲＰ）的ＰＣＲ方法的建立

根据猪链球菌２型的mrp基因自设计和合成了一对可扩增长度为８８５bp目的片段的引物，成功地建立了检测溶菌酶释放蛋白（ＭＰＲ）的ＰＣＲ方法，用ＸbaⅠ内切酶进行酶切，获得了与预期一致的５７8bp和３０７bp２的２个片段，并进行了ＰＣＲ的特异性试验和敏感性试验。对马链球菌兽疫亚种、猪丹毒杆菌、猪肺疫巴氏杆菌和猪肺炎支原体的ＰＣＲ检测结果均呈阴性；检测的敏感度可达１００个细菌。另外，对９株从病猪体内分离的猪链球菌２型菌株进行检测了８个呈阳性；对１５份正常屠宰猪扁桃体分离物的检测结果是１份为阳性。结果表明此法特异性敏感性均很高，可作为ＭＲＰ快速诊和流行病学调查的手段。     

绵羊NYD-SP27基因的原核表达及生物信息学分析

本研究旨在对绵羊NYD-SP27基因进行克隆和原核表达，并对其表达的蛋白进行生物信息学分析。根据GenBank中绵羊NYD-SP27基因序列（登录号：KX905090）设计1对特异性引物，通过PCR方法扩增目的基因片段，构建pET-22b（+）-NYDSP27重组质粒并转化E.coli DH5α感受态细胞，提质粒进行双酶切鉴定，将鉴定正确的pET-22b（+）-NYDSP27重组质粒转化E.coli BL21（DE3）感受态细胞，经IPTG诱导表达，对融合蛋白进行SDS-PAGE及Western blotting鉴定，并利用生物信息学方法对NYD-SP27基因编码的氨基酸序列进行分析。结果显示，试验成功扩增出大小为1 617 bp的NYD-SP27基因片段，并经NdeⅠ和Xho Ⅰ双酶切获得大小为5 400和1 617 bp的两条片段，表明成功构建了pET-22b（+）-NYDSP27重组质粒，诱导表达重组蛋白大小约60 ku，主要以包涵体的形式存在。NYD-SP27蛋白分子式为C₂₇₉₈H₄₃₁₉N₇₃₇O₈₁₉S₁₉，原子总数为6 892，理论等电点（pI）为6.16，为酸性蛋白，不稳定系数为46.96，属于不稳定蛋白，总平均亲水性为-0.403。该蛋白无跨膜结构，无信号肽，含有45个潜在的磷酸化位点和24个抗原表位；NYD-SP27蛋白二级结构中的α-螺旋、β-折叠、延伸链和无规则卷曲分别占26.21%、3.90%、18.03%和51.86%。本试验结果可为深入研究绵羊NYD-SP27蛋白的作用机理提供理论依据。     

应用巢式PCR-RFLP方法鉴别微小隐孢子虫、安氏隐孢子虫和火鸡隐孢子虫的研究

应用巢式聚合酶链反应（Nested PCR）-限制片段长度多态性 （restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP）方法对微小隐孢子虫（C．parvum）、安氏隐孢子虫（C．andersoni）和火鸡隐孢子虫（C．meleagrides）的鉴别进行了研究。结果显示C．parvum BOCC2、C．andesoni BOCC2和C．meleagrides CHCC1扩增产物片段大小分别为830bp、828bp和828bp，扩增产物分别经VspI酶切后形成3种不同的RFLP图谱，根据RFLP图谱可鉴别C．parvum、C．andersoni和C．meleagrides。本研究为我国隐孢子虫的分类和隐孢子虫病的分子流行病学研究打下了良好基础。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.