Effects of elevated CO2 on net photosynthetic rate of trees in Changbai Mountain

Net photosynthetic rates (NPRs) of four species seedlings,Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestriformis, Fraxinus mandshurica andPhellodendron amurense, were measured at different CO₂ concentrations and time respectively in Changbai Mountain during the growing season in 1999. The seedlings were cultivated in open-top chambers (OTCs), located outdoors and exposed to natural sunlight. The experimental objects were divided into four groups by tree species. CO₂ concentrations in chambers were kept at 500 μL·L⁻¹ and 700 μL·L⁻¹ and contrast chamber and contrast field were set. The results showed that the effects of elevated CO₂ on NPR of the trees strongly depended on tree species and time. NPRs ofPinus koreainsis andPinus sylvestriformis seedlings increased with the rising of CO₂ concentration, while that ofPhellodendron amurense andFraxinus mandshurica increased at some time and decreased at another time. This project was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Effect of elevated CO2 concentration on growth course of tree seed-lings in Changbai Mountain

One-year-old seedlings of Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestriformis, Phellodendron amurense were grown in open-top chambers (OTCs) with 700 and 500 mmol/mol CO2 concentrations, control chamber and on open site (ambient CO2, about 350 mmol/mol CO2) respectively at the Open Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the growth course responses of three species to elevated CO2 and temperature during one growing season was studied from May to Oct. 1999. The results showed that increase in CO2 concentration enhanced the growth of seedlings and the effect of 700 mmol/mol CO2 was more remarkable than 500 mmol/mol CO2 on seedling growth. Under the condition of doubly elevated CO2 concentration, the biomass increased by 38% in average for coniferous seedlings and 60% for broad-leaved seedlings. With continuous treatment of high CO2 concentration, the monthly-accumulated biomass of shade-tolerant Pinus koraiensis seedlings was bigger in July than in August and September, while those of Pinus sylvestriformis and Phellodendron amurense seedlings showed an increase in July and August, or did not decrese until September. During the hot August, high CO2 concentration enhanced the growth of Pinus koraiensis seedlings by increasing temperature, but it did not show dominance in other two species.     

不同光强下核桃楸、水曲柳和黄菠萝的光合生理特征

研究辽东山区次生林3种树种幼苗(核桃楸、水曲柳和黄菠萝)对生长光环境的适应性,在生长季测定4种光强下(全光、60%透光、30%透光、15%透光,分别记为FI,II,LJ和WI)树种幼苗叶片气体交换参数、净光合速率、单位叶面积叶绿素含量和比叶重(LMA).结果表明:随着光强的减弱,3个树种的光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、最大光合速率(Pmax)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、LMA、单位叶鲜质量(LFA)均呈下降趋势;全光下单位叶面积的叶绿素Chl含量均低于弱光处理.本研究结果支持水曲柳在幼苗时期具有一定耐荫性的观点.树种生理生态指标的可塑性分析表明:黄菠萝能适应更宽的光强幅度,且黄菠萝的需光性大于核桃楸.不同光环境下3个树种的生理生态变化特征对解释森林生态系统内树种的共生和演替具有重要意义.     

Effect of slope on growth of three hard broadleaved tree species in Northeast China

ResearchSiteThestudywascarriedoutinMaoersl1anExperimentalForestFarmofNortheastForestryUniversity(45"2O'~45"25'Nandl27"3O'~I27"34'E).Tl1eaverageeleva-tionofthisareais3OOm.Annualaveragetemperatureis2.7"C.Annualaverageprecipitationis720mm.Frost-freeperi0disl2O~l4Odays.SoiltypeistypicaIdarkbrownforests0il.Tl1evegetationbeIongstoChangbaiMountainflora.Broad-IeavedKoreanpineforestasprimitiveclimaxcommunityhasbecometypi-calnaturalsec0ndaryforestduetodisturbanceanddestroyfrommankindinrecent…     

伊春林区天然阔叶混交林中三大硬阔生长差异

对伊春林区天然阔叶混交林中黄菠萝、胡桃楸和水曲柳3个树种在桃山、南岔、翠峦、上甘岭和新青5个自然分布区内的群落结构的差异显著性进行比较分析,并对其相互关系进行了研究。结果表明:桃山林业局3个树种在树高、胸径因子上占有明显优势;树高与胸径的相关系数是0.875,呈显著正相关;树高与胸径回归方程的拟合优度最高达0.825,回归方程的最佳拟合函数是三次函数。     

河岸带乔木树种配置方式对面源污染物 NH＋4- N 的去除效果

本试验利用自行设计的小型试验装置来模拟河岸带。选取东北地区常见的5种乔木组合成两种不同的配置方式,考察不同乔木树种和不同配置方式对径流和渗流NH4＋-N的去除效果。结果表明,对于NH4＋-N的去除效果黄菠萝、水曲柳（29．77％）的混种优于黄菠萝、茶条槭（23．89％）;蒙古栎、茶条槭（17．07％）的混种优于黄菠萝（7％）单一种植;卫矛、茶条槭（7．62％）的混种优于卫矛（0．52％）单一种植。并且配置方式一（黄菠萝、茶条槭、蒙古栎、卫矛）渗流的平均去除率为43．48％,配置方式二（黄菠萝、水曲柳、卫矛）渗流的平均去除率为40．54％,可见配置方式一的去除效果优于配置方式二。     

城市白桦林下水曲柳和黄菠萝的天然更新格局研究

对比研究48 a生城市人居白桦生态林下水曲柳和黄菠萝的天然更新格局。结果表明：①水曲柳和黄菠萝更新苗的分布格局均为聚集分布;②随着林冠空隙面积的增加,水曲柳和黄菠萝的更新苗数量和密度均表现出抛物线式的变化趋势：水曲柳在林冠空隙面积为13.3 m^2时,更新苗数量最多,为32株,在11.7 m^2时更新苗密度最大,为29 289株/hm^2;黄菠萝在林冠空隙面积为22 m^2时更新苗数量最多,为11株,在15.1 m^2时,更新密度最大,为6 659株/hm^2;③相同林冠空隙面积下,水曲柳的更新苗数量明显高于黄菠萝。     

水曲柳等树种光合、耗水及萎蔫系数比较研究

对水曲柳等10个树种净光合速率、蒸腾速率的日变化和季节变化、耗水量以及萎蔫系数进行研究的结果表明,光合速率和蒸腾速率表现出明显的日变化和季节变化,具体的日变化趋势和季节变化规律存在差异,日均净光合速率旱柳银中杨紫丁香白榆白桦水曲柳暴马丁香黄菠萝紫椴胡桃楸;日均蒸腾速率旱柳白榆银中杨黄菠萝紫丁香水曲柳白桦暴马丁香紫椴胡桃楸;单株年耗水量银中杨旱柳白桦紫丁香白榆水曲柳暴马丁香紫椴胡桃楸黄菠萝。萎蔫系数胡桃楸黄菠萝旱柳白桦紫椴银中杨水曲柳暴马丁香白榆紫丁香。     

主要伴生树种树叶对红松生长的影响

在培育森林的实践中,早在19世纪就发现有一些树种对于另一些树种具有选择性的影响,这方面大量的工作是通过叶子、树皮或凋落物等浸出液来进行,而我国则研究甚少,尤其树木间相互影响的研究更少。但是,这种现象却是常见的。如在东北的阔叶红松林中,红松(Pinus koraiensis)常与其他伴生的阔叶树混生一起,不仅生长很好,而且还可以在这些阔叶树林冠下更新成长。相反地,在红松纯林下红松幼苗一般很难维持到10年以上。为了了解这些现象,我们选取我国东北分布最广,经济价值最高的阔叶红松林的     

Sap flow of the major tree species in the eastern mountainous region in northeast China

This study is based on Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Phellodendron amurense, Juglans mandshurica, Tilia amurensis, and Pinus koraiensis trees of the same age (12 years) and seedling origin under the same site conditions. The sap flow density, water consumption, and related environmental factors were also measured using thermal dissipation method and ICT-2000TE (Transpiration-Environment) automatic measuring system for tree transpiration and environmental factors. On clear days during the growing season, the sap flow density exhibited mono-peak diurnal patterns, mostly between 10:00 and 14:00, except for Phellodendron amurense, whose sap flow showed two peaks during the daytime three times. The photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) were the major factors influencing diurnal changes in sap flow, which explained 60%–74% variations in sap flow density for all species except Phellodendron amurense. Maximum sap flow densities for F. mandshurica, Phellodendron amurense, Q. mongolica, J. mandshurica, T. amurensis, and Pinus koraiensis were 516.36, 234.00, 625.93, 945.83, 507.93, and 286.21 cm³/(cm²·h), in July, June, September, August, August, and July, respectively. Water consumption during the whole growing season for J. mandshurica, T. amurensis, F. mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, Phellodendron amurense, and Q. mongolica was 3,840, 2,820, 2,710, 2,120, 1,470, and 1,390 kg/sapling, respectively. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2005, 41(3): 36–42 [译自: 林业科学, 2005, 41(3): 36–42]     

不同林分内水曲柳天然更新及影响因子研究

水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshulica)为我国东北林区阔叶红松林的主要伴生树种,与胡桃揪(Juglans mandshurica)、黄菠萝(Phellodendron amurense)被称为我国东北珍贵的"三大硬阔"。在黑龙江省方正县红星林场,对不同林分内水曲柳天然更新与环境因子、立地因子关系进行研究,结果表明,水曲柳在自身林内更新较差,40年生水曲柳林内仅5200株/hm2,而在其他林分内更新较好,杂木林内最高可达34000株/hm2;从对影响更新的诸多因子中分析发现,灌木盖度和草本盖度与水曲柳更新幼苗数量呈负相关,且关联性显著(p0.05),与枯落物厚度相关性不显著,基本上不受坡度、郁闭度和土壤A层厚度的影响。     

哈尔滨市6种绿化树种生理特性比较

为了全面了解各绿化树种的生理生态特性,增加哈尔滨市园林绿化树种及其生态功能的多样性,为绿化树种的选择提供理论依据。对东北乡土树种白桦、蒙古栎、糠椴、紫椴、茶条槭和黄檗二年生幼苗的生理指标进行测定,通过这6种树种生理指标的研究,对各树种的适宜应用作综合的评价分析,结果表明：这6树种最大光合速率分别为：茶条槭9.70μmolCO2/m^2·s,白桦7.67μmolCO2/m^2·s,黄檗5.88μmolCO2/m^2·s,紫椴5.51μmolCO2/m^2·s,糠椴5.20μmolCO2/m^2·s和蒙古栎4.04μmolCO2/m^2·s。6树种之间呼吸速率的差异不显著,平均为1.01μmolCO2/m^2·s。水分利用效率的种间差异较大,茶条槭、糠椴和蒙古栎高于黄檗、紫椴和白桦。所以从生态园林的角度,在水分短缺的地点,选择绿化树时应先考虑水分利用效率高的茶条槭、糠椴和蒙古栎,而在土壤水分条件较好的可适当优先考虑净光合能力强的树种。     

土壤水分胁迫对树木N2O排放速率的影响

采用封闭罩-气相色谱法观测研究了干旱胁迫对长白山阔叶红松林的几种优势树种-红松(Pinus koraiensis)、水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)、椴树(Tilia amurensis)和蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)叶片N2O排放。并同步测定5种树木叶片净光合速率、呼吸速率和气孔导度。结果表明：土壤水分胁迫明显降低树木叶片气孔导度、净光合速率和N2O排放速率，叶片气孔是树木N2O排放的主要通道。树木N2O排放以白天为主，在相同的水分条件下，不同的苗木有不同的N2O排放速率，同种苗木的N2O排放随干旱胁迫的加重而减少，在受到不同干旱胁迫时，针叶树红松N2O的排放速率降至正常水分条件下的34.43％和100．6％、阔叶树种N2O排放平均降至31．93％和86.35％。不同干旱胁迫的红松、水曲柳、胡逃楸、椴树和蒙古栎幼树叶片N2O排放速率为34．43、14．44、33．02、16.48和32．33ngN2O．g^-1DW．h^-1。图1表1参12。     

七虎林林场黄檗野生资源的调查与分析

黄檗(Phellodendron amurense)是东北红松林的重要伴生树种,也是我国名贵重要关黄柏的药源植物。通过对七虎林林场野生黄檗植物资源状况进行野外调查,初步统计在黄檗适合的生境下,其密度平均421株.hm-2,18块20m×20m的样地中,平均胸径为6.58～18.58cm,最小胸径为5.3cm,最大胸径为46.1cm,种群主要以中幼龄林为主。     

森林可燃物及其燃烧特性研究

较详细地分析了落叶松、红松、樟子松、柞树、大山杨及水曲柳这6个树种各自所在林分林下可燃物的特点及其燃烧特性,结果表明:落叶松与水曲柳不易发生火灾,红松和樟子松易发生火灾,大山杨和水曲柳是抗火性树种。提出在造林技术上采用营造混交林或营造防火林带,防止或减少森林火灾,为森林防火及营林用火提供可靠的理论依据。     

Effect of elevated ambient CO2 concentration on water use efficiency of Pinus sylvestriformis

IntroductionEvidencefrommanystudiesshowsthattheconcentrationofatmosphericCO,isdramaticallyraisingandadoubIingofthepresentCO,concentrationwouIdoccurduringthelasthaIfofthenextcentury.Therisingofatmospheric.CO,concentrationisstrongIycorrelatedwiththeincreaseinglobaIconsumptionoffossiIfueIsandaIsoaffectedsignificantIybytheclearingofforest(Bazzaz199o).PfantsgrowingatvariousambientconcentrationofCo,showgreatdifferences,includingtheprocessesofgrowthandphysiology.Photosynthesisandtran-spiration…     

生态学中关键种与物种重要性的概念(英文)

在本文中,对关键种的概念进行了讨论,并介绍了关键种的典型特征及其在群落和生态系统中的判别。在对关键种的研究基础上,首次提出了物种重要性(SI)概念。物种重要性可以简单地理解为生态系统中物种的重要值,它由三个指数构成,即物种结构重要值(SIV)、功能重要值(FIV)和动态重要值(DIV)。本文同时评价了三大硬阔森林生态系统中乔木树种的物种重要性。     

Responses of the seedlings of five dominant tree species in Changbai Mountain to soil water stress

Soil water stress was studied on the potted seedlings of five dominant tree species (Pinus koraienes Sieb.et Zucc.,Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., Juglans mandshurica Maxim, Tilia amurensis Rupr. and Quercus mongolica Fisch.ex Turcz) from the broadleaved/Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain. Leaf growth, water transpiration and photosynthesis were compared for each species under three soil moisture conditions: 85%-100% (high water, CK), 65%-85% (Medium water, MW) and 45%-65% (low water, LW) of 37.4% water-holding capacity in field. The results showed that the characteristic of typical drought-resistance of the leaves is significantly developed. The net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of Fraxinus mandshurica were higher in MW than those in CK. But for the other four species, the net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency in CK were lower than those in MW and LW. The transpiration rate responding to soil moistures varied from species to soecies.     

Effect of elevated CO2 concentration on growth course of tree seedlings in Changbai Mountain

One-year-old seedlings ofPinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestriformis, Phellodendron amurense were grown in open-top chambers (OTCs) with 700 and 500 ώmol/mol CO₂ concentrations, control chamber and on open site (ambient CO₂, about 350 ώmol/mol CO₂) respectively at the Open Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the growth course responses of three species to elevated CO₂ and temperature during one growing season was studied from May to Oct. 1999. The results showed that increase in CO₂ concentration enhanced the growth of seedlings and the effect of 700 (ώmol/mol CO₂ was more remarkable than 500 ώmol/mol CO₂ on seedling growth. Under the condition of doubly elevated CO₂ concentration, the biomass increased by 38% in average for coniferous seedlings and 60% for broad-leaved seedlings. With continuous treatment of high CO₂ concentration, the monthly-accumulated biomass of shade-tolerantPinus koraiensis seedlings was bigger in July than in August and September, while those ofPinus sylvestriformis andPhellodendron amurense seedlings showed an increase in July and August, or did not decrese until September. During the hot August, high CO₂ concentration enhanced the growth ofPinus koraiensis seedlings by increasing temperature, but it did not show dominance in other two species. Foundation Item: This paper was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Open Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystem.     

哈尔滨市绿化树种生态功能研究（2）

文章以哈尔滨市49种主要绿化树种为研究点,从杀菌能力、滞尘能力、吸收SO2等方面研究了它们的生态功能,通过研究,得出了在杀菌能力、单位叶面积滞尘量和吸收SO2能力三方面分别排名为前5位的乔水树种和灌木树种。