少花蒺藜草的化学防除研究报告

经过药剂筛选试验,结果表明:芳氧苯氧基丙酸酯类除草剂精喹禾灵和磺酰脲类除草剂烟嘧磺隆对入侵杂草少花蒺藜草防除效果较为理想,能够有效地控制其生长和危害,19 d相对防除效果均达80％以上.此外,咪唑乙烟酸和烯禾啶对少花蒺藜草也有较好的防除效果,19 d相对防效也可达65％以上.     

辽宁省草原入侵植物少花蒺藜草危害与防治调查

为确实掌握辽宁省草原少花蒺藜草（Cenchms paucitlorus Benth．）的危害与防治情况,2012-2013年,辽宁省草原监理站对全省12县75个乡镇草原对少花蒺藜草发生情况进行了调查。调查发现,彰武、阜蒙、义县、凌源4县草原中有少花蒺藜草侵染,侵染面积近50万亩。防治主要以化学防治和人工割除为主,除草剂选用精喹禾灵、烟嘧磺隆等,平均防治效果达80％以上。     

彰武县草原入侵少花蒺藜草综合防治试验效果观察

经试验结果表明:利用化学药剂复配喷药,选择烟嘧磺隆+咪唑乙烟酸,防治效果为最高,灭杀率可达87%,效果较为理想。对少花蒺藜草危害较重的地块采取20cm以上的耕翻处理,可达到良好的防治效果。人工或机械刈割防除,防治效果可达84.7%,但此种方法费工费力,适合面积较小的地块防治。     

不同浓度下2种除草剂对少花蒺藜草防治效果的研究

少花蒺藜草是一种对农牧业生产有害的外来入侵植物,近年来在内蒙古东部地区尤其是通辽市草原区扩散蔓延,给草原生态和农牧业生产带来极大影响。科学、有效、安全地采用化学防治手段迅速抑制其进一步蔓延,对于改善草原生态环境具有重要意义。试验通过盆栽少花蒺藜草喷施不同浓度除草剂法研究2种除草剂对少花蒺藜草的防治效果。结果表明,5%精喹禾灵乳油和10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵乳油对苗期少花蒺藜草均有较好的防治效果,且2种除草剂没有明显差异;提高施用浓度可显著提高防治效果,但施用浓度1.5倍与2.0倍之间防效无显著差异;一般情况下,施用除草剂2周后即可达到较理想的防治效果,随着施药时间的延长,防治效果无明显变化。     

春播紫花苜蓿苗期杂草的化学防治研究

紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)苗期杂草危害严重,显著影响建植,为此采用单因素完全随机区组设计的方法,探究7种除草处理对苜蓿产量、品质和杂草防除效果的影响。结果表明:2,4-DB、苯达松及其混用组合处理可有效防除阔叶类杂草,株防效在75.80%～90.65%之间;高效盖草能、精喹禾灵、烯草酮可有效防除单子叶杂草,株防效高于71.10%。喷施2,4-DB会使苜蓿的总产量减少64%以上;喷施苯达松+高效盖草能、苯达松+精喹禾灵、高效盖草均能显著地提高第2茬的产量,苜蓿总产量分别提高45.60%,45.28%和43.06%。综合考虑除草剂的安全性和除杂增产效果等方面,以苯达松+高效盖草能和苯达松+精喹禾灵2种除草处理的效果较好,可在苜蓿生产田推广利用。     

少花蒺藜草入侵现状、适应机制和防控策略

近年来，少花蒺藜草（Cenchrus pauciflorus）的发生面积逐年增加，给当地农牧业生产带来严重危害。本文综述了少花蒺藜草入侵现状、适应机制和防控策略的相关研究，并展望了该领域未来应着重考虑的科学问题。受农作措施和干扰的影响，不同生境少花蒺藜草的土壤种子库的差异较大。自然状态下，水热条件、种子类型、盐胁迫和干旱胁迫是少花蒺藜种子萌发的限制因素，土壤质地和埋种深度对种子萌发几乎无影响。少花蒺藜草具有较强的表型可塑性，生活周期与降雨期高度吻合和对光能的高效利用使其在较短的时间内完成生活史。生物防控、机械防除和化学药剂防除是少花蒺藜草的主要防控方式，但每种方式适用的生境不同。少花蒺藜草对降水与氮沉降的响应和表型可塑性的调控机理、对胁迫和干扰的响应机制，以及探索不同生境少花蒺藜草的科学防控方法在未来研究应优先考虑。     

通辽市少花蒺藜草群落多样性分析

2008年7-8月用样方法对科尔沁沙地通辽市及周边地区森林公园、高林屯、建国村和巴胡塔4个不同人工干扰地区的入侵种少花蒺藜草(Cenchrus pauciflorus)及其伴生种进行调查,分析了各地区物种组成、盖度、高度、密度、重要值及多样性指数,以阐明少花蒺藜草及其伴生种在科尔沁沙地的多样性分布格局。结果表明,少花蒺藜草在建国村的入侵程度最严重,而对森林公园样地的影响最小。少花蒺藜草入侵严重的样地物种相对较少,植被分布不均匀,植被盖度低,受人工干扰大且多样性指数降低。受人工干扰较少的生境系统在少花蒺藜草的入侵时更稳定。此外,植被分布方式与少华蒺藜草分布紧密相关。     

多效唑对少花蒺藜草生物学特性的影响

为防治和遏制入侵植物少花蒺藜草(Cenchrus pauciflorus)生长及扩散,对分蘖期的少花蒺藜草喷施不同浓度的多效唑,成熟期测定其株高、分蘖数、穗长、穗数、穗粒数和各器官生物量,计算茎叶比、根冠比和各器官贡献率.结果表明:多效唑浓度为100 mg·L-1时,对少花蒺藜草株高抑制效果最明显;随着多效唑浓度的增大...     

少花蒺藜草与不同牧草混播根际与非根际土壤酶活性变化

为了探究牧草对少花蒺藜草(Cenchrus pauciflorus)的竞争影响,采用3种优质牧草紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、草木樨(Melilotus officinalis)与少花蒺藜草混播,测定混播模式下少花蒺藜草不同生长时期根际和非根际土土壤pH、脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶的活性变化。结果表明：与3种牧草混播均显著提高少花蒺藜草根际土壤的酶活性;在紫花苜蓿与羊草混播,少花蒺藜草根际土土壤的脲酶和蔗糖酶活性在开花期最高,磷酸酶活性在苗期最高,而与草木樨混播,少花蒺藜草根际土的磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性在全生长期内均有大幅提高,脲酶活性在开花期时显著提高,草木樨更能激发少花蒺藜草根际土壤酶活性,与少花蒺藜草的竞争最为激烈。混播模式激发少花蒺藜草的自我保护机制,明显提高少花蒺藜草根际土壤酶活性,增强其自身的竞争能力,避免竞争胁迫带来的危害。     

苜蓿不同播种行距对防控少花蒺藜草的效果

在少花蒺藜草Cenchrus pauciflorus严重侵染区,采用3种不同行距种植多年生苜蓿Medicago sativa进行生物控制试验,旨在探索有效控制少花蒺藜草扩散技术。结果表明:苜蓿种植第2年,不同播种行距均能够抑制少花蒺藜草的发生数量,其中以行距30 cm的效果最好,减少至1 200株/hm2左右。对于少花蒺藜草形态特征及繁殖特性的影响效果,不同播种行距处理间存在差异,其中在30、40 cm行距处理苜蓿地中发生的少花蒺藜草均表现出胁迫态,播种行距为50 cm时,少花蒺藜草株型多为半直立或匍匐型,分蘖(分枝)能力较强,繁殖能力也较强。综合分析,采取30 cm行距种植多年生苜蓿能够更有效的控制少花蒺藜草肆意扩散,可以在少花蒺藜草防控工作中推广应用。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.