大蒜素生理功能及在反刍动物上的应用

大蒜素是一种从大蒜中提取的含硫化合物，具有安全性高、无残留、不产生耐药性、抗菌谱广、无配伍禁忌等优点。大蒜素的生理功能包括降低血糖和血压、抗氧化、增强免疫力和抑制有害细菌等，并且在动物生产中发挥着维持动物肠道健康、改善肠道菌群、调节脂肪沉积等作用。作为饲料添加剂的大蒜素主要为化学合成类型。首先合成二烯丙基二硫醚，再通过氧化反应合成大蒜素，在实验室中大蒜素还可以通过过氧化氢、过氧邻苯二甲酸镁或氯代苯甲酸氧化二烯丙基二硫化物来合成。在实际生产中，大蒜素对反刍动物有促生长、提高饲料消化率、改善瘤胃发酵等诸多功能。大蒜素还可以通过抑制瘤胃内产甲烷菌活性和减少产甲烷菌数量来降低瘤胃甲烷产量。作者主要介绍了大蒜素的合成、理化特性及其生理功能，并阐述了在反刍动物中应用大蒜素的研究成果，以期为大蒜素在反刍动物生产中的应用提供参考。     

幼龄反刍动物瘤胃微生物的定植过程与调控措施

反刍动物是畜牧业中的重要支柱，研究瘤胃微生物在幼龄反刍动物上的定植过程，并利用其中的定植规律采取科学的早期调控措施，以此提高反刍动物的生产效率，对于维持畜牧业高效、健康、可持续发展具有重要意义。瘤胃微生物的定植过程伴随着幼龄反刍动物瘤胃的发育和饮食结构的巨大变化。在幼龄反刍动物哺乳时，瘤胃由于食管沟反射的存在而不发挥功能，发育缓慢，此时只有部分功能菌群逐渐定植；随着日龄的增长，幼龄反刍动物大量摄入固体饲料，瘤胃在固体饲料的刺激下迅速发育直至成熟，此时大量菌群定植，瘤胃发酵逐渐活跃，且优势菌及其丰度与前期相比发生较大变化。同时，大量瘤胃发酵产物的积累又进一步刺激了瘤胃的发育。反刍动物在幼龄阶段经历了从非反刍到反刍的生理过渡，是其最敏感和可塑性最强的时期，可以在此阶段对反刍动物瘤胃微生物采取人工调控措施，以保证机体的健康和后续生长发育。作者综述了反刍动物瘤胃早期发育过程、瘤胃内微生物的种类、来源及其在幼龄反刍动物瘤胃中的定植过程，阐明瘤胃微生物在反刍动物消化代谢、生产性能以及畜体健康方面的重要功能，并归纳了常用的瘤胃微生物调控技术，从而为生产中对幼龄反刍动物的饲养管理、营养调控提供参考。     

瘤胃原虫对瘤胃营养物质代谢的影响研究进展

本文在广泛查阅有关瘤胃原虫对糖代谢包括淀粉和可溶性糖代谢及纤维素代谢、对蛋白质代谢和对瘤胃内甲烷代谢等的影响研究资料的基础上，分析、总结了瘤胃原虫对反刍动物营养物质代谢的影响机理，指出瘤胃原虫对反刍动物的营养代谢既有有利的方面，也有不利的方面。实际应用时可根据不同的日粮类型、家畜的生理状况、当地的饲养管理条件等实际情况因时控制瘤胃纤毛虫区系及种群密度，创造适宜的瘤胃内环境，充分发挥原虫在特定条件下的有利生理功能，从而提高反刍动物饲料利用率和生产性能。     

幼龄反刍动物瘤胃微生物定植及其营养调控研究进展

生命早期消化道中的微生物定植可影响动物机体，且具有长期健康效应，详细了解早期瘤胃微生物的定植状况对动物健康及生长发育有重要意义。反刍动物自出生后开始与外界微生物接触，其瘤胃微生物菌群结构发生剧烈变化，且易受动物日龄、品种以及饮食结构的影响。反刍动物瘤胃含有复杂的微生物菌群，主要由厌氧细菌、古生菌、真菌和原虫构成。本文综述了反刍动物幼龄阶段瘤胃细菌、古生菌、真菌和原虫的定植组成及其变化，同时阐述了饲粮组成和饲料添加剂对幼龄反刍动物瘤胃微生物菌群的影响，旨在为幼龄反刍动物实现分阶段的营养调控提供理论基础。     

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒对反刍动物瘤胃生理功能及物质吸收转运的影响

畜牧业集约化养殖越来越普遍。为提高反刍动物生产性能,饲喂大量能量饲料,进而引发亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA),导致动物采食量下降、畜产品产出降低以及动物发生炎症反应。近年研究表明,SARA会改变瘤胃生理状态,而瘤胃健康对反刍动物饲养至关重要。本文综述了反刍动物SARA状态下瘤胃生理生化过程变化,结合瘤胃发酵模式变化和瘤胃微生物的改变,重点阐述了SARA引起的瘤胃上皮细胞形态结构变化、屏障功能改变、瘤胃上皮细胞中物质转运及相关载体表达及其引发的瘤胃上皮细胞炎症通路,为更好指导反刍动物饲养及为瘤胃营养生理生化研究提供参考。     

大蒜素的制备及产品开发的研究进展

大蒜素是大蒜提取物的主要有效成分,具有多种生物学功能,在医疗、保健和畜牧生产中被广泛应用。作者主要阐述大蒜素的制备及相关产品开发的动态。     

反刍动物瘤胃发育规律及其调控机制研究进展

瘤胃是反刍动物至关重要的消化吸收器官，部分降解的营养物质可直接通过瘤胃上皮被机体吸收和利用。因此，瘤胃的发育程度与反刍动物的生产性能密切相关，而瘤胃发育充分且功能健全是反刍动物最佳生产性能得以发挥的前提条件。然而，幼龄反刍动物瘤胃的生理结构及其功能均发育不完善，需在固体饲料、断母乳等外界刺激下完成经由非反刍阶段向反刍阶段转变的复杂过程，进而才可发挥其重要功能。目前，如何掌握并遵循瘤胃的发育规律，在保证瘤胃充分发育且功能完善的情况下，对幼龄反刍动物实施早期断奶技术，已成为现代反刍动物养殖生产中亟需解决的问题之一。作者就反刍动物瘤胃发育进程中瘤胃微生物菌群的时空演变、瘤胃组织形态学发育和代谢改变及瘤胃发育调控机制进行综述，由生理结构至功能逐层对反刍动物瘤胃的发育规律进行全面总结，阐明影响反刍动物瘤胃发育的相关因素及其可能的调控机制。本文旨在进一步丰富与瘤胃发育相关的理论基础，以期为利用瘤胃发育规律开发促进反刍动物瘤胃发育的营养调控策略提供科学支撑，为挖掘幼龄反刍动物的生产潜力提供新思路。     

2008-2009年反刍动物营养研究进展 Ⅱ.外源添加剂对瘤胃发酵的调控

作者综述了2009年在ADSA-ASAS大会和CNKI、PubMed等数据库中外源添加剂(离子载体、酶制剂、植物提取物、饲用微生物)对瘤胃发酵调控的相关文献39篇。离子载体如莫能菌素主要通过促进瘤胃丙酸的产生,抑制生物氢化菌,促进长链脂肪酸在瘤胃内发生不完全氢化等瘤胃调控作用,从而缓解反刍动物的能量负平衡,减少甲烷排放,降低乳中脂肪含量。酶制剂(包括纤溶酶和淀粉酶等)在饲喂前加入日粮中能够免受瘤胃蛋白酶的降解,并保持酶活性,促进饲料的消化。植物提取物中皂角甙通过抑制原虫生长降低甲烷的排放,动物长期采食富含单宁的植物可产生单宁耐受菌,并且单宁的植物提取物可影响瘤胃的生物氢化作用,植物精油对瘤胃的调控作用包括减少淀粉和蛋白的降解,以及通过对某种瘤胃微生物的选择性作用抑制氨氮的降解。饲用微生物(主要有酵母菌、乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌等)能增加营养物质消化率,改变瘤胃发酵模式,增加瘤胃微生物菌群,但其益生效果与泌乳阶段、日粮类型、环境条件有关。     

Urea transport and hydrolysis in the rumen: A review

Inefficient dietary nitrogen (N) conversion to microbial proteins, and the subsequent use by ruminants, is a major research focus across different fields. Excess bacterial ammonia (NH₃) produced due to degradation or hydrolyses of N containing compounds, such as urea, leads to an inefficiency in a host's ability to utilize nitrogen. Urea is a non-protein N containing compound used by ruminants as an ammonia source, obtained from feed and endogenous sources. It is hydrolyzed by ureases from rumen bacteria to produce NH₃ which is used for microbial protein synthesis. However, lack of information exists regarding urea hydrolysis in ruminal bacteria, and how urea gets to hydrolysis sites. Therefore, this review describes research on sites of urea hydrolysis, urea transport routes towards these sites, the role and structure of urea transporters in rumen epithelium and bacteria, the composition of ruminal ureolytic bacteria, mechanisms behind urea hydrolysis by bacterial ureases, and factors influencing urea hydrolysis. This review explores the current knowledge on the structure and physiological role of urea transport and ureolytic bacteria, for the regulation of urea hydrolysis and recycling in ruminants. Lastly, underlying mechanisms of urea transportation in rumen bacteria and their physiological importance are currently unknown, and therefore future research should be directed to this subject.     

Metabolism of microbial nitrogen in ruminants with special reference to nucleic acids

Characteristically the metabolism of microbial nitrogen (N) compounds in ruminants involves the degradation of dietary N and synthesis of microbial protein (MP), compounds including a small amount of peptides and free amino acids, which may account for 75–85% of total N and the remainder are nucleic acids (NA: DNA and RNA). Generally rumen microbes contain 10–25% NA‐N of the total N while 70–80% is in the form of RNA. This paper describes the degradation and synthesis of NA in the rumen and their fate in the lower digestive tracts. Their physiological and nutritional significance in different types of ruminant animals is also discussed. The research works on NA metabolism in ruminants has been mainly on metabolism of purines after rumen microbial digestion and absorption in the lower gut. Subsequently, the fate of absorbed purines has been intensively investigated to assess the extent of MP synthesis in the rumen. The method for predicting ruminal synthesized MP and subsequently digested MP has been proposed using urinary purine derivative (PD) excretion in sheep and cattle fed on ordinary feed. The latter approach has now been adopted for calculation of protein supply in some feeding standards, although there are still difficulties in predicting representative samples of rumen microbes, and also uncertainties in variations of non‐renal and endogenous purine losses.     

Ruminal microbiota–host interaction and its effect on nutrient metabolism

Rumen microbiota has a close and intensive interaction with the ruminants. Microbiota residing in the rumen digests and ferments plant organic matters into nutrients that are subsequently utilized by the host, making ruminants a unique group of animals that can convert plant materials indigestible by humans into high-quality animal protein as meat and milk. Many studies using meta-omics technologies have demonstrated the relationships between rumen microbiome and animal phenotypes associated with nutrient metabolism. Recently, the causality and physiological mechanisms underpinning the host–microbiota interactions have attracted tremendous research interest among researchers. This review discusses the host–microbiota interactions and the factors affecting these interactions in ruminants and provides a summary of the advances in research on animal husbandry. Understanding the microbiota composition, the functions of key bacteria, and the host–microbiota interaction is crucial for the development of knowledge-based strategies to enhance animal productivity and host health.     

ATP in the metabolism of ruminants]

The ATP yield from the carbohydrates of anaerobically living microorganisms in the rumen amounts to only 5-10% of the ATP yield of the intermediary metabolism in the presence of oxygen. Vital functions and thus microbial protein synthesis are due to protein degradation in the rumen. The ATP yield in the intermediary metabolism of ruminants is mainly achieved from propionate and microbial protein by means of gluconeogenesis because the absorption of glucose from digested starch is very low. The relationships between ATP yield in the rumen and the processes of glucose provision for the production of lactose as well as the protein content of the milk are shown. As important processes of ATP production in microorganisms from easily soluble carbohydrates take place in silage preparations before feed intake, the corresponding consequences for the metabolism of high-performance cows fed with silage are shown.     

Changes in amino acid levels in bacteria adhering to rumen epithelium in sheep after oral administration of very low doses of mercury

The effect of low concentrations of mercury taken in the diet (4 mg per a head and day) on the amino acid composition in the proteins of rumen bacteria adhering to the dorsal and ventral parts of the rumen was studied in six sheep. Though the mercury did not influence the amino acid concentration in hydrolyzates of epimural bacteria, low-mercury doses caused significant changes of some amino acids, as compared with the control group of animals. The levels of alanine, histidine, threonine, serine and glycine were significantly decreased and at the same time the levels of proline, valine, isoleucine, tyrosine, lysine and phenylalanine were significantly increased. It was stated in our experiment that the levels of histidine, alanine and threonine in hydrolyzates of epimural bacteria of the rumen were significantly decreased both in the sheep given the balanced feed ration with additions of mercury and nitrogen (according to the standard) and in the sheep given a low-nitrogen diet. Similarly, the levels of proline, tyrosine and phenylalanine in the hydrolizates of epimural bacteria in rumen were significantly increased both with the low-nitrogen diet and in the normal -nitrogen diet with mercury supplement. The results suggest that unexplained disorders frequently occurring in the microbial synthesis in the rumen might be caused by long-continued administration of feed contaminated with extremely low concentrations of heavy metals. The problem deserves detailed investigation in future studies, oriented to explaining the biosynthesis disorders in rumen, reducing the production ability of ruminants.     

瘤胃微生物在木质纤维素价值化利用的研究进展

瘤胃是反刍动物消化的第一个腔室，各种微生物（细菌、真菌和原生动物）相互作用将木质纤维素植物生物降解为易于代谢的化合物。瘤胃也是目前自然界公认的木质纤维素高效降解和利用的天然反应器，其真菌和细菌可分泌多种木质纤维素降解酶，在木质纤维素生产生物燃料和化学用品方面具有潜在的价值。因此，本研究在瘤胃内木质纤维降解的微生物及其降解木质纤维素相关酶的基础上，重点综述了瘤胃微生物在木质纤维素生物转化为乙醇、生物化学（有机酸）及沼气等方面的研究进展，旨在为瘤胃微生物和瘤胃酶在木质纤维素价值化利用方面的研究和应用提供新的方法和思路。     

动物瘤胃运动的影响因素及其调控措施

瘤胃是反刍动物对饲料进行消化吸收的重要器官,瘤胃通过和微生物相互结合,使反刍动物能够对高纤维的植物进行消化吸收。反刍动物的生理活动状态、饲料吸收程度以及对于瘤胃疾病的诊断都与瘤胃运动相联系。基于此,本文以反刍动物瘤胃运动为出发点,以其影响因素以及调控措施为主要内容,探究反刍动物瘤胃真菌特点以及反刍动物瘤胃运动的影响因素,并针对其反刍动物瘤胃特点,提出相应的运动的调控措施,以期为反刍动物瘤胃调控提供借鉴。     

中链脂肪酸在动物生产中的应用效果及其影响因素研究进展

中链脂肪酸（MCFA）是一类具有特殊生理功能的能源物质，与长链脂肪酸（LCFA）相比，MCFA的碳链更短，到达肝脏的速度更快，MCFA可直接经门静脉运输至肝脏，且无需肉碱脂酰转移酶的转运即可直接进入肝细胞线粒体进行β氧化。因此，MCFA被动物吸收的更直接、更快速，供能也更直接。MCFA不但可为动物机体提供能量，还具有超出其能量价值之外的特殊生理功能，包括抑制细菌的生长和改善肠道微生态及结构，参与动物机体的免疫调节和激素调节等。MCFA的营养特点和生理功能为其在动物生产上的应用提供了依据，在动物生产应用方面，MCFA可提高动物生长性能，减少反刍动物瘤胃甲烷的排放，预防动物疾病，延长畜禽产品货架期，有效控制蚊蝇对家畜的侵扰，MCFA与一些其他饲料添加剂联合使用，不仅存在协同效应，还可克服其在实际生产应用中的缺点。近年来，使用安全、绿色的饲料添加剂替代动物饲料中抗生素的呼声越来越高，MCFA也逐渐受到大众的关注。然而，MCFA在研究和生产应用中存在效果差异，究其原因可能与MCFA的种类、添加水平、添加方式等因素有关。文章对MCFA的营养特点、生理功能、应用于动物生产的效果及其影响因素进行了综述，旨在为MCFA的深入开发与合理利用提供理论依据。     

热应激对反刍动物营养物质消化、瘤胃发酵、甲烷生成的影响及缓解热应激的措施

热应激是影响动物生产的重要因素。正常的瘤胃功能是反刍动物健康生产的重要保证。了解热应激对瘤胃功能的影响,有利于针对性地采取营养措施缓解热应激造成的对反刍动物的不利影响。文章主要综述热应激对反刍动物营养物质消化、瘤胃发酵、甲烷生成的影响及缓解热应激的措施。     

磷脂在肉鸡生产的应用

磷脂是一种新型的饲料添加剂,具有提高家禽的采食量,促进动物生长,提高畜产品品质的作用.另外,磷脂在抗氧化、降血脂,保证家禽神经系统健康等方面发挥很重要的作用.通过对磷脂的生理功能及其在肉鸡饲料中应用的综述,以亟为畜牧生产实践提供参考.     

反刍动物瘤胃上皮发育规律及影响因素

瘤胃作为反刍动物特有的消化器官,在消化代谢中发挥着极其重要的作用,瘤胃上皮的发育和功能完善直接影响到反刍动物的生产性能,是提高生产效益的关键所在。文章旨在通过探讨反刍动物瘤胃上皮生长发育规律及其影响因素,为反刍动物营养生理研究积累资料。     

槲皮素的生理功能及其在鸡生产上的应用

槲皮素是一种天然的黄酮类有机化合物,其自然资源丰富、安全无毒,具有多种生理功能：如可直接清除细胞内的自由基,激活抗氧化酶系统,抑制氧化应激通路的信号转导,发挥抗氧化功能;可通过抑制炎症通路的激活、降低白细胞活化来限制炎症因子产生,从而起到抗炎功效;可通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、迁徙和入侵促进其细胞凋亡,发挥抗肿瘤的作用;还可破坏潜在致病菌菌体细胞壁和细胞膜的结构、阻碍潜在致病菌的蛋白质和核酸合成,竞争菌体内的ATP结合位点等生物膜形成有关的途径,发挥抗菌功能。在鸡生产中,槲皮素可通过增加回肠对营养物质的转运和吸收减少肠道氧化应激引起的损伤,进而改善肉鸡的生长;可通过促进蛋鸡生殖器官发育以及生殖和生长相关激素分泌来提高产蛋性能;可提高鸡蛋和鸡肉品质;调节机体钙、蛋白质和脂代谢;改善机体免疫功能;调控肠道微生物区系。作者就槲皮素抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌等重要生理功能及其作用机制,以及近些年槲皮素在鸡生产中的应用进展进行综述,以期为促进槲皮素在鸡生产上的应用及其在鸡饲料中的开发提供理论依据。