热氧老化和水浸渍对木粉/HDPE和稻壳粉/HDPE两种复合材料性能的影响

木粉和稻壳粉是制备木塑复合材料(WPC)常用原料。WPC在使用过程中经常受到热和水分的影响,笔者对比研究了稻壳粉/HDPE和木粉/HDPE两种复合材料经历热氧老化和长时间水浸渍后性能的变化规律。结果表明:木粉/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)复合材料的弯曲强度和弹性模量都大于稻壳粉/HDPE的;随着热氧老化或水浸渍处理时间的延长,复合材的挠曲性能下降,其中木粉/HDPE复合材的弹性模量下降最为迅速;复合材料表面明度值随着热处理时间的延长而减小,说明颜色变暗,稻壳粉与木粉填充的复合材之间差别不大。通过光学显微镜观察发现,HDPE与稻壳粉或木粉之间都有缝隙存在,为水分和氧气的进出提供了通道。     

Property Comparison of Wood Flour/HDPE and Rice Hull/HDPE Composites after Thermal-oxidation and Water Soaking Treatment

木粉和稻壳粉是制备木塑复合材料( WPC)常用原料.WPC在使用过程中经常受到热和水分的影响,笔者对比研究了稻壳粉/HDPE和木粉/HDPE两种复合材料经历热氧老化和长时间水浸渍后性能的变化规律.结果表明:木粉/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)复合材料的弯曲强度和弹性模量都大于稻壳粉/HDPE的；随着热氧老化或水浸渍处理时间的延长,复合材的挠曲性能下降,其中木粉/HDPE复合材的弹性模量下降最为迅速；复合材料表面明度值随着热处理时间的延长而减小,说明颜色变暗,稻壳粉与木粉填充的复合材之间差别不大.通过光学显微镜观察发现,HDPE与稻壳粉或木粉之间都有缝隙存在,为水分和氧气的进出提供了通道.     

热氧老化对稻壳粉/高密度聚乙烯复合材料抗弯强度的影响

通过对稻壳粉/高密度聚乙烯复合材料热氧老化研究，得到材料的抗弯强度随老化时间的变化规律。稻壳粉/高密度聚乙烯复合材料在65℃热氧老化条件下，0～12 h期间抗弯强度急剧下降；12～122 h期间抗弯强度呈上升趋势；122 h后抗弯强度趋于稳定。     

稻壳／聚乙烯复合材的自然老化与紫外光加速老化

对稻壳/聚乙烯复合材的室外自然老化情况进行1年多的观察,并对相同材料进行实验室紫外光(UV)加速老化,研究材料力学性能变化,并通过傅里叶红外波谱(FTIR)分析探讨老化机制,力争寻求二者之间的初步对应关系.自然老化试件在气温较低和日照时间较短的前5个月内(冬季)颜色基本没有变化,经历盛夏之后颜色发生显著变化,变化幅度与实验室加速老化1 500 h的结果相当.与自然老化相比,加速老化500 h后即可明显表现出各种化学特征的变化趋势,但在以后的1 500 h里没有再发生显著变化;而自然老化12个月后试材表面才有显著化学变化.老化首先使稻壳/聚乙烯复合材的颜色发生较大改变,表面化学性质变化也较早开始,但无论自然老化还是加速老化在短时间内对材料力学性能都不会产生显著影响.     

聚合物基/稻壳粉复合材料的表面改性研究

使用JC2000A型接触角测量仪测试并研究了蒸馏水和甘油两种液体在稻壳粉填充聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)复合材料表面的接触角.研究表明:通过酸碱处理可明显改变接触角及其随时间变化的规律;其中效果最好的是以水作为探测液时,经酸处理后的PE/稻壳粉复合材料.通过方差分析得知表面改性处理方式对接触角有相当显著的影响.     

稻壳粉/聚乙烯复合材料性能的研究

采用稻壳粉对高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)进行改性,研究了稻壳粉用量对复合材料力学性能和吸水率的影响,并观察了稻壳粉在HDPE中的分散情况。结果表明:复合材料的弯曲强度随稻壳粉用量的增加先增加后下降,而拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和冲击强度则随稻壳粉用量的增加而下降;稻壳粉在HDPE中的分散不均匀,用量较大时易出现聚集现象,两相间的粘接性变差。     

自然老化对木粉/HDPE复合材性能的影响及添加剂的应用

研究木粉/高密度聚乙烯(WF/HDPE)复合材在不同朝向的自然老化条件下使用时颜色与表面化学成分的变化,并分析采用光稳定剂、抗氧剂和颜料作为防老化剂的效果.户外使用的木粉/HDPE复合材在夏天暴晒1个月颜色就会发生明显变化,南面和东面更加显著,红外分析表明:复合材料表面C=O增加、木材指数下降,有氧化现象发生.人工加速稳定老化检测结果表明:与抗氧剂和光稳定剂相比,颜料的使用对减小变色有明显作用,但颜料、抗氧剂和光老化剂3种助剂对延缓WF/HDPE复合材的抗弯性能下降没有起到明显作用.     

稻壳粉/聚乙烯复合材料界面性能的研究

以未改性稻壳粉和丙烯酸酯改性稻壳粉填充聚乙烯制备木塑复合材料。通过接触角测定仪测定不同探测液在稻壳粉及聚乙烯表面的接触角,计算出其表面自由能,进而推导出复合材料的界面张力和粘附功。结果表明,改性后稻壳粉的表面自由降低了,复合材料的界面张力和粘附功也降低了。     

淀粉干法酯化改性对淀粉/聚乳酸复合材料紫外老化性能的影响

以玉米淀粉为原料,马来酸酐(MAH)为酯化剂,通过干法合成马来酸酐酯化淀粉(ES)。FT-IR测试结果表明,玉米淀粉和MAH通过干法成功发生酯化反应。再将马来酸酐酯化淀粉和聚乳酸(PLA)通过熔融挤出法制备马来酸酐酯化淀粉/聚乳酸复合材料(ES/PLA)。采用紫外老化箱对复合材料进行加速老化处理,研究了干法酯化改性对复合材料老化性能的影响。FT-IR和SEM研究结果表明随着老化时间延长,复合材料中C—O、C—H和CO的吸收峰强度逐渐降低,破坏程度逐渐增大;老化时间相同时,ES/PLA中基团吸收峰强度大于原淀粉/PLA(NS/PLA),破坏程度小于NS/PLA;XRD和DSC结果表明,老化处理后2θ=21°处的结晶峰消失,且16.5°处出现PLA的结晶峰,表明淀粉的水解速率大于PLA;复合材料中PLA的结晶度随老化时间延长先增大,再减小,表明PLA中非结晶区先发生水解。受结晶度的影响,复合材料的热分解温度随着老化时间延长先增大,后减小,且ES/PLA的热稳定性优于NS/PLA。老化时间相同时,ES/PLA的机械性能优于NS/PLA,随着老化时间延长,NS/PLA和ES/PLA的机械强度逐渐降低。     

硅烷偶联剂处理竹粉化学结构变化及其反应路径

利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和红外光谱(IR)研究硅烷偶联剂(KH-560)改性前后竹粉结构的变化,并推测硅烷偶联剂对竹粉表面改性的机理.实验结果表明,KH-560水解后,通过形成氢键和脱水缩合两个阶段结合到竹粉的表面.硅烷偶联剂改性后的竹粉结晶结构没有明显的变化,IR谱图出现了醚键的吸收,XPS在101.18 eV处出现了Si的发射峰,C1s分峰所对应的结合能由288.16 eV变为288.52 eV,氧原子在530.98 eV处C=O双键的分峰消失,说明在没有外力或化学试剂作用的情况下,竹纤维素分子间较强的相互作用力使反应无法发生在竹纤维素上,而主要是在木质素的醛基C=O上进行.     

Surface deterioration of wood-flour polypropylene composites by weathering trials

The market for wood-fiber plastic composites (WPCs) is expanding rapidly in many countries including Japan, where WPCs are mainly used for exterior products. In such applications, WPCs undergo undesirable color change, chalking, and shrinkage and swelling, and accordingly there is a need to better understand the mechanisms responsible for the weathering of WPC and develop methods of improving their weathering resistance. In this study, weatherability of WPC was assessed by natural and accelerated weathering trials. Discoloration (whitening) of WPC during exposure was caused by degradation of both wood and plastic. Darker color pigments as additives improved the color stability of WPC; however, chalking on the surfaces still occurred. The color stability of WPC was improved by application of exterior coatings. Preweathering of WPC (before coatings were applied) increased the absorption of coatings by the WPC and had a positive effect on the color stability and prevented chalking of the composites. Parts of this study were presented at the IUFRO XXII World Congress Meeting, Brisbane, August 2005 and the IAWPS 2005, Yokohama, November 2005     

Photodegradation of wood flour/polypropylene composites incorporated with carbon materials with different morphologies

ABSTRACT

In this study, wood flour/polypropylene (WF/PP) composites were prepared by incorporating 2?wt% carbon materials with different morphologies, including carbon black (CB), graphite (G), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). WF/PP composite without any additives was included as a reference. All composites were placed in the accelerated UV weathering tester for a total of 960 h. The physical and mechanical properties of composites were compared. The changes in surface morphology and surface chemistry were characterized by SEM AFM, and ATR-FTIR. The results showed that: (1) the addition of CNTs improved both flexural and impact properties of composites; (2) composites containing CNTs exhibited better color stability and less severe surface cracking during weathering; and (3) ATR-FTIR results revealed that all the additives alleviated surface photo-oxidation of composites due to their UV-screening effect. Overall, due to the improved interfacial bonding between WF and PP, CNTs were more effective in protecting wood–plastic composites from photodegradation.     

Natural weathering of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood treated with epoxidized linseed oil and methyltriethoxysilane

In this study, the effect of natural weathering on the performance of Scots pine sapwood treated with epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) was investigated by measuring water uptake, colour, check propagation and chemical changes. Boards were impregnated in a pilot-scale autoclave under various conditions. After the treatments, pairs of samples were cut from the treated boards and exposed at 45° angle facing south for a long-term test of natural weathering above ground in Uppsala (Sweden). The effect of solar radiation and humidity on the colour changes, water uptake, check propagation and chemical alterations was assessed during 20 months of exposure. The obtained results can serve as indication for the viability of the treatments. Samples impregnated with low retentions of ELO showed similar performance regarding check propagation and moisture uptake as samples with higher retentions. No significant difference between these samples was found regarding colour change which is mainly caused by blue stain fungi on the surface. In opposite, samples treated with MTES exhibited no consistent water uptake and check propagation unproportioned to the applied retentions. The spectra of ELO- and MTES-treated wood after weathering showed a significant decrease of the peak at 1510 cm^?1 indicating delignification of wood surface caused by weathering.     

Impregnated wooden claddings and the influence of nanoparticles on the weathering performance

Abstract

This work was an investigation of the effect of nanoparticles on the durability of wood specimens exposed to artificial weathering. TiO₂ and clay nanoparticles were mixed with preservative (Wolmanit CX-8) for improving the durability of Norway spruce (Picea abies). Impregnated and untreated specimens were subjected to Atlas Solar Simulator accelerated ageing test chamber for solar radiation and water spray exposure. The effectiveness of the treatment against colour and chemical changes was investigated using CIEL*a*b* colour measurements system and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The present study showed that the wood specimens that had been treated with preservatives containing nanoparticles were slightly more stable against artificial ageing than both untreated specimens and specimens treated with preservative alone.     

Evaluation of the photo stabilising efficiency of clear coatings comprising organic UV absorbers and mineral UV screeners on wood surfaces

A study of the surface discolouration of clear coated wood during artificial and outdoor weathering and its prevention using clear coatings comprising organic UV absorbers (UVA) and mineral UV screeners was carried out. It was shown that the use of UVA and UV screeners in clear coatings was very effective in reducing photodegradation of the wood surface. Preliminary irradiation trials with Xenon arc light showed that the UV screener TiO₂ led to the least discolouration of the coated wood surface, closely followed by UVA of the hydroxyphenyl-s-triazine class (HPT). The artificial and outdoor weathering trials indicated that UVA of the HPT class stabilised the colour of the wood surface better than UVA of the 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazole class (BTZ). Comparison of different artificial weathering methods indicated that Xenon arc light weathering showed the best match to the proceeding discolouration of the clear coated wood panels during outdoor weathering.     

Crack formation due to weathering of radial and tangential sections of pine and spruce

The development of cracks and changes in appearance have been investigated on radial and tangential sections of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce (Picea abies Karst.) after exposure outdoors for 61 months. The degradation of the sections has also been studied at the micro-level. The annual ring orientation was the most important factor affecting crack development on weathering. After 61 months of outdoor exposure, the tangential sections of spruce had 1.7-2.2 times greater mean total crack length per area unit than the corresponding radial sections. In pine, the total crack length per area unit on the tangential sections was 2.2-2.6 times greater than that on the radial sections. Tangential and radial sections show the same colour change as a result of weathering. Tangential sections have more and deeper cracks than radial surfaces. The cracks on the tangential sections occur frequently in both earlywood and latewood. On radial sections, cracks occur primarily at the annual ring borders, but to a certain extent also in the earlywood. Decomposition of the cell wall takes place in both radial and tangential cell walls, and cracks tend to follow the fibril orientation in the S2-layer of the cell wall. The radial cell wall of the earlywood has a large number of pits which are degraded at an early stage.     

Crack formation due to weathering of radial and tangential sections of pine and spruce

Abstract

The development of cracks and changes in appearance have been investigated on radial and tangential sections of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce (Picea abies Karst.) after exposure outdoors for 61 months. The degradation of the sections has also been studied at the micro-level. The annual ring orientation was the most important factor affecting crack development on weathering. After 61 months of outdoor exposure, the tangential sections of spruce had 1.7–2.2 times greater mean total crack length per area unit than the corresponding radial sections. In pine, the total crack length per area unit on the tangential sections was 2.2–2.6 times greater than that on the radial sections. Tangential and radial sections show the same colour change as a result of weathering. Tangential sections have more and deeper cracks than radial surfaces. The cracks on the tangential sections occur frequently in both earlywood and latewood. On radial sections, cracks occur primarily at the annual ring borders, but to a certain extent also in the earlywood. Decomposition of the cell wall takes place in both radial and tangential cell walls, and cracks tend to follow the fibril orientation in the S2-layer of the cell wall. The radial cell wall of the earlywood has a large number of pits which are degraded at an early stage.     

Effect of Nanocomposites Coatings on Exterior Performance of Bamboo during Aging*

Bamboo deterioration caused by light becomes a significant problem as application of bamboo extends from indoor to outdoor.The color and roughness of bamboo are two important exterior performances.This study focused on UV resistant nano composites coatings for exterior use and what aimed to find a formulation which could enhance the durability of bamboo.Four kinds of film-forming materials and four kinds of nano particles were used to improve bamboo exterior performance.The color and roughness of nano composites coatings were measured during accelerated weathering.Artificial aging time was 174 h at the temperature of 50 ℃.The experiment showed nanocomposites coatings had significant improvement in UV-shielding and nearly all the samples presented a darkening tendency in ΔL* and increasing tendency in Δa*,ΔE* and ΔRa.The orthogonal experiment obtained the least change in color and Ra which could be achieved with nano composites coating made by melamine resin and TiO2 when a* was considered as an important index.Film-forming material was the only factor which had significant influence on color and roughness when a* was not considered as important index,then melamine resin was the best choice.     

自然气候条件下木塑复合材料性质的变化

主要研究木塑复合材料在自然气候条件下性质的变化情况,并采用电子显微镜对材料表面的变化进行了检测分析,为木塑复合材料的生产和利用提供了依据.     

UV老化后氧化铁颜料着色木纤维-HDPE复合材料的性能变化

探讨了氧化铁颜料对木纤维．高密度聚乙烯复合材耐老化性能的改善作用。采用四种常用的氧化铁颜料与木纤维、高密度聚乙烯和其他加工助剂干混,并用自行设计的双螺杆／单螺杆双阶挤出机组制造木塑复合材料。对该木塑复合材料进行人工加速紫外循环老化处理,用CIE1976L^＊a^＊b^＊表色体系和ASTMD790标准分别对老化前后的材料进行测试,结果显示加入颜料以后木塑复合材料的抗弯弹性模量没有明显的变化,但是弯曲强度都有一定程度的提高。经过2000h人工加速紫外老化以后,不论是颜色要是力学性能都发生了明显的变化。铁红和铁黑着色的试样在整个老化过程中表现较好,颜料添加量约2．28％比较适宜。