Blue stain fungi associated withTomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on Japanese red pine

A number of various species of blue-stain fungi were isolated fromTomicus piniperda adults at various stages of development, as well as from the galleries, pupal chambers and sapwood underneath galleries on Japanese red pine. This study was an attempt to identify the species, composition of blue-stain fungi associated withT. piniperda, the frequency of occurrence of the fungi, and their role in the sapwood-staining of Japanese red pine in Tsukuba City, central Japan. Among the seven species of blue-stain fungi isolated, an undescribed species ofOphiostoma together withO. minus were the dominant species and closely associated withT. piniperda. These two species occurred on newly emerging adults more frequently than the overwintered adults.Hormonema dematioides was also associated with the beetle, however, its frequency of occurrence from the emerged new adults was very low. Although the two other species,O. ips andGraphium sp. were also isolated from emerged beetles, the frequency of these fungi from gallery systems suggested that they were accidentally carried byT. piniperda. Leptographium wingfieldii, known to be associated with the beetle in Europe, was also isolated at a very low frequency and the fungus seemed not to be closely associated with the beetle.Ophiostoma sp. andO. minus appear to be the most important causes of blue-stain of Japanese red pine sapwood after infestation byT. piniperda.     

Comparisons of Ophiostomatoid fungi associated withTomicus piniperda andT. minor in Japanese red pine

Five species ofOphiostoma, twoLeptographium species and aGraphium species were isolated from two morphologically and ecologically similar bark beetle species,Tomicus piniperda andT. minor, and their infested Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) in Yamanashi Prefecture, central Honshu, Japan. An underscribedOphiostoma species andO. minus were isolated mainly fromT. piniperda and its galleries.Ophiostoma canum which was found for the first time in Japan was mainly fromT. minor and its galleries. Specific relationships between the beetles and fungal species are suggested. Contribution No.140, Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba. Part of this study was presented at 108th Annual meeting of Japanese Forestry Society, April 2, 1997, Fukuoka, Japan.     

Comparative analyses of fungal biota carried by the pine shoot beetle (Tomicus piniperda L.) in northern and southern Finland

The pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda, is a secondary colonizer of pines and other conifers. Although it is necessary to understand interactions of this insect with other organisms, few studies have focused on its fungal associates. This study focused on the effect of geographical distance on the occurrence of fungi carried by the beetle. Adult beetles were collected from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in North (Rovaniemi) and South (Hyytiälä) Finland. The mycota was isolated and identified using a combination of morphological and molecular data. The results revealed a great diversity of fungal taxa isolated from T. piniperda, with a total of 3073 isolates representing 20 taxonomic units. The most frequently isolated fungi in the bark beetles from North Finland were Beauveria bassiana, Kuraishia sp., whereas Penicillium velutinum was mostly observed in the insects from South Finland. Ophiostoma canum and Ophiostoma minus were also isolated from the beetles from both North and South Finland. The number of fungi isolates per insect was 2.58 in the North and 3.74 in the South, respectively. Significant differences were found between South and North Finland in fungal taxa isolated from the beetles. The highest richness and diversity of the fungal taxa was observed in the South. However, the overall fungal diversity index analysis revealed that the mycobiota was under-sampled which suggests that a proportion of the fungal species may have remained undetected.     

Associations between Tomicus destruens and Leptographium spp. in Pinus pinea and P. pinaster stands in Tuscany,central Italy

The association between Tomicus destruens and fungi of the genus Leptographium was studied in Pinus pinea and P. pinaster forests in Tuscany, central Italy. Fungi were isolated from adult beetles and from pine tissues from infested trees. On average, Leptographium spp. were associated with 18% of beetles in breeding galleries, 35% of emergent brood beetles and 18% of beetles undergoing maturation feeding in pine twigs. The fungal species most frequently identified were Leptographium wingfieldii and L. lundbergii while L. guttulatum and L. serpens were also found.     

Biocontrol of decay in seasoning utility poles. I. Growth rate and colonizing ability of bluestain and decay fungi in vivo and in vitro

Seasoning (air drying) of utility poles for 6–12 months is essential before preservative treatment can be achieved. However, during seasoning, pine sapwood is often colonized by decay fungi, thereby compromising the performance and service life of the poles. This study investigated the potential of bluestain fungi to act as short‐term biocontrol agents against decay during seasoning. An important attribute for biocontrol is rapid growth, so growth rates of common bluestain (Ceratocystis coerulescens, Ophiostoma minus, Ophiostoma piceae, Ophiostoma piliferum, Sphaeropsis sapinea) and decay fungi (Heterobasidion annosum, Phlebiopsis gigantea, Stereum sanguinolentum) were compared on agar medium and pine in logs at various temperatures. On agar, the growth temperature optimum of most bluestain fungi and all the decay fungi was ～25°C, with little growth at ≤5°C or above 32.5°C. Overall, the fastest growing were S. sapinea and O. minus. In logs, the most effective colonizers were S. sapinea and O. minus with pathogenic abilities that made them well fitted to colonize the sapwood of freshly felled pine. Within these species, certain isolates produced much larger lesions in phloem and the sapwood tangential plane than all the decay fungi. Notably, there was significant variation in colonizing ability between different isolates within a species, emphasizing the need for testing a range of isolates when selecting a potential biocontrol agent.     

The Pine Shoot Beetle Tomicus piniperda as a Vector of Blue Stain Fungi to Windblown Pine

After the great gale of 1987, the role of the pine shoot beetle,Tomicus piniperda, as a vector of blue stain fungi to windblownpine in southern England was examined by macerating adult beetlesand culturing the macerate on various agar media. Isolationswere also made from pine tissue associated with beetle galleriesand tunnels. Using data from between three and nine sites, it was found that17 per cent of the overwintered adult beetles were carryingfast-growing Leptographium spp. as they began to construct breedinggalleries in spring 1988. More than half the new generationof adult beetles were contaminated with these fungi when theyemerged in June-July 1988, but this proportion dropped as thelife cycle of shoot-feeding and overwintering progressed. Itaveraged 26 per cent at the time of brood gallery constructionin spring 1989. Isolations made from pine tissue around the galleries also showedchanges in the frequency of blue stain fungi. Of early broodgalleries 25 per cent yielded Leptographium, while the figurefor late galleries was 51 per cent. These results were consistentwith the direct introduction of Leptographium by the parentbeetles into some galleries, and the subsequent rapid hyphalgrowth of the fungus within the tree to colonize tissue adjacentto other galleries. The principal species identified was L. wingfieldii. However,L. lundbergii, L. huntii, L. procerum and an unidentified Leptographiumspecies were occasionally recorded, both on the beetles andin the trees. Graphium species were quite common also. In addition,the black yeasts, Hormonema dematioides and Aureobasidium pullulans,were frequently present, particularly in the pine shoot samples.     

Comparative virulence of blue-stain fungi isolated from Japanese red pine

 We made inoculations to determine the comparative virulence of blue-stain fungi isolated from Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.). Based on the symptoms caused by each fungus, the most virulent fungus was Leptographium wingfieldii. Also, Ophiostoma minus was relatively virulent while lesions induced by some species did not differ from those in the control treatment. Based on the results, we concluded that the pathogenicity of the blue-stain fungi varied widely, and thus their impact on the host most likely varies too. Received: June 7, 2002 / Accepted: October 4, 2002 Present address: JST Domestic Research Fellow, Forest Pathology Laboratory, Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 92-25 Nabeyashiki, Shimo-Kuriyagawa, Morioka 020-0123, Japan Tel +81-19-648-3961; Fax +81-19-641-6747 e-mail: H_masu@hotmail.com Acknowledgments We thank Drs. Ohtaka and Usuki, Plant Pathology and Mycology Laboratory, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba, for technical assistance. Contribution No. 174, Plant Pathology and Mycology Laboratory, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba. Correspondence to:H. Masuya     

Relative susceptibility to blister rust caused by Cronartium flaccidum of several species of pine

At Florence, Italy, several species of pine were experimentally infected with blister rust. Inoculations were carried out on 3 and 15 months-old seedlings. After antificial and natural inoculation, Brutia, Aleppo, Austrian, Swiss mountain, Maritime and Italian stone pine showed pyenia and aecia. Spotted seedlings of Ponderosa pine showed only mycelium of C. flaccidum in needle and stem tissues. The exotic species seemed to have a very high degree of resistance to blister rust.     

Über die Variabilität der Brutbilder von Kiefernborkenkäfern (Coleoptera,Ipidae)

Summary Studies on the variability of galleries of pine bark beetles (Col., Ipidae) The variability of the galleries of bark beetles haven't been considered enough till now. Examples of anomalies are given and reduced to their causes. The great pine bast beetle,Myelophilus piniperda, builds the mother-gallery under the bark of stumps downwards instead of above. This can be fed back to the conditions of humidity in the stumps. The little pine bast beetle,Myelophilus minor, when attacking lying stems, often lays eggs only into the higher part of the gallery which is kept free from bore meal. Under the influence of different environment factors also other species of Hylesinini and Ipini show anomalies in building up their galleries.     

Associations between Pityogenes bidentatus and fungi in young managed Scots pine stands in Poland

The association between Pityogenes bidentatus and fungi was studied in young, managed Pinus sylvestris stands in Poland. Fungi were isolated from emerged adults and their galleries collected from four populations. In total, 2089 fungal isolates including 42 species, were obtained. Penicillium sp. 1 and Geosmithia sp. 1 were the most commonly isolated fungi from beetles (49% and 41% of beetles respectively). Geosmithia sp. 1 species was the dominant species in P. bidentatus galleries with a frequency of occurrence of 57.9%. Hormonema dematioides was the second most abundant fungus in gallery systems (17.1% of wood samples). Two of the isolated Geosmithia species were previously undescribed. Pityogenes bidentatus also vectored three ophiostomatoid species: Ophiostoma minus, O. piceae and Graphium sp. ‘W’. These species were occasionally isolated from beetles and their galleries, suggesting a non-specific relationship.     

Fungi associated with Ips typographus on Picea abies in southern Poland and their succession into the phloem and sapwood of beetle‐infested trees and logs

This study dealt with the species distribution and frequency of fungi associated with the bark beetle Ips typographus (Scolytidae) on spruce trees of various states of health in southern Poland. The spruce trees were assessed by their degree of defoliation and damage of their crowns and trunks after attack by I. typographus. The state of health of trees from which samples were obtained was related to varying stages of brood development of I. typographus. Fungi were isolated from phloem taken from and around insect galleries and the sapwood underneath brood systems. Samples were taken from ‘healthy‐looking’, weakened, wind‐fallen and wind‐broken trees as well as from trap trees. The mycobiota associated with I. typographus was quite diverse in respect of the number of detected species, 65 fungal taxa were obtained from the phloem of trees infested by I. typographus, and 36 taxa occurred in the sapwood underneath insect galleries. The spectrum of fungi mainly consisted of ascomycetes and anamorphic fungi. The ophiostomatoid fungi were represented by 14 species and were the most numerously represented group in all niches examined. The most frequent ophiostomatoid species were Ceratocystis polonica, Ophiostoma ainoae, O. bicolor, O. penicillatum, O. piceae and O. piceaperdum. The frequency of occurrence of ophiostomatoid fungi differed significantly between the phloem and sapwood as well as in relation to the varying states of health of the spruce trees. These quantitative differences in the mycobiota of I. typographus between spruce trees belonging to different health categories can be explained by successional patterns of fungal colonization of host tissues following attack by I. typographus. The pathogenic species C. polonica was the primary invader, occurring most frequently in the sapwood of ‘healthy‐looking’ trees. Ophiostoma bicolor, O. penicillatum and O. piceaperdum also occurred during the early stages of brood development of I. typographus on ‘healthy‐looking’ trees, but they mainly colonized the phloem. In contrast, O. ainoae, O. minuta and O. piceae likely follow the aforementioned species as secondary and tertiary invaders into the phloem and the sapwood of spruce trees.     

Zur Problematik des Stehendbefalls durch den Großen Waldgärtner,Blastophagus piniperda L.

Zusammenfassung Um Grundlagen für die Behandlung von Kiefernbeständen mit Stehendbefall durch den Großen Waldgärtner zu erarbeiten, wurden im Juli 1984 im Kirchenstiftswald Lindenhardt bei Bayreuth 3 Beobachtungsflächen angelegt. In diesen Flächen wiesen 53% der untersuchten Kiefern Einbohrungen auf. An 19 befallenen Bäumen wurde die vertikale Verteilung der Einbohrungen am Stamm erfaßt. Bestandsbildende Kiefern wurden häufiger als unterdrückte und zurückgebliebene Kiefern befallen; Bäume mit gebrochenem Wipfel wurden nicht bevorzugt attackiert. Von den 105 Kiefern der 3 Flächen wurde bis zum Herbst 1985 kein Baum durch den Großen Waldgärtner zum Absterben gebracht; der durchschnittliche Benadelungszustand der Kiefern veränderte sich über den Beobachtungszeitraum nicht. Anhand der erhobenen Daten wird die waldbauliche Behandlung von Kiefernbeständen bei Waldgärtner-Stehendbefall diskutiert.

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Problems of infesting standing trees byBlastophagus piniperda L.

Since July 1984 three plots of pine forest attacked byBlastophagus piniperda were studied near Bayreuth in Northern Bavaria. 53% of the examined trees were infested; in 19 of the trees the verticale distribution of the bore-holes was studied. The stand forming pines were more often infested than the suppressed ones (and the laggards), and trees with broken crowns were not preferred to others by the bark beetles. Up to autumn 1985 none of the 105 trees in the three plots were killed byB. piniperda. The average state of foliation of the pines did not change during the observation period. Based on the results of this study silvicultural measures in the management of pine forests attacked byB. piniperda are discussed.

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Mit einer Abbildung und 4 Tabellen     

Mountain pine beetle-associated blue-stain fungi are differentially adapted to boreal temperatures

Mountain pine beetles (MPB) are the most serious pest of lodgepole pine in Canada and are likely to invade boreal jack pine forests. MPB vector three blue-stain fungi, Grosmannia clavigera, Ophiostoma montium and Leptographium longiclavatum, which contribute to beetle success. Fungal survival at extreme boreal temperatures will contribute to their success in jack pine. Growth, sporulation and survival of the three fungi at −20 to 37°C were tested in vitro. Overwintering survival of G. clavigera and O. montium was assessed in vivo. All species grew at 5–30°C, with optimal growth at 20–25°C. Grosmannia clavigera and L. longiclavatum survived at −20°C, but O. montium died. Growth of G. clavigera and L. longiclavatum was inhibited at 30°C, but O. montium grew well. Grosmannia clavigera and O. montium overwintered in living pines. These results suggest that G. clavigera and L. longiclavatum were adapted to cold boreal winters but not hot summers, with the converse true for O. montium. Temperature tolerance varied among G. clavigera isolates. British Columbian and Californian isolates grew faster at 25°C than Albertan isolates. Isolates from Alberta and Idaho/Montana grew optimally at 20°C, while British Columbian and Californian isolates grew optimally at 25°C.     

Breeding efficiency in Tomicus piniperda and shoot damage after late autumn thinning of young Pinus sylvestris stands

The breeding of the pine shoot beetle (Tomicus piniperda) after thinning of young Scots pine stands in late autumn, and subsequent shoot damage, were studied in southern, central and northern Finland during three successive years (1977–79). No distinct increase in the attack density or beetle population was observed on the felled trees during the study period. Shoot damage on the standing trees remained low, and was not considered to have any marked negative effect on tree growth or further development of the pine stand. No noticeable difference was found between the different parts of the country. The economic importance of beetle damage resulting from late autumn thinnings was estimated to be low.     

Why do large,nitrogen rich seedlings better resist stressful transplanting conditions? A physiological analysis in two functionally contrasting Mediterranean forest species

We analysed the physiological bases that explain why large and high nitrogen (N) concentration seedlings frequently have improved survival and growth relative to small seedlings in Mediterranean woodland plantations. Large seedlings of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) and holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) with high N concentration (L+), and small seedlings with either high (S+) or low (S−) N concentration, were planted on two sites of different weed competition intensity that created contrasting stress conditions. Seedling survival, growth, gas exchange, N remobilization (N_R) and uptake (N_U), and water potential were assessed through the first growing season. Weeds reduced survival and growth, but seedling response to weed competition varied among phenotypes and between species. At the end of the first growing season, L+ Aleppo pine seedlings had higher survival than both small seedling types in presence of weeds but no differences were observed in absence of weeds. Mortality differences among phenotypes occurred in spring but not in summer. L+ Aleppo pines grew more than small Aleppo pines independently of weed competition. No holm oak seedling type survived in presence of weeds and no mortality differences among phenotypes where observed in absence of weeds, although L+ holm oak seedlings grew more than small seedlings. Mortality and growth differences in Aleppo pine were linked to marked physiological differences among phenotypes while physiological differences were small among holm oak phenotypes. L+ Aleppo pines had greater root growth, gas exchange, N_R, and N_U than small seedlings, irrespective of their N concentration. Seedling size in Aleppo pine had a greater role in the performance of transplanted seedlings than N concentration. The functional differences among oak phenotypes were small whereas they were large in pine seedlings, which led to smaller differences in transplanting performance in holm oak than in pine. This suggests that the nursery seedling quality improvement for planting in dry sites could depend on the species-specific phenotypic plasticity and functional strategy. Improved transplanting performance in large Aleppo pine seedlings relative to small seedlings was linked to greater gas exchange, root growth and N cycling.     

Infection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tomicus piniperda</Emphasis> (Col., Scolytidae) with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Canningia tomici</Emphasis> sp. n. (Microsporidia,Unikaryonidae)

Canningia tomici sp. n. (Microsporidia, Unikaryonidae) infects the midgut epithelium, the gut muscules, Malpighian tubules, connective tissues, adipose tissues and the gonads of the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). The infection is present in populations of Tomicus piniperda in Europe and in the United States. Uninucleate oval single spores occur in two sizes: 2.8?±?0.4?× 1.4?±?0.4?μm and 3.8?±?0.3?×?2.0?±?0.2?μm. The polar filament of this microsporidium is fixed subapically in a flat anchoring disc. The thick posterior lamellae of the binary polaroplast are asymmetric due to the lateral fixation of the polar filament.     

Attack density and brood production of Tomicus piniperda in thinned Pinus sylvestris stems as related to felling date and latitude in Sweden

The attack density and brood production of Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Col., Scolytidae) were recorded on stems of Pinus sylvestris L. felled in southern, central, and northern Sweden before, during, and after the spring flight period in 1977 and 1978. The study sites were adjacent to stands clear‐felled during the last or the previous winter. The attack density (i.e., the number of egg galleries per m² inner bark area) varied considerably between localities and years. At all sites high attack densities were recorded in trees felled before or soon after the flight commencement, whereas few attacks occurred in trees felled in late May or later. The availability of brood material did not affect the seasonal attack pattern in any consistent way. The brood production varied from zero to more than 900 individuals per m².     

Association of the pine-infesting Pissodes species with ophiostomatoid fungi in Poland

Bark weevils are consistently associated with various fungi. They act as effective vectors for root-rot fungi, the rust pathogen and the ophiostomatoid fungi. In comparison with bark beetles, the interaction between ophiostomatoid fungi and bark weevils has been poorly studied in Europe. This study aims to clarify the ties among ophiostomatoid fungi and their weevil vectors in Pinus sylvestris. Samples associated with three bark weevils, including Pissodes castaneus, P. piniphilus and P. pini were collected from seven pine stands in Poland. Fungi were isolated from laboratory-reared and field-collected beetles, larvae and galleries of weevils. Isolates were identified based on morphology, DNA sequence comparison for two gene regions (ITS, ß-tubulin) and phylogenetic analyses. Fourteen morphological and phylogenetic ophiostomatoid species were identified among the 1,219 isolates. These 14 species included 11 novel associations between fungi and bark weevils. The most commonly encountered fungal associates of bark Pissodes species were Leptographium procerum, Ophiostoma quercus and O. minus. The spectrum of fungal associates was similar in three bark weevil species, despite some differences between species. Except for P. castaneus, all species of bark weevil were frequently associated with ophiostomatoid fungi. Pissodes castaneus does appear to be a consistent vector of L. procerum and Sporothrix inflata while O. minus, O. quercus and O. cf. rectangulosporium were often found in association with P. piniphilus and P. pini.     

Quarantining the Sahara desert: growth and water-use efficiency of Aleppo pine in the Algerian Green Barrier

The Algerian Green Barrier, mainly composed of native and artificial Aleppo pine forests, spreads along the pre-Saharan steppes and is threatened by anthropogenic and natural disturbances, including climate change. We hypothesized that the ecophysiological functioning of this conifer has been substantially modified in reaction to recent warming and drought much beyond the expected effect of CO₂ fertilization. Our aim was to characterize the long-term performance (1925–2013) of native Aleppo pines thriving at their southernmost distribution. We used tree-ring width (TRW) and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ¹³C) to characterize basal area increment (BAI) and intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi) at three sites. BAI remained stable or slightly increased over time, with mean values ranging between 4.0 and 6.3 cm² year^?1. Conversely, site-Δ¹³C decreased from ?0.022 to ?0.014‰ year^?1 along time, which translated into WUEi increases of ca. 39%. This strong physiological reaction indicated that pines were responding simultaneously to rising CO₂ and drier conditions, inducing a progressively tighter stomatal control of water losses. However, WUEi increments were essentially unrelated to BAI and did not affect carbon reserves, which suggests a high resilience to climate change. This finding could be due to shifts in growing season towards earlier months in winter–spring, as suggested by temporal changes in climate factors underlying Δ¹³C and TRW. Our study highlights the substantial plasticity of Aleppo pine, but this species is unlikely to follow a similar pace of ecophysiological adjustments according to unprecedented low Δ¹³C records and lack of WUEi stimulation observed from 2000 onwards.     

Dürreperioden in Zusammenhang mit sekundärem Absterben und Massenvermehrungen rindenbrütender Insekten in den Wäldern Griechenlands

Zusammenfassung Während der letzten 25 Jahre traten in Griechenland 5 Dürreperioden auf, die zum Absterben von Bäumen und gleichzeitigen Massenvermehrungen von rindenbrütenden Insekten in natürlichen und aufgeforsteten Wäldern, unabhängig von der Meereshöhe, führten. Die erste Dürreperiode war in den Jahren 1962 bis 1964, die zweite von 1970 bis 1971, die dritte, die nur ein Jahr dauerte, im Jahre 1977, die vierte von 1981 bis 1982 und die fünfte von 1985 bis 1986. Die Dürreperioden wiederholen sich also alle 4–7 Jahre und wurden nicht nur von Insekten-Massenvermehrungen, sondern auch vom Absterben neuer Aufforstungen sowie von großen Waldbränden begleitet.Die in Massenvermehrungen auftretenden Insektenarten waren: in der niedrigen Zone vonPinus balepensis: Pityogenes calcaratus, Orthotomicus erosus und, am häufigsten,Blastophagus piniperda. Etwas höher, in der Zone vonPinus brutia, kamen meistB. piniperda, O. erosus und, in den höheren Lagen, in der Zone vonPinus nigra, wurdenI. sexdentatus, B. piniperda, B. minor, Pityogenes bistridentatus, Pissodes barcyniae, Monochamus galloprovincialis undPhaenops cyanea gefunden. In noch höheren Lagen, in der Zone vonPinus sylvestris (1400–1800 m), gelangtenI. sexdentatus, B. piniperda, B. minor undI. acuminatus zur Gradation.In den Tannenwäldern Griechenlands (Abies cephalonica undA. Borisii regis) kam es zu Massenvermehrungen vonCryphalus piceae, Pityokteines (Ips) curvidens, P. voronzovi, P. spinidens, Xyloterus lineatus undPhaenops knoteki.

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Dry periods and secondary dying and bark-beetle epidemics in forests of Greece

In the last 25 years we had in Greece 4 dry periods which caused secondary attack and dying or bark-beetle epidemics in natural and planted forests in low and high altitudes. The first period was 1962–1964, the second was 1970–1971, the third 1977 (and lasted only one year) the fourth was 1981–1982 and the fifth 1985–1986.In Greece (fig. 1) we have dry periods every 4–7 years which also causes dying of new reforestation, forest fires, and secondary attack of bark-beetles.The bark-beetles which attack forest trees in Greece are: In the lower dry zone of Pinus halepensis Pityogenes calcaratus,Orthotomicus (Ips) erosus and mostlyBlastophagus piniperda. A little higher in the zone ofPinus brutia mostlyB. piniperda and lessO. (Ips) erosus and at higher elevationsIps sexdentatus. In high elevation in the zone ofPinus nigra we foundI. sexdentatus, B. piniperda, B. minor, Pityogenes bistridentatus, Pissodes barcyniae, Monochamus galloprovincialis andPhaenops cyanea. Even higher (1400–1800 m elevation) in the zone ofPinus sylvestris the epidemic was due toI. sexdentatus, B. piniperda, B. minor andIps acuminatus.Finally in the forest ofAbies cephalonica andAbies Borisii regis the beetles wich couse epidemics areCryphalus piceae, Pityokteines curvidens, P. voronzovi, P. spinidens, Xyloterus lineatus andPhaenops Knoteki.

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