抗生素在甘蓝类蔬菜小孢子胚胎发生中的双重作用

为克服甘蓝类蔬菜游离小孢子培养中的细菌污染,以1个青花菜纯合系和2个结球甘蓝纯合系为试验材料,研究培养基中分别添加2种抗生素——头孢噻胯和羧苄青霉素对小孢子培养中细菌污染、胚胎发生和胚植株再生的影响。结果表明,2种抗生素的添加(25、50、100、200 mg·L~(-1))能够显著降低小孢子培养中的细菌污染;50 mg·L~(-1)头孢噻胯和羧苄青霉素的添加显著促进了结球甘蓝、青花菜胚胎发生和植株再生频率;抗生素处理高于50 mg·L~(-1)时,小孢子死亡率升高,同时小孢子的发育受到抑制。本研究报道了抗生素在小孢子培养中的双重作用,尤其是对于胚胎发生的促进作用,这对加快单倍体育种进程具有重要意义。     

牛体外胚胎质量检测与评价

来源于体外成熟和体外受精的牛早期胚胎与不同细胞的单层细胞共同培养，以检测不同阶段胚胎的细胞数。本研究共检测了３１５３枚桑椹胚和囊胚。通过体外培养４～１０ｄ，不同阶段的胚胎，早期桑椹胚、紧凑型桑椹胚、早期囊胚、囊胚、待扩展囊胚、扩展囊胚、待孵化囊胚和孵化囊胚，经检测其细胞数分别为：４５，６９，７０，８８，１０３，１２７，１３９和１５１。第９ｄ的囊胚细胞数比第７ｄ或第８ｄ的囊胚细胞数无显著差异，然而，不同等级的囊胚的细胞数差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；同时，细胞数少的胚胎发育也慢。通过囊胚免疫法检测，第７ｄ、第８ｄ和第９ｄ回收的扩展囊胚的细胞数分别为６６，６０和５２。此外，虽然在子宫内膜细胞或输卵管细胞－子宫内膜细胞的单层细胞上的囊胚发育慢，且发育率低，但其细胞数与在其它单层细胞上发育的囊胚相比无显著差异。试验结果表明，通过体外化培养出来的囊胚细胞数也能达到体内囊胚的水平。     

菜苔小孢子培养及再生植株的倍性鉴定*

以早熟菜苔(Brassica rapa ssp．parachinensis)品种油青四九为供体材料，研究了更新培养液和秋水仙碱分别直接处理分离的菜苔小孢子对胚发生频率的影响。分离小孢子先用NLN-17培养液32℃热激培养2d，换成NLN-10培养液后在24℃继续培养，比不换培养液直接用NLN-10培养液处理的胚状体产量明显提高，更新培养液并能改善胚状体质量。用秋水仙碱0．8mg／L直接处理分离小孢子能明显增加胚状体产量，秋水仙碱浓度过高不利出胚和胚状体萌发。流式细胞仪(FCM)鉴定菜苔小孢子再生植株的染色体倍性表明，有较高的自发二倍体率(70％)和四倍体率(8％)，而其它多倍体和混倍体比率相对较少。     

茄子游离小孢子培养中小孢子发育的细胞学观察

本文以茄子（Solanum melongena L.）杂交F1代的植株为试验材料，通过游离小孢子的培养，对小孢子脱分化、再分化形成再生植株的发育途径，进行了较为详细的形态细胞学观察。其结果如下：（1）小孢子进行均等分裂和营养细胞分裂两种方式都能形成胚状体或愈伤组织。生殖细胞仅分裂1-2次。（2）多细胞小孢子从花粉沟或萌发孔突出来脱掉花粉壁。（3）花药组织在胚状体形成过程中起着重要作用。（4）从获得的再生植株中，随机取37株进行根尖细胞染色体观察发现，22株为单倍体，14株为二倍体，1株为四倍体。     

苹果离体叶片特定部位体细胞胚胎发生和人工种子研究

以苹果品种嘎拉试管苗顶部前３片展开叶为试材,将叶片由叶尖至叶基分为上、中、下３个区,每区又由叶脉分隔为左、右两个亚区,共６个亚区。每一叶片在１个亚区中心部位用解剖针刺伤１点后接种于ＭＳ＋ＢＡ１ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ４ｍｇ／Ｌ＋２,４－Ｄ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋蔗糖２０ｇ／Ｌ的培养基上,暗培养７ｄ后,转接到ＭＳ＋ＢＡ１ｍｇ／Ｌ＋蔗糖２０ｇ／Ｌ的培养基上继续暗培养,４０ｄ后,８５％的叶片在刺伤口周围发生直接类型体细     

小孢子培养获得松花型花椰菜DH再生植株

对5个松花型花椰菜(Brassica oleraceavar.botrytisL.)杂种一代的小孢子培养研究表明,小孢子胎胚发生主要依赖于基因型,庆农65天的每花蕾胚状体产量最高,平均达15.5个。松花菜的胚状体萌发率一般在30%左右,并有效地获得了大量的DH再生植株。冷激预处理能显著地影响花椰菜小孢子的胚胎发生,但供体材料间存在不同的结果。结球期和开花结角期再生植株的生育期与育性出现较大分离,可育且能正常结角的比例约占全部小孢子再生植株的50%以上,因而不再需要加倍处理。     

寒地水稻耐冷基础的研究：Ⅱ.小孢子阶段低温对水稻结实的影响

小孢子发育阶段低温处理４－７ｄ可以明显地延迟合江１９，龙粳１号水稻的抽穗，开花及成熟期，增加叶片及穗中的可溶性糖含量，降低小重申怕结实率。在低温条件下，一次枝梗小穗的结实率与二次枝梗小穗的结实率相似。     

小孢子培养有效获得松花型花椰菜DH再生植株

对5个松花型花椰菜杂种一代的小孢子培养研究表明，小孢子胎胚发生主要依赖于基因型，庆农65天的每花蕾胚状体产量最高，平均达15.5个。松花菜的胚状体萌发率一般在30%左右，并有效获得了大量的DH再生植株。冷击预处理能显著影响花椰菜小孢子的胚胎发生，但供体材料间存在不同的结果。结球期和开花结角期再生植株的生育期与育性出现较大分离，可育且能正常结角的比例约占全部小孢子再生植株的50%以上，因而不再需要加倍处理。     

平流层辐射SP_3谷子雄性细胞发育的研究

对平流层辐射处理ＳＰ３谷子和对照ＣＫ３谷子雄性细胞发育的研究表明,雄性细胞正常发育过程从孢原细胞开始,经初生造孢细胞、次生造孢细胞、小孢子母细胞、二分体、四分体和单核小孢子中央期、单核小孢子液泡期（单核靠边期）、单核小孢子成熟期直到二细胞花粉、三细胞成熟花粉结束。其中四分体形成属连续型。雄性细胞异常发育有几种情况：小孢子母细胞强烈液泡化,细胞质收缩解体,不能进入减数分裂;小孢子母细胞液泡化,呈能进     

不结球白菜游离小孢子培养及植株再生研究

为进一步优化不结球白菜游离小孢子培养技术体系,本研究以20个不同基因型的不结球白菜为试验材料,研究不同基因型、4℃低温胁迫处理时间和头孢噻胯浓度对游离小孢子胚胎发生的影响,并对小孢子胚胎发育和再生过程进行观察和倍性鉴定。结果表明,当花瓣/花药(P/A)长度比值为0.85～1.10时,不结球白菜小孢子主要处于单核晚期;共有10个基因型不结球白菜出胚,其中出胚率最大的为H20,平均出胚率为7.75胚·10蕾^-1;4℃低温胁迫处理1 d时不结球白菜出胚率最高;头孢噻胯对不结球白菜出胚率的影响与基因型密切相关;从胚状体到再生幼苗阶段,不结球白菜基因型不同,其胚胎再生频率也不同;倍性鉴定共检测出21个双单倍体和2个单倍体,自然加倍率为91.3%,不结球白菜植株形态表现出明显的多样性。本研究结果为不结球白菜游离小孢子高效培养体系的优化提供了一定的技术支撑。     

Effects of nanofertilizer and nano-plant hormone on soil chemical properties and microbial community in two different soil types

Application of nanotechnology in agriculture has been expanded to improve crop production. The impact of nanomaterials (NMs) on factors that influence the survival and function of beneficial microorganisms is a less studied aspect that needs to be better understood. Only a few studies have assessed the effects of NMs on beneficial soil microorganisms. This study was conducted to assess the effects of nanofertilizer FertiGroe^?N (FG-N) and nano-plant hormone HormoGroe^?auxin (...     

Oxidation of polyphenols in phytate-reduced high-tannin cereals: effect on different phenolic groups and on in vitro accessible iron.

After reduction of phytate with phytase, water slurries of two high-tannin cereal flours were incubated with polyphenol oxidase (mushroom tyrosinase), and the effects on different phenolic groups and on in vitro accessible iron were studied. Enzyme incubation was also performed after cooking, soaking, and germination of the cereals. Phytase incubation significantly decreased the phytate content, and incubation with polyphenol oxidase had a reducing effect on the total phenol content, as well as on the amount of catechol and resorcinol groups. The in vitro accessible iron increased when the cereals were incubated with phytase and polyphenol oxidase, and the highest accessibility of iron was obtained when the germinated samples were incubated. The results from this study imply that oxidation of polyphenols in high-tannin cereals, after reduction of phytate, may be used to increase the bioavailability of iron in foods prepared from these cereals.     

Dry matter accumulation and nutrient uptake patterns of onion seed crop

Abstract

Dry matter accumulation and nutrient uptake patterns of crops must be determined to optimize fertilizer scheduling. This study assesses the dry matter accumulation and nutrient uptake patterns of onion seed crop. Plant samples were collected between 0 and 120?days after planting, and their nutrient content was analyzed to determine the dry matter accumulation and nutrient uptake patterns. The quantity and period of nutrient uptake and the mobility of nutrients within the plant parts varied for different nutrients. The absorption of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) was the highest during vegetative stage, whereas phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) uptake was the highest during flower initiation stage. N, P, K, and S, which had accumulated in the vegetative parts, moved from the senesced vegetative parts to the inflorescence during the reproductive stages owing to their high mobility in the phloem. The onion plants continued to absorb zinc, copper, manganese, and iron throughout their growth owing to the immobility of these elements in plant system. The result of this study may facilitate efficient scheduling of fertilizer application to increase nutrient uptake and yield.     

玉米大豆根茬混合后的腐解特性

玉米/大豆套作可显著提高粮食产量和养分利用效率。研究间套作作物根茬分解、养分释放规律及其对土壤生物学特性的影响,对阐释该系统中作物养分高效利用具有重要意义。本研究采用室内培养方式,控制根茬总量为2%(2 g根茬+98 g土壤),分别设置单独的大豆根茬(S)和玉米根茬(M)及两种根茬按3∶1、1∶1和1∶3混合(分别表示为SM 3∶1、SM 1∶1和SM 1∶3)共5个不同根茬配比处理和1个不加根茬处理(CK),动态测定根茬矿化速率,碳、氮含量和土壤微生物量碳等指标。研究结果表明:培养前9 d,根茬矿化速率最快,而后矿化速率逐渐降低,到培养60 d后所有处理根茬矿化速率趋于稳定。整个培养周期内玉米根茬CO_2累积释放量显著高于大豆根茬处理,但SM 1∶3处理的CO_2累积释放量始终高于其他处理。培养结束后,SM 1∶3处理的有机碳矿化量显著高于其他处理。根茬总碳含量在前10 d无显著变化,10~60 d时显著降低,后趋于平稳。培养结束后SM 1∶3处理的根茬碳含量相比初始值降低最多,降幅达到24.8%,其次是玉米根茬(M)处理,降幅为21.4%,大豆根茬(S)处理碳含量降低最少,为9.7%。根茬总氮含量在前10 d显著降低,10~100 d总氮含量显著增加。培养结束后大豆根茬(S)总氮含量最高,SM 1∶3处理总氮含量最低。土壤微生物量碳含量在培养周期内呈先增加后降低而后趋于平稳的变化规律。培养结束后与CK相比,SM 1∶3、SM 1∶1、M、S和SM 3∶1处理的土壤微生物量碳含量分别增加89.4%、58.8%、47.1%、41.2%和37.5%。因此,玉米、大豆根茬混合后在土壤中的矿化速率、养分释放速率明显高于单一根茬处理,且有利于土壤微生物的繁殖。在本试验所选的3种配比中,SM 1∶3的配置效果最佳。     

Effect of liming and air-drying on the adsorption of phosphate by some acid soils

The effect of liming the A and B horizons of a number of acid soils on the subsequent adsorption of phosphate by soils retained moist or allowed to dry was investigated. Air-drying increased the phosphate adsorption capacity but the reason was not clear. When A horizons were maintained moist, incubation with lime for six weeks increased phosphate adsorption by four samples and had no effect on another. When A horizons were air-dried, the effect was considerably reduced or reversed. For B horizons, which had considerably greater phosphate adsorption capacities than A horizons, liming decreased phosphate adsorption irrespective of whether the soils remained moist or were dried. The relative decrease in adsorption was, however, greater when the soils were dried. In a more detailed study using one acid soil it was shown that incubation of the soil with lime for six weeks had no effect on phosphate adsorption by moist A and B horizons but after 36 weeks incubation liming decreased adsorption by the moist samples. If soils were dried then liming decreased phosphate adsorption after six or 36 weeks incubation. Such relative effects of liming on phosphate adsorption were confounded by the fact that air-drying greatly increased the phosphate adsorption capacity of the unlimed soil. The drying effect was at least partially reversible following rewetting of the soil. Results were interpreted in terms of the lime-induced increase in soil pH causing (i) the surface charge conferred on soil oxide surfaces to become more negative (thus decreasing phosphate adsorption) and (ii) the precipitation of exchangeable Al as hydroxy-Al polymers resulting in the formation of new, highly active, adsorbing surfaces (thus increasing phosphate adsorption). Phosphate adsorption by moist limed soils can, therefore, be increased, decreased or unaffected depending on the relative magnitudes of these two processes. It is suggested that after liming, and/or air-drying, crystallization of amorphous materials progressively decreases their surface area and adsorbing capacity. Thus, liming tends to decrease phosphate adsorption when the soils are dried.     

pH变化对中性土壤硝化过程N2O释放的影响

通过人为调节获得pH5．82、pH6．95和pH7．55的3种pH土壤,采用室内培养方法,研究了pH变化对土壤硝化过程N2O产生以及双氰胺（OCD）对硝化过程抑制作用的影响。结果表明,在好气培养2d内,土壤硝化速率与pH呈正相关关系;在12d的培养期间,土壤N2O释放总量随pH增大而增大,最大N2O释放量占施氮量的0．363％;pH变化影响土壤硝化作用的强弱以及硝化过程中N2O／N2的比例;pH变化对DCD的抑制作用影响显著,DCD对N2O释放总量的抑制率为34．4％-72．2％,当pH5．82时抑制作用最强。     

Comparison of Small and Large Deformation Measurements of Whole Meal Rye Doughs

The rheological properties of rye flour-water-salt doughs prepared from different flour types (different falling number and coarseness) at different water levels were studied after mixing and after 90 min of incubation (30°C and 80% rh). Both the effect of water and the coarseness of the flour had significant effects on storage modulus (G′) measured by oscillatory test in the linear viscoelastic region and on compressional force measured at large deformation. The results of the two rheological methods correlated very well with each other (correlation coefficients varied in the different doughs at r = 0.975–0.999). Dough rheological measurements suggested that falling number did not have a statistically significant effect on dough rheology after mixing or incubation. Although the two rheological methods correlated well, the responses for incubation were different. In the small deformation method, the storage modulus of all doughs, independent of the falling number, decreased during incubation, whereas in the large deformation method, only the hardness of doughs made from flours with lower falling number decreased during incubation. The rheological measurements of doughs after mixing and the viscosity measurements of flourwater suspension at 30 and 40°C did not correlate with each other. Total pentosans have great effect on viscosity measurements of flour-water suspensions, whereas flour particle size and soluble pentosans correlated more with rheological properties of doughs (r = 0.851 between G′ and soluble pentosans).     

氮素供应对玉米子粒铁累积的影响

谷物子粒的铁营养是影响人及动物营养状况的重要因素之一,但对子粒铁营养的生理限制因素了解十分缺乏。氮素供应可能通过影响营养器官中的物质转移从而影响子粒铁的供应。本研究以玉米为材料,在田间两个氮水平(施氮、不施氮)下研究了吐丝至成熟期玉米从土壤中铁的吸收量、不同营养器官中铁的输出量、及其对子粒铁的表观贡献率,探讨了氮素供应对这些过程的影响。结果表明,氮素供应对子粒铁浓度没有显著影响,两个氮水平下,茎(含叶鞘)中铁的净输出量为1.25～1.71.mg/plant、输出率为40.4%～48.2%,对子粒铁的表观贡献率为50.9%～69.8%。中部叶片(穗位叶及其上、下各两片叶)中铁的含量表现为净增加。不施氮时营养器官中铁的净输出量和输出率低于施氮,而吸铁量对子粒铁的表观贡献率却高于施氮。两个氮水平下,吐丝至成熟期子粒铁的源(营养器官输出铁与从土壤中吸收的铁之和)的供应能力均大于子粒铁的累积能力(累积量),说明铁的吸收和转运可能不是决定子粒铁浓度的主要因素,子粒中铁的卸载及代谢可能是限制子粒铁营养的主要生理过程。     

Forms of microelements in apple leaves under different conditions of iron and zinc nutrition

The research was carried out with the aim of studying the influence of various zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) concentrations in the nutritive medium on the accumulation of inorganic and organic forms of Fe, Zn, manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) in apple leaves (Malus cv. Prima) during the period of vegetation. This investigation revealed processes of Fe synergistic and antagonistic interactions with a number of elements on their flux into plants. Sufficiently low concentrations of inorganic Fe forms (3–24% of the total element content) present as ions (nonabsorbed and unbound in organic complexes by cell organelles) were found during the vegetative period of apple seedlings. The low content of inorganic Fe forms is an indication of the relatively low mobility of Fe compounds in plants. There was a tendency towards abnormal accumulation and transport of Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu with excess or deficiency of Zn or Fe in the nutrient medium.