马尾松没种源氨基酸含量与抗松材线虫病的关系

在选出和验证抗病马尾松种源的基础上，研究了马尾松不同抗病性种源的树全内氨基酸含量的差异。结果表明，抗病种源在接种松材线虫前后均比较感种源含有较少的组氨酸、苏氨酸、甘氨酸、异亮氨酸、胱氨酸、甲硫氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸和精氨酸等９种游离氨基酸。它们与感病指数均呈正相比，这说明游离氨基酸含量低的马尾松种源抗松材线虫病。１１种固态氨基酸的含量与感病指数有负相关性。说明其含量较高的种源具有较强抗病性能。     

马尾松种源对松褐天牛成虫取食、松材线虫病的抗性分析

通过反复选择试验,从40个马尾松种源中选出既抗松材线虫病又较抗松褐天牛补充营养取食的广东5号种源.接种松材线虫使抗病马尾松种源中某些萜类组分如长叶烯、酚性化合物等增多;而抗松褐天牛取食种源含有更多的单萜烯、倍半萜烯、石竹烯等,含有更少长叶烯,这可能与松材线虫和松褐天牛的取食习性不同有关.游离氨基酸含量低的马尾松种源能抗松褐天牛成虫补充营养取食和抗松材线虫病.这与游离氨基酸含量低的马尾松种源抗性强的观点一致.厚皮紧密型的树皮结构和旺盛的树木生长势也是抗性种源抗性强的原因.     

马尾松抗松材线虫病的验证及黑松感病进程

对马尾松22个种源以及黑松和刚松4次接种松材线虫Barsaphelenchusxylophilus。马尾松、刚松无1株感病;黑松接种后40天感病率为20%,感病指数7.5,第257天感病株率100%,感病指数90.0,死亡率为33.3%。302天时极大部分频死状态,1年后全部死亡。     

马尾松对松材线虫病抗病性差异的研究进展

松材线虫病是松树的一种毁灭性病害,不同种源的马尾松的抗病性存在差异.就马尾松对松材线虫病的抗病性差异研究进展进行了综述.目前,马尾松抗病性的研究主要有以下5个方面:①不同树龄与抗病性之间的关系;②不同地理种源马尾松对松材线虫病抗病性的差异;③与种源抗病性有关的主要成分;④马尾松的诱导抗病性;⑤马尾松抗病育种.马尾松的抗病性与多种因素有关系,通常具有抗性的马尾松一般生长状况较好;马尾松的抗病物质很复杂,到目前为止,人们已经发现了马尾松的一些抗病物质的种类,并对这些物质的结构进行了研究,但对这些抗性物质的产生和马尾松抗病机理还有待于进一步的研究.     

松材线虫入侵对马尾松树光合特性的影响

[目的]明确松材线虫入侵对马尾松树针叶光合特性、光合响应曲线、主要光合响应指标及碳氮元素含量的影响,以期在光合生理水平上提供松材线虫病的早期快速诊断技术,为林业管理者采取快速防治措施提供科学的理论依据。[方法]本研究选取健康期、感病中期和感病末期马尾松树为研究对象,利用Li-6400XT便携式光合测定仪和稳定同位素质谱仪,分别测定不同感病阶段马尾松树针叶光合特性及所测针叶样品的C%、N%和δ~(13)C含量。[结果]健康马尾松树在松材线虫胁迫条件下,可显著降低其针叶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度,其数值大小均表现为:健康期感病中期感病末期;不同感病阶段马尾松的暗呼吸速率数值之间的差异也达到极显著水平,其数值的大小表现为:感病中期健康期感病末期;健康期马尾松的光补偿点显著低于感病中期的光补偿点,但是其光饱和点显著高于感病中期的光饱和点。此外,不同感病阶段马尾松树针叶的平均C素含量变化不大,但平均N素和平均δ~(13)C含量则会显著下降。[结论]松材线虫侵染健康马尾松树后,可降低其对外界光照条件的适应能力,致使其光合特性显著下降;感病马尾松树针叶N素损失是导致马尾松光合能力显著下降的一个主要原因;感病马尾松树针叶气孔导度下降是导致其针叶δ~(13)C含量下降的主要原因,同时亦说明松材线虫的入侵会显著降低马尾松树针叶的水分利用效率。     

松材线虫病危害对马尾松营养物质的影响

在福建省闽侯县南通镇建南村坑柄山场,对30年生健康、感染松材线虫病初期和末期的马尾松树干样品的可溶性糖、总糖、蛋白质等营养物质含量进行测定和比较。结果表明:松材线虫病的侵染可导致马尾松树干可溶性糖、总糖、蛋白质含量下降。与健康植株相比,感病植株的可溶性糖、总糖、蛋白质含量均极显著下降;与感病初期的植株相比,感病末期植株的可溶性糖、总糖、蛋白质含量亦极显著下降。     

马尾松地理种源抗松梢螟的初步研究

研究表明，松梢螟的为害状况与马尾松Ｐｉｎｕｓｍａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａ种源林Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ等生化物质的含量无相关性；与昆虫１０种生长发育所必需氨基酸中的亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸和精氨酸三种游离氨基酸的存在与含量呈正相关；而与种源林的纬度无相关性。     

马尾松地理种源抗松梢螟的初步研究

研究表明，松梢螟的为害状况与马尾松Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｍａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａ种源林Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ等生化物质的含量无相关性；与昆虫１０种生长发育所必需氨基酸中的亮氨酸，苯丙氨酸和精氨酸三种游离氨基酸的存在与含量呈正相关；而与种源林的纬度无相关性。     

针叶矿质营养元素与松材线虫病感病的关系

用ＩＣＰ仪测定１０个有代表性种源的马尾松针叶的矿质营养元素,同时对这１０个种源接种松材线虫,结果发现不同种源的抗性差异显著。马尾松不同时期的矿质元素含量与马尾松对松材线虫的抗性关系不一样,其中休眠期针叶内的Ｍｎ,Ｆｅ,Ｃｏ含量与抗性呈正相关,而Ｎｉ含量与抗性呈负相关。     

南京地区不同松种和马尾松种源对松材线虫病的抗性及病害流行规律

研究结果表明：火炬松、短叶松和刚松对松材线虫病为高抗松种，马尾松的抗性弱于以上３个松种，但明显强于黑松、赤松、湿地松和晚松；从４０个马尾松种源中初选出５个抗性强的种源；选育推广高抗松种和抗性强的马尾松种源，营造混交林，彻底清除处理病死木及加强检疫工作是控制松材线虫病蔓延的根本性措施。同时还概述了该病的流行规律与传播。     

Comparison of the gene expression profiles of resistant and non‐resistant Japanese black pine inoculated with pine wood nematode using a modified LongSAGE technique

The Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) is highly susceptible to pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). To cope with this disease, researchers and tree breeders selected PWN‐resistant individuals in a previous breeding program. In an attempt to understand the mechanisms of resistance in the Japanese black pine, we created four LongSAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) libraries. A total of 20 818 tags were studied, including 5194 tags from a PWN inoculated resistant pine, 5218 a non‐inoculated resistant pine, 5194 an inoculated non‐resistant pine, and 5212 a non‐inoculated non‐resistant pine. The analysis of the libraries indicated that 14 tag species were significantly up‐regulated (e.g., pathogenesis‐related proteins 2 and 4, osmotin, lipoxygenase, and chalcone synthase), and nine were down‐regulated (eukaryotic translation initiation factor SUI1, translationally controlled tumor protein, and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase) by the PWN inoculation in both the resistant and non‐resistant pines. On the other hand, 38 tag species were significantly expressed at a higher level only in the resistant pine (catalase, dienelactone hydrolase family protein) and 25 were expressed at a higher level in the non‐resistant pine (pathogenesis‐related proteins 1, 2, and 3, and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase). These differentially expressed genes are presumed to reflect some of the differences between the resistant and non‐resistant pines. Our results provide valuable information on the complex responses induced in the resistant and non‐resistant pine trees in response to PWN invasion.     

Host Preference by Monochamus alternatus (Hope) during Maturation Feeding on Pine Species and Masson Pine Provenances

Host preferences pine of the sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternates (Hope), during maturation feeding on 8 conifer trees and 40 masson pine provenances, were investigated using 3 types of laboratory bioassay of consistent feeding preference, feeding area and visitation frequency. M. alternatus adults have the highest frequency of feeding and prefer to feed on the branches of P. massoniana and P. densiflora and had significant host selectivity on 8 conifer trees in the area of Nanjing. The adult feeding visitation frequencies were 1 ~3 adults per branch. Maturation feeding areas were much larger on P. massoniana and P. densiflora than on P. taeda, P. elliottii, Juniperus virginiana and Cunninghamia sinensis. After initial selection tests, 12 provenances of masson pine had smaller maturation feeding areas. The second and third selection results showed that 12 provenances and six provenances also had consistent reductions in feeding by M. alternatus. The three provenances Fujian 2, Guangdong 5 and Guangdong     

Correlation of seedling size and branch number with disease resistance of Pinus thunbergii seedlings to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) seedlings resistant to pine wood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) are routinely selected in Japanese field inoculation trials. Correlations between morphological factors (such as height, stem diameter at ground level and number of branches on seedlings) and disease resistance were examined to improve the production efficiency of 1‐year‐old black pine seedlings for inoculation. Family relatedness and environmental conditions strongly affected seedling resistance; accordingly, logistic regression analysis was used to separate effects of these two variables. Height and stem diameter at ground level significantly correlated with disease resistance in seedlings inoculated with PWN. Because (a) interactions between stem diameter at ground level and environmental condition were significant and (b) height did not interact with any other factor, it was concluded that height of 1‐year‐old Japanese black pine seedlings independently correlated with PWN resistance. Thus, field inoculation tests should use tall seedlings to achieve enhanced survival rates.     

火炬松种源幼龄材材性变异的研究

对在广西南宁、广东英德、江西分宜、浙江富阳４个试点的９年生火炬松源林的木密度、管胞长度、晚材率进行了测定分析，结果表明：４个试验点木材密度在种源间均表现出显著差异，管胞长度与晚材率差异不显著。     

抗松材线虫病马尾松种源化学成分与抗性机理研究（第Ⅲ报）——接种松材线虫引起抗性马尾松种源中性萜类含量变化关系的研究

通过气相色谱分析研究了高抗、中抗和敏感马尾松种源在接种松材线虫（PWN）后所引起的中性萜类（主要是倍半萜类）组分含量变化规律以及含量变化与种源抗性间相关性变化规律。结果表明，接种PWN使抗性马尾松种源中某些萜类组分如长叶烯等增多，而某些组分如反式石竹烯等减少；接种PWN使高抗种源中长叶烯与反式石竹烯含量比值先减小后增大，且超过接种前的水平，但是未改变种源的抗病特征；树木生长过程对种源抗性及本研究没有造成影响和干扰。     

Response of pine forest to disturbance of pine wood nematode with interpretative structural model

Pine wood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), originating from North America, causes destructive pine wilt disease. Different pine forest ecosystems have different resistances to B. xylophilus, and after its invasion, the resilience and restoration direction of different ecosystems also varies. In this study, an interpretative structural model was applied for analyzing the response of pine forest ecosystem to PWN disturbance. The result showed that a five-degree multi-stage hierarchical system affected the response of the pine forest ecosystem to PWN disturbance, in which direct affecting factors are resistance and resilience. Furthermore, the analysis to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th degree factors showed that not only does distribution pattern of plant species and pine’s ecological features affect the resistance of pine forests’ ecosystem, but removal of attacked trees and other measures also influence the resistance through indirectly affecting the damage degree of Monochamus alternatus and distribution pattern of plant species. As for resilience, it is influenced directly by soil factors, hydrology, surrounding species provenance and biological characteristics of the second and jointly dominant species, and the climate factors can also have a direct or indirect effect on it by affecting the above factors. Among the fifth elements, the elevation, gradient and slope direction, topographical factors, diversity of geographical location and improvement of prevention technology all influence the response of pine forest ecosystem to PWN disturbance. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(8): 85–90 [译自: 林业科学]     

Direct PCR‐based method for detecting Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,the pine wood nematode in wood tissue of Pinus massoniana

Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, leads to serious losses to pine forestry around the world. Pinus massoniana, which is vulnerable to be attacked by the PWN, is the dominant species used in pine forestry in China. The objective of this study is to develop a direct PCR‐based method for detecting B. xylophilus in the wood of P. massoniana without a separate nematode extraction step. A simple procedure was first developed for isolating B. xylophilus DNA in 5 mg pine wood tissue samples harbouring PWN for detection by PCR amplification. A B. xylophilus‐specific amplicon of 403 bp (DQ855275) was generated by PCR from the infested wood tissue. The entire procedure can be completed within 5 h with one pair of primers. This assay can serve as a rapid, cheap and environmentally friendly method to detect B. xylophilus in samples of P. massoniana.     

开展松材线虫病抗性选育 保护我国松林资源

松材线虫病是我国松林毁灭性病害,已造成数千万松株死亡,发生区经济损失巨大,目前此病害正威胁着南方重点林区及重要风景名胜区松林的安全。我国松属资源丰富,科技人员队伍组织体系完备,抗性选育研究已有较好基础。因此尽快开展抗性选育有利于发生区森林恢复、非发生区林分改造和结构调整,有利于保护我国森林资源。本文对开展抗性选育提出了具体建议。     

我国马尾松林经营现状及近自然育林探索

马尾松是我国南方主要造林用材树种,在满足国内木材需求和维持生态安全中发挥着重要作用。随着我国社会进入生态文明新时代,对森林的利用形式发生了改变,传统的马尾松林经营模式已无法满足人们对其提供多种生态服务的需要,必须寻求新的马尾松林经营模式。近自然育林以培育结构复杂、物种丰富、功能多样的森林群落为目标,是满足人们对森林多种需求的有效途径。文中综述了我国马尾松林经营现状及近自然育林理念在马尾松林经营中的探索应用,并提出马尾松林未来经营方向。