Progress in protein kinase B

Protein kinase B (Akt) is a Ser/Thr kinase, which in mammals comprise three highly homologous members known as PKBα/Akt1, PKBβ/Akt2 and PKBγ/Akt3. PKB is activated by hormones?growth factor and extra cellular matrix. The activation occurs downstream of PI3K. PKB phosphorylates and regulates the function of many cellular protein involved in processes that include survival, apoptosis, proliferation, glycogen metabolism and cancer progression. Although many mechanisms remains to be fully characterized, the research of PKB is thought to have a useful profect.     

梨配子体型自交不亲和性及其分子机理

综述了梨(Pyrus)配子体型自交不亲和性机理研究的一些进展,主要包括梨自交不亲和性的表现,雌蕊自交不亲和基因(S基因)的表达特性与克隆,S基因蛋白产物(S糖蛋白)的分离、特性鉴定,S糖蛋白的晶体结构与功能,梨S基因型的确定等方面的研究成果,并提出了梨自交不亲和性研究中尚待阐明的问题。     

Dominant negative human epidermal growth factor receptor induces G0/G1 arrest in human gastric cancer cells

AIM：To explore the effect of dominant negative epidermal growth factor receptor (DNEGFR) on the cell cycle of human gastric cancer cells. METHODS：Two human gastric cancer cell lines were used in the study. The cells were divided into 6 groups, including untreated SGC-7901 cells (US group), SGC-7901 cells stably transfected with pEGFP-N1 (ES group), SGC-7901 cells stably transfected with pEGFPN1-DNEGFR (DS group), untreated NCI-N87 cells (UN group), NCI-N87 cells stably transfected with pEGFP-N1 (EN group), and NCI-N87 cells stably transfected with pEGFPN1-DNEGFR (DN group). The cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry. The protein levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), cyclin D1, phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta at Ser9 ［p-GSK-3β (Ser9)］, p21 and p27 were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS：Transfection of the human gastric cancer cells with pEGFPN1-DNEGFR led to G0/G1 arrest, and down-regulated CDK2, cyclin D1, p-GSK-3β (Ser9) and up-regulated p21 and p27 as well. CONCLUSION：DNEGFR down-regulates cyclin D1 by activating GSK-3β, down-regulates CDK2, and up-regulates p21 and p27, which induce G0/G1 arrest in human gastric cancer cells in the end.     

Recent advances in anti-basic fibroblast growth factor antibody

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been used in wound healing, bone healing, vascular grafting, lens regeneration and limp regeneration. Anti-bFGF antibody is thought to be an major important reagent for bFGF research. This review summarizes the development of anti-bFGF antibody in recent years including preparation, screening, identification and application in order to provide reference to the studies of this field in our country.     

Regulatory pathway of hypoxia-inducible factor and its role in intestinal diseases

Intestinal tract is the largest organ of the human body. It plays an important role in the absorption of nutrients and the resistance to pathogens. At the same time, it is also regulated by oxygen supply. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a key factor in the regulation of hypoxia and plays a key role in maintaining the homeostasis of the intestinal environment. In the development of inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal tumor, ischemia-perfusion injury and intestinal flora imbalance, HIF responds to inflammation and hypoxia, and causes an important adaptive response in intestinal mucosa, thus maintaining the function of the intestinal epithelium or promoting the development of intestinal tumors. In this review, the recent advances in HIF structure, function and regulatory pathways, and its role in intestinal diseases are reviewed.     

Delaying aging of AMPK by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a central regulator of many metabolic pathways involved in the pathophysiological processes of aging and related diseases, and has become an important integrator influencing inflammation (including inflammasome). The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has recently become a highly concerned marker of stress and metabolic risk. It is associated with neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the signal pathways regulating NLRP3 inflammasome have not yet been clarified. Studies have shown that many AMPK-dependent signaling pathways, such as autophagy (including mitophagy) and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), regulate the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome during aging. Inhibiting the expression of NLRP3 seems to be a common factor in many complex-mediated aging responses. Therefore, eliminating the common triggers of autophagy/ERS and NLRP3 inflammasome, and suppressing the signal cascade of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α, will be an important research direction to explore new anti-aging strategies.     

蔬菜对外源碘的吸收和积累特性及其机理研究进展

碘是人体不可缺少的营养元素，植物性食品是人体摄取碘的重要途径之一。主要对前人在碘的农业效应、蔬菜对外源碘的吸收和积累特性及其机理方面的研究进展状况作了简要综述，并对今后开发功能性蔬菜食品的研究方向进行了展望。     

蔬菜对外源碘的吸收和积累特性及其机理研究进展

碘是人体不可缺少的营养元素,植物性食品是人体摄取碘的重要途径之一。主要对前人在碘的农业效应、蔬菜对外源碘的吸收和积累特性及其机理方面的研究进展状况作了简要综述,并对今后开发功能性蔬菜食品的研究方向进行了展望。     

汉麻籽生物活性成分及其应用研究进展

汉麻在全球分布广泛,其籽、杆、茎等不同部位均有应用价值。汉麻籽作为我国传统中医药与食品的优势资源,含有丰富的生物活性物质,并且具有多种有益健康的功能作用,近年来已引起研究者及消费者的广泛关注。目前我国汉麻籽食品的开发还处于粗加工阶段,精深加工技术及高附加值产品还有待进一步研发。本文介绍了汉麻籽的主要成分(汉麻籽油、蛋白、纤维及酚类物质等)、功能,及其在食品、保健品、化妆品等领域的应用,旨在为汉麻籽的进一步开发提供理论依据。     

Landscapes as continuous entities: forest disturbance and recovery in the Albertine Rift landscape

Kibale National Park, within the Albertine Rift, is known for its rich biodiversity. High human population density and agricultural conversion in the surrounding landscape have created enormous resource pressure on forest fragments outside the park. Kibale presents a complex protected forest landscape comprising intact forest inside the park, logged areas inside the park, a game corridor with degraded forest, and forest fragments in the landscape surrounding the park. To explore the effect of these different levels of forest management and protection over time, we assessed forest change over the previous three decades, using both discrete and continuous data analyses of satellite imagery. Park boundaries have remained fairly intact and forest cover has been maintained or increased inside the park, while there has been a high level of deforestation in the landscape surrounding the park. While absolute changes in land cover are important changes in vegetation productivity, within land cover classes are often more telling of longer term changes and future directions of change. The park has lower Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values than the forest fragments outside the park and the formerly logged area—probably due to forest regeneration and early succession stage. The corridor region has lower productivity, which is surprising given this is also a newer regrowth region and so should be similar to the logged and forest fragments. Overall, concern can be raised for the future trajectory of this park. Although forest cover has been maintained, forest health may be an issue, which for future management, climate change, biodiversity, and increased human pressure may signify troubling signs.     

高雄山虫草无性型研究进展

高雄山虫草(Cordyceps takaomontana)无性型的名称历经多次变迁,现认为细脚棒束孢(Isaria tenuipes)是其真正的无性型.细脚棒束孢具有重要的药理、药化作用,子实体和发酵液中可分离出具有抗肿瘤、抗菌和镇静等作用的有效活性组分,基于此也产生了各种各样细脚棒束孢的培养方法和产品,笔者通过对近几年该方面的研究进行综述,以期对细脚棒束孢的研究开发工作提供参考和借鉴.     

Roles of Ras-MAPK signaling pathways in esophageal carcinoma

Ras is best known for the ability of regulating cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. Mutations in Ras are associated with abnormal cell proliferation, resulting in the incidence of all human cancers. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are the most well described pathways in carcinogenesis, which has been identified as a key downstream effector in Ras signaling as well as playing important roles in prognosis of tumors. Recently, evidence has gradually accumulated to demonstrate that mutation in Ras or aberrant expression of MAPK has profound effects on the incidence of esophageal carcinoma, and applications of some chemotherapeutic drugs can not lead to the expectant function. Further understanding of the relevant molecular mechanisms of Ras-MAPK signaling pathways will be helpful for development of efficient targeting therapeutic approaches to the treatment of esophageal cancer. In this article, the advances of Ras-MAPK signaling pathways in esophageal carcinoma are reviewed.     

Basic fibroblast growth factor and Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is one type of senile deimentia,has three remarkable pathologic characteristics-senile plaque, neurofibrillar tangles and neuronal death. As a neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is closely related to AD. This art icle reviewed the interaction between bFGF and AD-associated gene products (such as amyliod protein, presenilin, apoloprotein E and microtubulin-associated protein tau) and neuronal apoptosis. Some researchers suggested that bFGF may be put forward as potential therapeutic agent in AD and play a role in preventing or retarding the pathological process of this disease, alleviating or even eradicat ing the pathological insults of this disease.     

Effects of lipopolysaccharide,IL-6 and TNFα on the tissue factor expression of astrocytes

AIM:To study the effects of lipopolysaccharide(LPS), interleukin-6(IL-6)and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) on tissue factor(TF) expression of astrocytes. METHODS:Astrocytes were identified with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein antibody. The TF activity of cell lysate was measured with one stage clotting assay. RESULTS:TF activity of astrocytes of LPS,IL-6,TNFα groups were obviously higher than that of the control group(P <0.05); While LPS,IL-6 and TNFα were combined with trifluoperazine or H₇, their inductive effects were inhibited. CONCLUSION:LPS,IL-6 and TNFα promoted the TF expression of astrocytes and its mechanisms may connected with Calcium/Camodulin and protein kinase C pathway.     

可栽培食用菌子实体发育相关的调控基因研究进展

目前很多珍稀野生食用菌尚不能人工栽培,其子实体的发育机理仍难以解释,在人工驯化过程中,室内栽培转到室外栽培仍具有较大的不可操作性,受到内在因素和环境因素的影响。近年来,关于野生食用菌生长发育相关调控基因的表达情况及功能研究也越来越多。因此,通过分析可栽培食用菌的疏水蛋白编码基因、凝集素编码基因、转录因子编码基因、蛋白激酶编码基因、漆酶基因等几类调控基因的研究进展,可为今后野生食用菌人工栽培及基因操作提供借鉴。     

草莓基因工程研究进展

综述了近20年来国内外在草莓抗病虫、耐盐碱、抗冻、品质特性、耐贮运性、抗除草剂基因工程的研究概况与进展,对当前草莓基因工程育种工作中存在的问题进行了探讨,对其发展前景进行了展望,指出了多基因转化和利用转录因子、小RNA等调控基因进行转化这2个发展方向并提出了把草莓作为果树基因组学研究的模式植物之一的观点。决定草莓品质(风味、香气和颜色)的物质多是萜类和黄酮类次生代谢物质,这说明今后我国开展草莓次生代谢基因工程对其品质改良的重要性。     

Macrosystems ecology: novel methods and new understanding of multi-scale patterns and processes

As the global biomes are increasingly threatened by human activities, understanding of macroscale patterns and processes is pressingly needed for effective management and policy making. Macrosystems ecology, which studies multiscale ecological patterns and processes, has gained growing interest in the research community. However, as a relatively new field in ecology, research in macrosystems ecology is facing various challenges. In this special issue, we highlight the following two latest exciting developments in this thriving field: (1) novel tools and methods and (2) new understandings on macroscale patterns and processes. While we believe that the contributions featured in this issue provide promising advancements in macrosystems ecology, we also see multiple challenges for future research including (1) multidisciplinary approaches for long-term and multiscale studies and (2) scaling local patterns and processes to broader scales.