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大蒜素是一种从大蒜中提取的含硫化合物,具有安全性高、无残留、不产生耐药性、抗菌谱广、无配伍禁忌等优点。大蒜素的生理功能包括降低血糖和血压、抗氧化、增强免疫力和抑制有害细菌等,并且在动物生产中发挥着维持动物肠道健康、改善肠道菌群、调节脂肪沉积等作用。作为饲料添加剂的大蒜素主要为化学合成类型。首先合成二烯丙基二硫醚,再通过氧化反应合成大蒜素,在实验室中大蒜素还可以通过过氧化氢、过氧邻苯二甲酸镁或氯代苯甲酸氧化二烯丙基二硫化物来合成。在实际生产中,大蒜素对反刍动物有促生长、提高饲料消化率、改善瘤胃发酵等诸多功能。大蒜素还可以通过抑制瘤胃内产甲烷菌活性和减少产甲烷菌数量来降低瘤胃甲烷产量。作者主要介绍了大蒜素的合成、理化特性及其生理功能,并阐述了在反刍动物中应用大蒜素的研究成果,以期为大蒜素在反刍动物生产中的应用提供参考。 相似文献
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影响瘤胃内甲烷气产量的因素及其控制措施 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
甲烷作为反刍动物瘤胃正常消化的产物,其排放不仅对空气环境造成了污染,并且造成了能量的损失。本文综述了影响反刍动物瘤胃甲烷气产生量的因素,并对控制瘤胃内甲烷气的产生量的措施进行了分析和展望。 相似文献
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H. Archimède M. Rira D. J. Barde F. Labirin C. Marie‐Magdeleine B. Calif F. Periacarpin J. Fleury Y. Rochette² D. P. Morgavi M. Doreau 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2016,100(6):1149-1158
An in vivo trial was conducted in sheep to investigate the effect of three tropical tannin‐rich plants (TRP) on methane emission, intake and digestibility. The TRP used were leaves of Glyricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala and Manihot esculenta that contained, respectively, 39, 75 and 92 g condensed tannins/kg DM. Methane was determined with the sulphur hexafluoride tracer technique. Eight rumen‐cannulated sheep of two breeds (four Texel, four Blackbelly) were used in two 4 × 4 Latin square designs. Four experimental diets were tested. They consisted in a tropical natural grassland hay based on Dichanthium spp. fed alone (C) or in association with G. sepium (G), L. leucocephala (L) or M. esculenta (M) given as pellets at 44% of the daily ration. Daily organic matter intake was higher in TRP diets (686, 984, 1054 and 1186 g/day for C, G, L and M respectively; p < 0.05) while apparent organic matter total tract digestibility was not affected (69.9%, 62.8%, 65.3% and 64.7% for C, G, L and M respectively; p > 0.05). Methane emission was 47.1, 44.9, 33.3 and 33.5 g/kg digestible organic matter intake for C, G, L and M, respectively, and was significantly lower (p < 0.05) for L and M than for G and C. Our results confirm the potential of some TRP to reduce methane production. The strong decrease in methane and the increase in intake with TRPs may be due to their presentation as pellets. 相似文献
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Jayanegara A Leiber F Kreuzer M 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2012,96(3):365-375
A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the extent to which dietary tannin level is related to methane emissions from ruminants. Data from a total of 30 experiments comprising 171 treatments were entered in a database. In vitro batch culture and in vivo measurements were distinguished as experimental approaches. With any approach, methane declined when dietary tannins increased. The in vitro approach predicted the in vivo response quite accurately. However, in vitro, the response followed a quadratic response pattern (R(2) = 0.66; lower response with increasing tannin level), whereas in vivo, this decline was linear (R(2) = 0.29). This indicates that the in vitro batch culture is of limited accuracy for estimating effects at levels >100 g tannin/kg dry matter. The large variation in methane/digestible organic matter (OM) found at low tannin levels may explain contrasting literature reports. Methane reduction with tannins was associated with a reduced apparent digestion of OM, and especially fibre, but methane/apparently digestible OM declined also. The present findings are helpful as they identified an underlying general antimethanogenic effect of tannins across tannin sources and experimental conditions, thus allowing concentrating the search on sources with satisfactory palatability and low adverse effects on animal performance. 相似文献
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表面活性剂是一种新型的反刍动物饲料添加剂,根据表面活性剂的分子结构,可将其分为阴离子型、阳离子型、两性离子型和非离子型表面活性剂,其作用机理是通过改变瘤胃微生物种群数量进而增加瘤胃内源性酶的分泌量、分泌酶活性或促进酶与底物之间的相互作用,改变瘤胃发酵模式,提高瘤胃微生物对粗饲料的降解能力,进而提高反刍动物生产性能。作者主要综述了表面活性剂的分类及几种常见的表面活性剂对反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控的影响,其中包括非离子型(吐温、烷基多糖苷、茶皂素)、两性离子型(甜菜碱、大豆磷脂)和阴离子型(十二烷基苯磺酸钠、磺基丁二酸钠二辛酯);介绍了日粮中添加不同离子型表面活性剂对反刍动物瘤胃微生物种群数量、内源酶活、发酵产物等影响,为新型表面活性剂的开发和表面活性剂在反刍动物日粮中的合理应用提供参考依据。 相似文献
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瘤胃代谢的神经内分泌调节 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
反刍动物试验证明,瘤胃液含有17β-雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P4)和睾酮(T)。E2抑制瘤胃代谢,而P4和T则提高瘤胃代谢水平。这些甾体类激素通过与瘤胃微生物细胞的相应受体结合而直接影响瘤胃内代谢变化。瘤胃液中只发现甲状腺激素的T3,而未检出T4,T3可促进瘤胃微生物代谢活动增强。豆科牧草和大豆含有植物雌激素异黄酮,可提高瘤胃内容物的菌体蛋白、TVFA和氨氮水平。瘤胃液及唾液内发现肽类激素如胃泌素。饲料蛋白在瘤胃内降解可产生一些活性肽,如外啡肽可能起肽类激素的生理作用。半胱胺可耗竭下丘脑和肠道的生长抑素,从而提高生长激素等水平,使瘤胃内代谢及蛋白质合成显著加强。因此,初步认为,瘤胃代谢受神经内分泌的调节,但尚有若干问题有待进一步试验阐明。 相似文献
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Wisitiporn Suksombat Atitthan Nanon Chayapol Meeprom Pipat Lounglawan 《Animal Science Journal》2017,88(9):1346-1351
The effects of essential oils (EOs) on ruminal nutrient disappearance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in fistulated non‐lactating dairy cows were studied. Four fistulated non‐lactaing dairy cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design; the experiment consisted of four periods of 21 days in each period, with the first 14 days for adaptation followed by 7 days of measurement period. Animals were fed 3 kg/day of 21% crude protein (CP) concentrate and ad libitum corn silage. Treatments were: (i) control; (ii) 2 mL Allicin/cow/day; (iii) 2 mL zingiberene/cow/day; and (iv) 2 mL citral/cow/day. The results demonstrated that EOs increased dry matter and neutral detergent fiber degradabilities at 48 and 72 h, but had no effect on acid detergent fiber and CP degradabilities. EOs did not change ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen, protozoa, volatile fatty acid concentrations and blood glucose but reduced blood urea nitrogen at 4 h. 相似文献
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Yitian Tang;Li Huang;Xinyang Sun;Chunhuan Ren;Tian Wei Liu;Wenxuan Wu;Zijun Zhang;Wen Zhu; 《Animal Science Journal》2024,95(1):e13917
Allicin is a sulfur-containing compound extracted from raw garlic (Allium sativum L.). We compared the effect of allicin addition on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, and rumen microbiota of goats compared to monensin. Twenty-four Anhui white goats were assigned randomly to one of three dietary treatments: 1) a basal diet (CON); 2) the basal diet with allicin addition at 750 mg per head per day (AC); 3) the basal diet with monensin addition at 30 mg per kg of diet (MS). Animals were fed for 8 weeks. Results showed the average daily gain, and feed efficiency was increased with allicin and monensin addition. Serum levels of IgG, total superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase were higher in the AC group than those in the CON and MS groups. The microbiota analysis revealed that monensin addition mainly affected genera related to carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and allicin mainly affected genera related to energy metabolism and intestinal health. In conclusion, allicin could improve growth performance and have advantages over monensin in improving the antioxidant capacity and immune function of goats. Allicin may be a potential alternative to monensin. 相似文献
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广东省反刍动物甲烷排放量的估算 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据OECD(1991)和IPCC提供的反刍动物甲烷排放量的计算方法,结合中国反刍动物的能量供应特点,初步估算2000年广东省反刍动物的甲烷排放量为215.10Gg,占全国反刍动物甲烷排放总量的4.3%左右,反刍动物摄入总能的6.99/5~7.5%通过甲烷排放损失掉。文中对估算结果做了分析,并结合广东省反刍动物生产的发展趋势提出了建议。 相似文献
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反刍动物甲烷排放监测一直难以建立起精确的评估体系,其中一个重要原因是常用检测反刍动物甲烷排放的方法不够完善,另外检测仪器受外部环境的影响,难以保证其准确度和灵敏度。目前,红外光谱检测技术正在被广泛应用于反刍动物甲烷排放检测,一些基于红外光谱检测技术的最新检测方法,如甲烷激光检测(LMD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱检测(FTIR)、Green Feed(GF)系统和便携式自动开路气体量化系统(GQS)也得到广泛运用。与以往常用方法相比,红外光谱检测技术具有一定优势。本文根据现有文献,从红外光谱检测的原理、可靠性及与其他常见方法对比,论述了红外光谱检测方法在反刍动物甲烷排放中的应用现状和应用前景,旨在为精确检测反刍动物的甲烷排放提供参考。 相似文献
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Cebra CK Tornquist SJ Vap LM Dodson LA 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2001,30(4):211-213
Abstract: The concentration of chloride ions in rumen fluid is a useful measure of obstructive gastrointestinal disease in ruminants and camelids. However, rumen fluid is very different from other biological fluids in its bacterial populations, consistency, and concentrations of various anions. Two methods of determining the chloride concentration in biological fluids were compared using centrifuged and filtered rumen fluid containing different amounts of sodium chloride. Although coulometric titration and potentiometric electrode analysis yielded results that had a strong linear relationship, the results of potentiometry were consistently and significantly higher, by about 20 mEq/L. This difference was investigated further by analyzing a series of fluids containing different concentrations of sodium acetate. Acetate was detected as chloride (0.21 chloride molecules per acetate molecule) by potentiometry but not by coulometric titration. Therefore, the acetate concentration of rumen fluid was the most likely cause of the discrepancy between tests in the original trial. In conclusion, the coulometric procedure may be more accurate than the potentiometric procedure for measuring rumen chloride when the concentrations of possible confounding ions are unknown. 相似文献
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反刍动物能够将人类不能利用的粗饲料转化为优质蛋白质——肉和奶,这对农业以及人类社会有着重要意义。但是这种转化效率与植物细胞壁的消化率有重要关系,目前植物性原料消化率较低,影响了转化效率。在反刍动物饲粮中补充外源酶制剂具有提高植物纤维消化的潜力,从而提高饲粮的利用效率。本文总结了外源酶制剂应用现状、作用模式以及发展方向,认为目前外源酶制剂在反刍动物应用上有积极的结果,也存在效果不明显的报道,这可能与酶谱、添加水平、添加方式、底物类型以及宿主的生产水平等方面有关。同时阐述了外源酶制剂是在饲喂前、瘤胃中、瘤胃后的不同环境中起到作用,但详细机制还需要继续深入探究。综上所述,尽管酶制剂应用还存在一些问题,以提高饲料消化率为目标的酶制剂仍将会是反刍动物添加剂发展的一个重要方向。 相似文献