水稻不同耐冷品种碳代谢有关酶活性对冷害的响应

测定了低温下水稻（Oryza sativa L.）品种湘糯1号（耐冷品种）和IR50（冷敏感品种）光合碳同化过程的关键酶二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶（RuBPCase）/加氧酶(RuBPOase)、果糖-1,6-二磷酸酯酶（FBPase）以及糖代谢的蔗糖合酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合酶（SPS）活性和可溶性糖含量的变化。耐冷品种的RuBPCase、RuBPOase和羧化/加氧比以及FBPase活性受低温影响较小,而冷敏感品种的这些参数在低温下降低。两品种的SS和SPS活性低温下均提高,且耐冷品种的酶活性高于冷敏感品种。低温下2个品种的可溶性糖含量变化与SS和SPS活性的变化类似。水稻不同耐冷品种低温下碳代谢酶活性变化与其耐冷性相一致。     

粳稻品种Dongjin在干旱胁迫下苗期生理反应

为了明确苗期水稻对干旱胁迫的生理反应,笔者从光合作用、水分生理、植株体内的氧化逆境、渗透调节物质代谢以及细胞膜的完整性等几个方面分析了粳稻品种Dongjin（Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica）在干旱胁迫处理下的生理变化。结果表明：干旱胁迫过程中,叶片的净光合速率与植株地上部相对含水量在处理5d内均已显著降低,5d后大幅度下降;植株地上部丙二醛含量的显著增加以及相对电导率的快速上升发生在处理5d以后,并且二者的变化趋势相类似;脯氨酸含量在处理6d时有所增加,处理6d后快速上升;叶片的活性氧含量在处理6d时略微下降,6d后逐渐上升,处理8d时显著升高。光合速率与相对含水量最先响应旱胁迫信号,与活性氧、丙二醛、脯氨酸含量和相对电导率一起可用作综合评价水稻苗期耐旱性的指标。     

不同生育期水稻耐冷性的鉴定及耐冷性差异的生理机制

以粳稻9516、H45、武育粳、转PEPC基因水稻、Kitaake、苏沪香粳，籼稻扬稻6号、香籼、IR64，培矮64S以及杂交稻粤优938、汕优63、X07S/紫徽100、两优培九等14个水稻品种为材料，分别鉴定了芽期（胚根1 cm, 胚芽0.5 cm）、苗期（三叶）和孕穗期的耐冷性，同时选取南京对水稻播种敏感的自然低温条件，进行低温鉴定。结果表明，芽期存活率、苗期的枯死率和孕穗期结实率均为可靠的水稻耐冷性鉴定指标。进一步从叶片的光合速率、PSⅡ光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、脂肪酸组分、活性氧指标(丙二醛,过氧化氢和超氧阴离子和抗氧化物质(抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽)的变化等方面，研究耐冷性不同的水稻的耐冷生理机制。表明耐冷的水稻品种武育粳含较多的不饱和脂肪酸，在低温逆境下，膜的流动性愈大，低温对其伤害愈小；对杂交稻汕优63而言，其叶内抵御逆境的保护系统抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽的循环被较大地激活，特别是谷胱甘肽再生的高速运转，与不耐冷的品种香籼相比，汕优63叶内的过氧化物质累积较少，其耐冷性表现中等。看来水稻叶片维持高的脂肪酸不饱和指数和谷胱甘肽的周转循环能力是水稻耐冷的重要特征。     

低温胁迫下籽用西瓜幼苗生理变化与耐冷性的研究

以三叶一心期的籽用西瓜幼苗为材料,采用10℃低温胁迫的方法,研究了黑籽瓜兰州大片(wb10)和红籽瓜巢湖红(wb7)随着处理天数的延长幼苗的耐冷性、光合特性、生理特性的变化规律,以探讨籽用西瓜耐低温的生理机制,从而为籽用西瓜的引种栽培和抗寒品种选育提供理论依据。结果表明:不同品种籽用西瓜幼苗的叶绿素含量、Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci随低温胁迫时间的延长而逐渐降低;Pro、MDA、相对电导率随低温胁迫时间的延长而升高。两品种的冷害指数存在一定差异,耐冷性表现为wb10>wb7。低温胁迫下,耐冷性较强的wb10幼苗叶片中的叶绿素含量、Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci均高于耐冷性较弱的wb7,而耐冷性较强的wb10幼苗叶片中MDA含量、脯氨酸含量、相对电导率均低于wb7。综合试验中各项指标认为,耐冷性与品种的来源、类型及在低温下植株的冷害指数、光合特性和细胞膜稳定性有关。     

High resolution genotyping by restriction enzyme-phased sequencing of advanced backcross lines of rice exhibiting differential cold stress recovery

Advanced backcross rice lines MIb 4853-9 and 6885-2 harbor major seedling cold tolerance QTL qCTS4 and qCTS12 from the temperate japonica M202 in the genetic background of the indica IR50. Previous studies have shown that these lines exhibit the same tolerance, based on visual ratings, under constant and intermittent exposure to cold stress. However, some differences between the MIb lines with regard to physiological stress indicators are observed under constant exposure and a clear difference is detected using a cold stress recovery assay. Genotyping with over 120 SSR markers did not detect any polymorphisms. Here we report using a reduced representation sequencing method called Restriction Enzyme Site Comparative Analysis to identify M202 introgressions unique to each MIb line as candidate loci for the cold stress recovery trait.     

水稻品种对几种逆境的多重耐性及与ABA的关系

从一些耐旱和耐冷品种中筛选出几个具多重耐性的品种,其中大黄谷耐渗透胁迫和盐胁迫,芝麻糯耐盐和冷胁迫,桂溪和湘中籼2号耐渗透胁迫,也较耐冷胁迫.以大黄谷、芝麻糯和桂溪为材料,研究了多重耐性与ABA积累的关系.在渗透胁迫、盐胁迫和冷胁迫下,各水稻品种内源游离ABA含量迅速积累,耐性品种积累的ABA量都较敏感品种高,     

不同品种甜高粱幼苗的耐盐能力

甜高粱是一种能源作物,具有抗旱、耐涝、耐盐的特点。本研究以BJ-17、BJ-18和M-0011三个甜高粱品种（系）为材料,研究了盐胁迫对甜高粱种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,通过高盐胁迫下甜高粱生理生化指标检测,比较分析了三个品种（系）的耐盐性,为高耐盐性甜高粱选育种提供依据。结果表明：不同浓度NaCl胁迫条件下,甜高粱种子的萌发均受到了不同程度的抑制,并有随着NaCl浓度的增加,萌发抑制的程度随之增大的趋势;在盐胁迫条件下,不同品种（系）甜高粱幼苗的六项生理生化指标呈现出以下规律：甜高粱幼苗的鲜重和株高均有所下降,甜高粱幼苗叶片电解质相对外渗率、丙二醛含量和脯氨酸含量均有所上升,甜高粱幼苗叶片叶绿素含量下降,其中叶绿素b含量下降最为明显;三个甜高粱品种（系）六项生理生化指标结果表明,BJ-18具有较强的耐盐性,BJ-17弱之,M1-00110的耐盐性最差。     

Somaclonal variation and improvement in chilling tolerance in rice: changes in chilling-induced electrolyte leakage

Excised leaves of four rice varieties, ‘Facagro 57’, ‘Facagro 76’, ‘Kirundo 3’, ‘Kirundo 9’, were chilled for six days at 10/5°C day/night, along with 11 somaclonal families arising from three of these varieties, which had been selected over four generations for improved chilling tolerance. At the end of the chilling treatment, electrolyte leakage from leaf pieces was followed for 12 h and compared with an unchilled control. With unchilled leaves, no varietal differences nor a rise in leakage over time were observed. Chilling induced higher leakages in all varieties, except in ‘Kirundo 3’ at the time of first measurement, and a continuous rise over time was found in all varieties. Varietal differences were detected, ‘Kirundo 3’ being the least affected, followed by ‘Kirundo 9’ and ‘Facagro 76’, and finally ‘Facagro 57’, which coincides with their ranking for chilling tolerance established through chilling survival tests. The leakages were generally lower in the somaclonal families than in the variety they originated from in ‘Kirundo 9’ and ‘Facagro 76’, while the opposite was observed in ‘Kirundo 3’. The significance and usefulness of electrolyte leakage measurement for chilling tolerance screening, and the potentials of somaclonal variation for chilling tolerance improvement are discussed.     

水稻低温胁迫不同时间的代谢物谱图分析

苗期低温严重影响水稻幼苗生长, 分析低温胁迫下幼苗体内代谢物变化特征有助于解析水稻应对胁迫的生理机制。采用气质谱联用仪(GC-MS)技术系统分析水稻品种IR64遭遇不同时间段低温后代谢物图谱的变化特征。结果表明, 草酸、戊糖酸-1,4-内酯、海藻糖及水杨酸参与了水稻低温胁迫早期应激性反应; 在低温胁迫过程中, 水稻植株主要通过苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、天门冬氨酸、缬氨酸、木糖醇、尿囊素和鼠李糖等含量的提高维持细胞渗透平衡。代谢物动态分析发现参与低温胁迫反应及胁迫恢复后进程的主要代谢物不同。研究结果为全面系统剖析水稻耐冷胁迫的分子生理机制打下了基础。     

Characterization of symptoms of senescence and chilling injury on inflorescences of Heliconia bihai (L.) cv. Lobster Claw and cv. Halloween

Inadequate temperatures during the shipping and commercialization of cut tropical flowers may accelerate the senescence process and cause chilling injury, leading to symptoms that have not yet been described for Heliconia bihai. The aim of the present study was to evaluate physiological responses in cut inflorescences of H. bihai cv. Lobster Claw (LC) and cv. Halloween (HW) as well as symptoms of senescence and chilling injury. For such, changes in fresh weight, bract color (L*, a* and b*), percentage of absolute integrity (PAI) of cell membranes and leakage of potassium ions (LPI) were determined. The flowering stems were evaluated at five different intervals after harvest (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 d). A refrigerated treatment (RT) with a temperature of 6.5 °C and 85% relative humidity was compared to a control treatment (CT) at room temperature of 24 °C and 66% relative humidity. Both cultivars stored at 6.5 °C exhibited dryness of bract tissue (symptom of senescence) and dark stains that became brownish and evolved to necrosis (symptom of chilling injury). The visual quality of inflorescences decreased with time in both cultivars maintained without refrigeration. The severity of chilling injury increased with the length of storage time in both cultivars. There was a significant reduction in the fresh weight of inflorescences in both treatments (RT and CT) and both cultivars (LC and HW). Bract color changed in both cultivars at 6.5 °C. There was no change in PAI throughout the evaluation period in the inflorescences stored at room temperature, whereas those stored at 6.5 °C for 6 and 8 d had lower PAI values. The inflorescences in the control treatment underwent no change in LPI values, whereas those stored under refrigeration had increased LPI values after the sixth day of storage. The physiological responses of cut Heliconia flowers were influenced by storage period and temperature, as demonstrated by visual symptoms of chilling injury and senescence.     

Evaluation of chilling sensitivity in different rice varieties. Relationship between screening procedures applied during germination and vegetative growth

Summary Rice varieties were screened for chilling tolerance during germination and vegetative growth using different techniques. The effects of temperature during germination were investigated from 10 to 25°C. The screening was most effective at 10°C. Time of data collection has to be considered in order to discriminate slow germinating from chilling sensitive varieties. Chilling survival tests (10°C) applied at the 2-leaf stage revealed that different chilling durations brought complementary results: the longer treatments allowed to identify the most tolerant varieties, while shorter treatments allowed to distinguish intermediate from most sensitive rices. Results of chilling tests applied at the 2- and the 8-leaf stages showed a high correlation. Low-temperature electrolyte leakage and low-temperature fluorescence were also highly correlated to each other and to survival tests applied at the same development stage. By contrast, weak correlations were observed between low-temperature germination and plantlet chilling survival. It is concluded that low-temperature electrolyte leakage and low-temperature fluorescence are good indicators of chilling tolerance during the vegetative growth. The possibility to use a chilling screening procedure applied at this stage in order to predict the chilling tolerance at other development stages is discussed.     

Influence of NaCl Salinity on Growth and Metabolic Status of Protein and Amino Acids in Rice Seedlings

Seeds of four rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance when grown under increasing level of NaCl salinity and seedling vigour as well as metabolic status of total and soluble proteins, amino acids were evaluated in seedlings at increasing days of growth it was observed that increasing level of salinity caused loss in dry wt. of seedlings as well as reduction in lengths of root and shoot. In both sets of cultivars salt stressed seedlings showed higher levels of total as well as soluble proteins, total amino acids compared to non salinized seedlings. In roots of salt susceptible cvs. Ratna and Jaya increased salinity up to 14 mmhos/cm remarkably increased total as well as soluble protein level whereas in shoots moderate level of salinity increased protein level compared to controls and higher salinity level caused suppression in such increase. Tolerant cultivars always maintained higher levels of total as well as soluble proteins and total amino acids in salt stressed seedlings compared to susceptibles. Amino acids which accumulated greatly in salinized seedlings were arginine, phenylalanine, alanine, leucine, proline, valine and glutamine. Results suggest possible role of proteins and amino acids in confering salt tolerance in rice.     

Changes in Leaf Water Relations and Injuries in Maize Seedlings Induced by Different Chilling Conditions

The time course of injuries and electrolyte leakage as well as changes in leaf water content and relative turgidity during chilling at 5°C, 65 or 100 % relative humidity (RH) were determined for seedlings of two maize hybrids differing in chilling tolerance.
In the course of chilling of entire seedlings the statistically significant injuries and increased leakage of electrolytes occurred first, followed by significant water deficit in leaves which was independent of RH and genotype. However, during prolonged chilling high and significant correlation between the level of chilling-induced water stress and the extent of injuries was observed. Thus it has been assumed that the main factor responsible for primary chilling injuries in maize seedlings is the immediate influence of chilling temperatures on the cell membranes, and not the secondary water stress. The level of the water stress and the extent of the dehydration injuries under chilling conditions depended on the chilling sensitivity of the genotype. Differences between the examined genotypes consisted not only in delayed chilling injuries in a chilling tolerant hybrid, but also in significantly lesser effects of these injures on water relations.
However, exposure to low temperature of the aboveground part or of the roots of the seedlings only, caused first the chilling-induced marked water deficit in the leaves and next increased leakage of electrolytes. A direct effect of chilling temperature on the membranes in a situation when only a part of the seedling is being chilled, may be less harmful to the plant as a whole owing to normal functioning of the non-chilled part.     

Exogenously Applied Plant Growth Regulators Affect Heat‐Stressed Rice Pollens

Increasing temperature due to global warming has emerged one of the gravest threats to rice production. This study examined the influence of high temperature and exogenously applied plant growth regulators on pollen fertility, anther dehiscence, pollen germination and metabolites synthesis in pollens of two rice cultivars (IR‐64 and Huanghuazhan (HHZ)). Plants were subjected to high day temperature (HDT), high night temperature (HNT) and control temperature (CT) in controlled growth chambers. Four different combinations of ascorbic acid (Vc), alpha‐tocopherol (Ve), brassinosteroids (Br), methyl jasmonates (MeJA) and triazoles (Tr) were used along with a nothing applied control. Our results depicted that high temperature severely reduced the pollen fertility, anther dehiscence, pollen retention, germination and metabolites synthesis in pollens of both rice cultivars. Nonetheless, exogenous application of various plant growth regulators assuaged the adverse effects of high temperature and Vc + Ve + MeJA + Br was found the best combination than the other treatments for every studied characteristic. The HNT posed more negative effects than the HDT. Variations were also apparent between cultivars and HHZ performed better than IR‐64 under high‐temperature stress, with higher pollen fertility, better anther dehiscence, and greater pollen retention and germination rates. The greater tolerance of HHZ to high temperature was related with the higher synthesis of metabolites in this cultivar.     

低温胁迫和赤霉素对花生种子萌发和幼苗生理响应的影响

低温是影响我国广大花生产区春花生发芽的主要因素之一。本文以不同生态区的30个花生品种为实验材料,研究了倒春寒天气诱导的低温胁迫对花生出苗的影响,以出苗率为标准筛选出4个耐低温的花生品种(阜花17、阜花12、冀花16、冀花18)和4个不耐低温的品种(鲁花11、白沙1016、正农黑花生1号、白玉)于温室测定了4℃低温和赤霉素(GA_3)处理后种子发芽相关指标和幼苗生理指标。结果表明, 4℃对耐低温花生品种发芽率、发芽指数影响不显著,但种子活力指数和芽长呈现下降趋势;4℃处理后,不耐低温品种幼苗相对膜透性和MDA含量上升幅度更高,耐低温品种幼苗的可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量上升幅度更大。GA_3显著促进4℃低温处理后花生种子萌发和种子活力,抑制了花生幼苗在低温处理后相对膜透性和丙二醛的上升,提高了可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸含量。研究表明,赤霉素促进低温胁迫下种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳浓度是300μmol L~(–1)。发芽率与相对膜透性和丙二醛含量显著负相关,与可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量显著正相关。温度影响发芽率的品种间差异较大,常温下赤霉素对不同耐低温品种的发芽率影响较小。本研究为耐低温花生种质资源创新和新品种培育提供了理论依据,为研究赤霉素对不同花生品种耐低温性影响的生理机制提供了基础。     

临界生长温度锻炼对棉苗抗冷性的影响

研究了棉苗经过不同低温(12℃、14℃、16℃)锻炼7 d后,对较长时间(7 d)的低温(4℃)胁迫的耐受能力,并探讨了与其相关的可能机理.结果表明:经不同低温锻炼7 d后,所有棉花品种的幼苗脯氨酸含量都有不同程度的增加,其中12℃临界生长温度锻炼后增幅最明显;临界生长温度(12℃)下锻炼后的棉苗能耐受较长时间(7 d...     

Activation of Antioxidant System by KCl Improves the Chilling Tolerance in Hybrid Maize

As maize is a chilling-sensitive crop, low temperatures during the early stages of development can be injurious to crop growth and development. Prime mechanism behind chilling-induced damage is oxidative stress. This study was undertaken to improve the chilling tolerance in hybrid maize by seed priming with KCl. For priming, seeds of the maize hybrid Hycorn 8288 were soaked in 50, 100 and 150 mg l⁻¹ aerated solution of KCl for 24 h and then re-dried close to original weight. Primed and untreated seeds were sown at 27 °C (optimal temperature) and at 15 °C (chilling stress) under controlled conditions. Seed priming improved the performance of maize under both normal and stress conditions. It was found that the chilling tolerance in maize is well associated with the enhanced capacity of the anti-oxidative system. Priming with KCl significantly improved the chilling tolerance mainly by the activation of antioxidants including catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes. KCl treatments also improved the germination rate and time, root and shoot length, and fresh and dry weights of seedlings compared with control. Soluble sugars and α-amylase activity determined as general metabolic indicators of stress were also improved by seed priming with KCl. Other possible bases of chilling tolerance in maize included maintenance of high tissue water contents, reduced electrolyte leakage and carbohydrate metabolism. Seed treatment with 100 mg l⁻¹ KCl was the best treatment to improve the performance of hybrid maize both under normal and chilling stress conditions.     

Comparative Study on the Zinc and Cadmium Tolerance Potential of Twelve Prominent Rice Cultivars

Heavy metal pollution being a potential threat to agriculture raising rice cultivars with heavy metal tolerance is a promising strategy for remediation of heavy metal polluted agricultural lands. We present here a comprehensive study describing the differences in physiological and biochemical responses of 12 prominent high-yielding rice cultivars to increasing ZnSO₄ concentrations (0, 2, 6, and 10 mM) and CdCl₂ concentrations (0, 1, 2, and 3 mM). Even though Zinc (Zn) is an essential element required for the normal growth and development process of plants, a higher concentration of Zn has an antagonistic effect. Cadmium (Cd) is detrimental to plants and is found in soils contaminated with heavy metals. The effects of Zn and Cd on rice seedlings were a reduction in shoot length, greater chlorophyll and carotenoid loss, higher malondialdehyde content, proline accumulation, and an increased level of sugar and amino acids when treated with CdCl₂ and ZnSO₄. The CdCl₂ and ZnSO₄ stress-induced biochemical changes displayed major differences in the 12 rice cultivars in terms of tolerance to Zn and Cd toxicity. Our data provides evidence that the cultivar Varsha showed the highest tolerance and cultivar JY showed the least tolerance towards Cd and Zn toxicity.