中西太平洋鲣鱼丰度的时空分布及其与表温的关系

中西太平洋是全球金枪鱼围网的主要海域,鲣鱼(Katsuwonus pelamis)是金枪鱼围网的主要作业对象。本研究利用1983～2007年中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔获物数据,结合海洋表层温度(SST)数据,分析中西太平洋鲣鱼资源丰度在时间序列和空间位置上的分布规律。研究表明,1983～2002年,各年平均CPUE在时间序列上呈一定的上升趋势,1983～2002年,平均SST在一定范围内上下波动,平均CPUE和平均SST无显著相关性;2003～2007年,平均CPUE和平均SST均呈较大幅度上升,两者呈显著相关。从空间位置分析,鲣鱼资源量集中出现在SST为28～30℃之间的海域,在5°N和10°S附近海域CPUE反映的总体资源量较高,而在0°和5°S的资源量较低。鲣鱼资源量较大区域分布在冷暖水团交汇处。     

太平洋大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔获分布及渔场环境浅析

本文主要根据收集到的渔获量数据、海水表层温度数据和有关文献资料 ,应用GIS技术对太平洋大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔业进行了定量或定性分析。结果表明 :太平洋大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔场主要分布在 2 0°N～2 0°S之间的热带海域 ,具纬向分布特征。对渔获产量同海表温度的分月统计显示 :太平洋大眼金枪鱼渔场最适月平均表层水温约 2 8～ 2 9℃ ,渔场出现频次为偏态分布型。最后 ,结合有关文献综合讨论分析了海表温度、溶解氧含量、海流等环境因子与金枪鱼渔场分布和形成机制的关系     

摩洛哥南部海域中上层鱼类的渔场环境及分布状况

西非沿岸摩洛哥—塞内加尔海域中上层鱼类资源丰富,沙丁鱼是摩洛哥最主要的小型中上层鱼种,出口量居世界首位,具有较高的开发利用价值。文章根据2011年6~8月在摩洛哥南部海域调查所得的数据,对该海域中上层鱼类的分布状况和渔场环境进行了分析。结果显示:摩洛哥海域21°00′N~26°00′N,均有沙丁鱼和鲐鱼分布,离岸较近,主要作业水深20~70 m;调查海域6~8月间的主要鱼种为鲐鱼和沙丁鱼,其中鲐鱼的产量占总产量的50 %以上;6~8月间渔场温度变化小,表层水温在18.7~24.3 ℃,平均22.5 ℃;表层盐度为36.1~36.9,平均36.7;中心渔场表层水温为18.7~19.7 ℃,平均19.1 ℃;表层盐度为36.3~36.5,平均36.4。     

东海毛颚类优势种及与环境的关系

根据1997～2000年东海23°30′～33°N、118°30′～128°E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,对东海毛颚类(Chaetognatha)优势种与环境的关系进行研究。结果表明,毛颚类优势种季节交替不明显,优势度最高的种分别是:夏季肥胖箭虫(Sagittaenflata)、冬、春季海龙箭虫(Sagittanagae)和秋季百陶箭虫(Sagittabedoti)。主要优势种中,百陶箭虫聚集强度指标值最高,其次是海龙箭虫,肥胖箭虫最低。肥胖箭虫与表层温度线性关系极其显著,肥胖箭虫和海龙箭虫与表层盐度的关系以及百陶箭虫与表层温度和表层盐度的关系符合YieldDensity模型。肥胖箭虫高丰度区往往位于台湾暖流与浙江沿岸流交汇处偏暖水的一侧,海龙箭虫高丰度区位于暖流与沿岸流交汇处偏冷水团的一侧。在水温较高的环境下,百陶箭虫高丰度区位于暖流与沿岸流交汇处偏淡水水团的一侧。     

北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔场分布及其与海水表层温度的关系

根据北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔获量、海水表层温度等数据,研究了长鳍金枪鱼渔获量的分布区及其海水表层温度(SST)的统计特征.结果表明,北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔场主要分布于25～40°N之间的海域.长鳍金枪鱼渔场区平均SST为23.6℃,中位数为24.5℃,多数渔场区位于暖温带海域,其平均SST多数为16～28℃,产量数据分布为正偏.海水表层温度为16～23℃的海域,长鳍金枪鱼的平均产量和平均CPUE变化趋势类似,且表层温度为18～20℃的海域,长鳍金枪鱼的平均产量最高.渔获量分布于表层温度为16～23℃和24～27℃海域,但主要集中于16～23℃的范围.交叉相关分析表明长鳍金枪鱼CPUE同太平洋年际振荡指数具有相关性.     

西北太平洋海域柔鱼渔场分析探讨

本文根据 1 993- 1 998年我国西北太平洋海域柔鱼渔场的探捕调查和生产情况 ,较为系统地分析柔鱼渔场的形成机制、渔场种类以及环境条件与渔场之间的相互关系。黑潮暖流与亲潮寒流的交汇形成了柔鱼渔场 ,两个流系的变化对中心渔场的位置、渔期、渔发有着直接的影响。渔场形成与表层水温、温跃层以及深层水温关系极为密切。1 60°E以西海域 ,表层水温为 1 7- 2 0℃ ,50米水层内有温跃层。1 60°E以东海域表层水温为 1 1 - 1 3℃ ,1 0 0米水层水温为 9- 1 0℃。     

西北太平洋柔鱼渔场分布与水温关系的研究

根据卫星遥感获取的海表水温和多年来我国在西北太平洋的柔鱼生产统计资料 ,探讨西北太平洋柔鱼渔场与水温分布特征。研究结果表明 ,15 0°E以西的柔鱼渔场 ,中心位置位于 4 1°N、14 6°E附近 ,渔场表层水温范围在 10～ 19℃之间 ,中心渔场表层水温为 13～ 18℃ ;15 0～ 16 0°E之间的柔鱼渔场 ,中心位置位于 4 2°0 0′N、15 5°0 0′E附近 ,渔场表层水温范围为 14～ 2 1℃ ,中心渔场表层水温约为 15～ 2 0℃。温度场特征分析显示 ,柔鱼中心渔场分布与冷水锋面、冷暖水切变锋面和暖水舌锋的变动密切相关。     

北太平洋远东拟沙丁鱼渔场时空分布及其最适环境特征

基于2019—2020年北太平洋灯光敷网渔业数据和海表温度、叶绿素、海面高度等环境数据,采用空间叠加图、频次分析与经验累积分布函数、K-S检验和GAM模型4种方法分析了远东拟沙丁鱼(Sardinops sagax)渔场的单位捕捞努力量(CPUE)时空分布特征及与关键环境因子的相关关系。分析结果显示,作业渔场重心分布范围为147°~153°E、39°~43°N,在4—8月向东北方向移动,9—11月则向西南方向折返。通过频次分析与经验累积分布函数分析,中心渔场区域最适海表温度为10.0~18.0 ℃,最适叶绿素浓度为0.2~0.6 mg/m3,最适海面高度为0.2~0.7 m。K-S检验分析表明,高值CPUE海域和海表温度、叶绿素浓度、海面高度均有密切关系,最适范围分别为10.9~18.9 ℃、0.2~0.6 mg/m3、0.2~0.7 m。GAM模型模拟结果表明,高值CPUE的最适海表温度为11.0~17.0 ℃,最适叶绿素浓度为0.3~0.8 mg/m3,最适海面高度为0.1~0.4 m。综合来说,CPUE高值区海域的最适海表温度为11.0~18.0 ℃,叶绿素浓度为0.2~0.6 mg/m3,海面高度为0.2~0.7 m。     

东海区七星底灯鱼数量分布以及与温盐度的关系

本文利用从2000年12月到2001年9月一个周年的渔业资源调查数据,对东海区七星底灯鱼的数量分布及其与温盐度的关系进行了研究。结果表明:东海区的七星底灯鱼可分为东海北部和浙江中南部近海2个群体。以东海北部群体较大,主要分布在30°N以北的海域;浙江中南部近海群体较小,且只有零星分布。七星底灯鱼在东海北部海域从沿岸到外海都有分布,但沿岸数量较少,主要分布在30°30′~32°30′N、124°00′~126°30′E之间的海域;以冬春季节分布面较广,夏秋季节的分布面较窄。东海北部群七星底灯鱼栖息海域的表层温度值变化较大,以春季最低,秋季最高;密集分布区的等温线变化范围在1~2℃左右。浙江中南部近海群的栖息水温变化较小,全年都在20℃以上。各季节浙江中南部近海群的适宜水温均高于东海北部群。各季节东海北部群密集分布区的表层盐度在32.0~34.5之间,以冬春季的盐度值较高,夏秋季的盐度值较低;浙江中南部近海群的栖息海域表层盐度除冬季较高外,其余季节相对较低。     

北太平洋柔鱼渔场的环境特征

采用棋盘式定点大面调查和中心渔场专项调查2种方式,于2001年5～8月对北太平洋柔鱼(Ommastrephesbartrami)渔场进行了渔业资源与渔场环境特征调查。调查范围为北太平洋152°00′E～171°00′W、39°00′N～43°00′N海域,渔场环境特征要素主要为各站点的温度、盐度、浮游植物、浮游动物和叶绿素a含量。调查海域的柔鱼资源密度采用渔场海域每个经纬度的单位捕捞力量渔获量表示。结果显示,北太平洋柔鱼中心渔场中部与西经渔场表温为18℃左右,100m水温为9℃左右;西部渔场表温为16～20℃,100m水温为7～8℃;在有温跃层海域的跃层面下易形成高产渔场。浮游动物生物量较高的海域与中心渔场的位置基本保持一致;浮游植物生物量较高的海域和叶绿素a含量高于0.1mg/m3的海域,以及它们东侧海域易形成高产渔场;盐度与中心渔场的关系不明显。     

利用MODIS遥感数据反演东海海域海表温度的研究

介绍了MOD IS传感器的特点以及MOD IS数据反演海表温度(SST)的方法,并通过SeaDAS软件反演了2003年和2004年东海海域的海表温度,同时选取2003年2~10月间东海海域反演得到的20个SST值与同一时期的实测数据值进行比较。结果表明,利用MOD IS反演东海海域海表温度(SST)的最大误差为0.5℃,平均误差为0.23℃,标准误差为0.29℃,平均相对误差为1.0%。文章还对2004年3月、6月、9月和12月MOD IS反演的SST数据分别作124°E和29°30′N剖面分布分析,并选取2004年2~12月东海海域4个点进行海表温度月变化分析,结果与东海的实测海表温度分布一致。     

Offshore currents explain the discontinuity of a fish community in the seagrass bed along the Japanese archipelago

Oceanographic conditions can affect spatial variability in fish community structures by influencing the temperature‐dependent latitudinal distribution of adult fishes and transport during their young stages. In order to examine latitudinal variability in the fish community structure within a single coastal ecosystem, quantitative sampling was conducted in the sub‐tidal zone of seagrass Zostera marina beds over a broad latitudinal scale (31.31–43.0°N: from subtropical to sub‐boreal zones, covering 80% of the latitudinal range of seagrass distribution in Japan) in the western North Pacific based on a uniform methodology. Cluster analysis with the similarity of fish communities showed that 13 sampling sites were divided into two clusters. The border between the two clusters corresponded with the area of mixing of two dominant currents, Oyashio and Kuroshio, which form a border between the warm temperate zone and the cool temperate zone off the Pacific coast of Japan. Oceanographic properties, such as major currents off the coast, are suggested to affect the latitudinal variability in the fish communities in the coastal ecosystem in the western North Pacific.     

Estimation of seasonal spawning ground locations and ambient sea surface temperatures for eggs and larvae of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) in the western North Pacific

Since there have been practically no surveys of the eggs of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) in the western North Pacific (WNP), its spawning ground (SG) distribution has been poorly resolved, based mainly on the larval distribution. This means of estimating SG distribution is imprecise because saury eggs drift for more than a week before they hatch, in a region with intense western boundary currents and their extensions. To improve our understanding of the immature saury, a large number of larvae (body length <25 mm) collected in the WNP during 1993–96 were numerically backtracked to take into account the advection by geostrophic and wind‐forced Ekman currents, and the SG locations and ambient sea surface temperatures (SSTs) for the eggs and larvae on the backtracking trajectories were estimated. The resulting seasonal distributions of SGs indicated that both the locations and the intensities of spawning change from season to season. Moreover, the ambient SSTs for eggs just after fertilization ranged from a high of around 21.5°C in early autumn (September to October) to a low of around 15.0°C in late spring (May to June) with an intermediate of around 20.0°C in winter (January to February). The ambient SSTs showed seasonally different gradients while the individuals developed from eggs to early larvae: the SSTs decreased throughout the autumn (September to December), stayed rather constant in winter (January to February), and increased throughout the spring (March to June). The ambient SSTs for the early larvae were at around 19.0°C in autumn and winter (September to February) and around 16.5°C throughout the spring (March to June).     

An argo‐based experiment providing near‐real‐time subsurface oceanic environmental information for fishery data

A better understanding of the relationships between oceanic environments and fishing conditions could make the utilization of fish more efficient, profitable, and sustainable. The current lack of high‐precision subsurface seawater information has long been a constraint on fishery research. Using near‐real‐time Argo observations, this paper presents a new approach called gradient‐dependent optimal interpolation. This approach provides daily subsurface oceanic environmental information according to fishery dates and locations. An experiment was conducted in the western and central Pacific Ocean using yellowfin tuna (YFT) catch data in August 2017. The results of seawater temperature and salinity represented differences of less than ±0.5°C and ±0.05, respectively, according to verification of error analysis and truth‐finding comparisons. After applying the constructed temperature and salinity profiles, we described the relationship between subsurface information and yellowfin tuna catch distribution. Statistical analysis revealed that yellowfin tuna were more adapted to warmer and saltier seawater. At the near‐surface (<5 m), the most suitable temperature was 28–29°C, although yellowfin tuna can endure a temperature range from 11 to 12°C at a depth of 300 m. The corresponding upper boundary of the thermocline was approximately 75 m, with a mean strength of 0.074°C/m, and the most suitable salinity for yellowfin tuna was 34.5–36.0 at depths shallower than 300 m. These results indicated that the constructed subsurface information was very close to the true values and they had high spatial and temporal accuracy.     

北太平洋公海日本鲭资源分布及其渔场环境特征

根据2014~2015年两年收集的北太平洋公海围拖网作业的日本鲭(Scomber japonicas,又称鲐鱼)生产月度数据,结合同期卫星遥感反演技术获取的海表温度(SST)、海水叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度、海流等环境数据,运用渔获量重心法,地统计插值等方法,分析了北太平洋公海鲐鱼的资源分布情况与渔获量重心的时空变化及其与主要环境因子之间的关系。研究表明,鲐鱼渔场季节性差异明显,渔场重心集中分布在39°N~43°N、147°E~154°E范围内。两年渔场重心均呈现先向东北方向移动,自9月开始再向西南方向移动的趋势。GAM模型显示,北太平洋鲐鱼渔场的最适海表温度范围是16~18℃,最适叶绿素a浓度范围是0.3~0.8 mg·m~(-3),空间上集中分布在40°N~41°N、148°E~151°E,海流对鲐鱼渔场形成尤为重要。     

中西太平洋金枪鱼围网黄鳍金枪鱼产量的时空分布及与表温的关系

黄鳍金枪鱼是中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔业中的重要捕捞种类之一。本文根据2003年中西太平洋金枪鱼围网生产统计及其表温数据,利用频次统计分析和地理信息软件Marine Explorer 4.0对黄鳍金枪鱼产量和单位日产量(CPUE)的时空分布进行分析,探讨其与海水表温的关系。结果显示,产量和CPUE最高的是2月份,其次是9月份,5月份为最低。高产量的范围为140~160°E、0°~5°S;CPUE高值区分布在130°E、0°~15°S,140°~160°E、0°~15°S和175°W、0°~15°S;产量经纬度重心分别为150°30′E和3°48′S。产量主要分布在海表温为28~31℃的海域,产量比重高达95.45%,其中29~30℃产量为最高,占69.54%。     

Biophysical dynamics of western transition zones: a preliminary synthesis

The nature of the western portions of the biogeographic temperate or transition zones in the North Pacific and North Atlantic is reviewed. The physical transport of nutrients and biomass into them from the Kuroshio and Gulf Stream as well as from the poleward sides are estimated. The conclusion is that the upwelling in the two western boundary currents makes the largest contribution to the nutrient and biomass fluxes into these transition zones. A conservative estimate of the amount of upwelled fluid is derived from absolute velocity sections in the Gulf Stream. The estimate suggests that upwelling into the euphotic zone exceeds 2 × 10⁶ m³ s^–1. This implies that upwelling in these western boundary currents matches or exceeds that in eastern boundary currents such as the California Current. The two western boundary regimes have very different poleward situations. The Oyashio extension flows parallel to the Kuroshio and is a deep current. The North Atlantic Shelf Front flow is to the west where it is ultimately entrained into the edge of the Gulf Stream. There does not seem to be any tendency for this to occur in the Kuroshio. Despite these differences in the northern and western boundaries, the two transition zones are similar with large amplitude meanders, anticyclonic rings and streamers dominating their physical structure. The physical features responsible for the transfer of materials from the boundary current extensions into the transition zones are similar in both systems. Ring formation contributes only ? 10% of the transfer, while ring‐induced streamers contribute 30%. The rest of the transport is contributed by branching of the boundary current front. Both currents have well developed secondary fronts consisting of subtropical surface water pulled into the transition zone. Biologically, the upwelling in both western boundary currents leads to a biomass maximum along the boundary in both secondary producers (copepods) and in small pelagic fish. In the Kuroshio, the latter are the Japanese sardine, Sardinops melanostictus, that spawn in the Kuroshio and then enter the transition zone for the summer and fall months. In the Gulf Stream, the dominate species are menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus and B. smithi. These species make use of the coastal environments of North America and although the adults spawn in the Gulf Stream, they are not thought to play a major role in the Slope Water, transition zone. The similar differences in the use of the Kuroshio and the Gulf Stream ecosystems occurs in the behaviour of bluefin tuna, squid and other large pelagics. The Gulf Stream system also lacks an equivalent to Pacific saury, Cololabis saira. The biology therefore is at least subtly different, with saury and sardines being replaced by mid‐water fish in the North Atlantic. A fuller comparison of the biology with quantitative methods in both systems should be encouraged.     

Forage and migration habitat of loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) sea turtles in the central North Pacific Ocean

Satellite telemetry from 26 loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and 10 olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) sea turtles captured and released from pelagic longline fishing gear provided information on the turtles’ position and movement in the central North Pacific. These data together with environmental data from satellite remote sensing are used to describe the oceanic habitat used by these turtles. The results indicate that loggerheads travel westward, move seasonally north and south primarily through the region 28–40°N, and occupy sea surface temperatures (SST) of 15–25°C. Their dive depth distribution indicated that they spend 40% of their time at the surface and 90% of their time at depths <40 m. Loggerheads are found in association with fronts, eddies, and geostrophic currents. Specifically, the Transition Zone Chlorophyll Front (TZCF) and the southern edge of the Kuroshio Extension Current (KEC) appear to be important forage and migration habitats for loggerheads. In contrast, olive ridleys were found primarily south of loggerhead habitat in the region 8–31°N latitude, occupying warmer water with SSTs of 23–28°C. They have a deeper dive pattern than loggerheads, spending only 20% of their time at the surface and 60% shallower than 40 m. However, the three olive ridleys identified from genetics to be of western Pacific origin spent some time associated with major ocean currents, specifically the southern edge of the KEC, the North Equatorial Current (NEC), and the Equatorial Counter Current (ECC). These habitats were not used by any olive ridleys of eastern Pacific origin suggesting that olive ridleys from different populations may occupy different oceanic habitats.     

利用水温垂直结构研究中西太平洋鲣鱼栖息地指数

根据1990~2001年中西太平洋海域(20°N~25°S、175°W以西)金枪鱼围网鲣鱼作业产量和作业次数,结合不同水层的水温及其温差数据(海表温度SST,12.5 m、237.5 m和287.5 m温度,137.5 m与287.5 m温差),以高产频次的相对比值分别建立各因素的栖息地指数SI,建立单因素一元非线形回归模型。采用连乘法、最小值法、最大值法、算术平均法和几何平均法建立综合栖息地指数HSI,并对1990~2001年各月HSI值与实际作业产量进行验证。结果表明,采用连乘法和最小值法时,主要产量分布在HSI<0.5以下的区域;采用算术平均法和几何平均法时,主要产量分布在0.30.7的区域,其产量占总产量的87%。五种模型结果比较,认为最大值法能更好地反映中心渔场分布和符合鲣鱼的分布特征。采用最大值法推算2003年各月HSI值,并与实际产量分布进行实证分析,发现其各月产量主要分布在HSI>0.8的区域,说明利用HSI模型来预测中心渔场是可行的。     

海洋环境对中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔场影响的GIS时空分析

根据2008年～2012年中西太平洋金枪鱼（Thynnus）围网的渔获生产数据,并结合利用遥感信息技术手段同期获取的海表温度、次表层和温跃层温度、叶绿素等海洋环境数据,分析了围网主要捕获品种渔获量、资源丰度与渔场重心的时空变化及其与主要环境因子之间的关系。结果显示,目前中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔获量分布在10°N～10°S、140°E-180°E,中心渔场经度重心集中在150°E～165°E,大体走向是由西向东;纬度重心在1°N～3°S,呈现先南后北的走向。渔场主要适温在28～32℃,最适海表温度为29～31℃,次表层50m,适温为26．84～29．47℃,100m适温为24．71～28．57℃,温跃层上界深度在54．09～121．49m,对应的海水温度为27．10—29．18℃;主要渔获产量集中在叶绿素质量浓度0．02～0．35mg·m-3内,叶绿素质量浓度处于0．04—0．18mg·m-3时渔获产量出现频次最高,为渔场的最适叶绿素质量浓度范围。