In Vitro Activity of Lawsonia inermis （Henna） on Some Pathogenic Fungi

The present study was conducted to investigate antifungal activity ofLawsonia inermis （Henna plant）. Leaf samples of the plants were collected from Eastern Nile of Khartoum state, Sudan. Ethanol and petroleum ether extracts in various concentrations were obtained by maceration （cold method）. The extracts were bioassay in vitro to know their bioactivity to inhibit the growth of tested fungi. The cup plate agar diffusion method was adopted to assess the antifungal activity of the extracts against tested yeasts while agar incorporated method was used for other molds. Both extracts revealed anti fungal activity against all yeast strains except Pichiafabianii which was found resistant to both ethanol and ether extracts. The results displayed antifungal activity against tested fungi. Minimum mould concentration （MMC） of the extracts was determined. The obtained results revealed antifungal activity of henna leaves extracts which support the traditional use of the Henna in therapy of fungal infections. The possibility of therapeutic use of Sudanese henna as antifungal agents is recommended.     

两种中药提取物对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌的抑制活性研究

[目的]研究白术和白头翁2种中药提取物的杀菌活性,为其在植物源农药上的开发利用奠定基础。[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法,研究了白术和白头翁2种植物提取物对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌的抗菌活性。[结果]供试2种中药提取物对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌均具有较好的抗菌活性,其中白头翁提取物的抗菌活性最好,72h白头翁正丁醇提取物对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制率达80.25%;白术石油醚提取物对番茄灰霉病菌的抗菌活性较好,EC50为5.31mg/ml,白头翁正丁醇提取物的抗菌活性较强,EC50为2.93mg/ml。[结论]白头翁提取物对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌的抑制活性较好,值得进一步研究。     

2种中药提取物对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌的抑制活性研究

[目的]研究白术和白头翁2种中药提取物的杀菌活性,为其在植物源农药上的开发利用奠定基础。[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法,研究了白术和白头翁2种植物提取物对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌的抗菌活性。[结果]供试2种中药提取物对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌均具有较好的抗菌活性,其中白头翁提取物的抗菌活性最好,在供试提取物质量吸度为10 mg/ml时,72 h白头翁正丁醇提取物对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制率达80.25%,白术石油醚提取物对番茄灰霉病菌的抗菌活性较好,抑制率为71.36%,且提取物的抗菌活性随着吸度的增大而增强,白头翁正丁醇提取物对番茄灰霉病菌的EC50为2.93 mg/ml,白术石油醚提取物对番茄灰霉病菌的EC50为5.31 mg/ml。[结论]白头翁提取物对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌的抑制活性较好,值得进一步研究。     

仿生杀菌剂20%BMOC WP的配方研制及抑菌毒力测定

为了将仿生杀菌活性化合物BMOC开发为一种新型农用杀菌剂,开展了BMOC可湿性粉剂研制,并用菌丝生长速率法测定了其对5种植物病原真菌的抑制作用。确定配方为BMOC原药20%,载体(A+高岭土,1∶4)70%,润湿剂(B+JFC,1∶1)5%,扩散剂NNO 4%,阿拉伯树胶1%,经检测,润湿时间小于1 min,悬浮率大于70%,各项指标均达到可湿性粉剂的要求。生测结果表明,20%BMOC可湿性粉剂对葡萄黑痘病菌和白菜黑斑病菌的抑菌作用高于75%的百菌清可湿性粉剂,对葡萄白腐病的EC50为7.427 mg/L。     

贵州省烟草赤星病菌生物学特性研究

烟草赤星病是发生较严重的一种常见烟草病害,为了模拟室外不同的气象条件下烟草赤星病的最适发生环境,对贵州省烟草赤星病菌的生物学特性进行研究。结果表明,温度为25℃、湿度达到100%、黑暗的条件最适合烟草赤星病菌生存;ZA培养基最适宜赤星菌菌丝生长,而OA培养基最适宜赤星菌产孢。赤星病菌的生长随温度、湿度的增加而增加,在到达一定数值后逐渐下降。利用SPSS软件建立了温度和湿度对烟草赤星病菌落平均直径增长量的的回归方程,分别为:y=0.015x2+0.0158x-0.04,y=-0.001x2+0.213x-4.666。     

芦荟不同溶剂提取物对白菜黑斑病菌的抑菌活性研究

用甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、氯仿、苯、石油醚、正己烷8种溶剂对库拉索芦荟的抗菌活性物质进行提取,提取产率随溶剂极性的增强而提高.以白菜黑斑病菌为测试菌,用生长速率法测定芦荟各种溶剂粗提物的抑菌活性,当提取物浓度为10mg/mL时,各种溶剂粗提物均表现一定的抑菌效果,其中以石油醚、正己烷和乙酸乙酯的粗提物抑菌效果最好,分别为71.4 %、71.3 %和62.4 %.从抑菌效果及提取产率两方面考虑,乙酸乙酯为提取芦荟抑菌活性物质的最佳溶剂.通过测定甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯4种溶剂1 %～10 %系列浓度对白菜黑斑病菌的抑制作用及甲醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯3种溶剂对各种芦荟粗提物的溶解性,确立用乙酸乙酯-水(7∶ 3,v/v)溶解各种粗提物进行生物测定,既能较好地溶解各种粗提物,又对测试菌的抑制作用相对较小.试验研究还筛选了2 ‰～1 %吐温20作表面活性剂乳化乙酸乙酯使其与所溶解的粗提物能均匀分布到PDA培养基中,保证了测定结果的准确性与稳定性.通过测定库拉索芦荟等7种芦荟水浸提物的抑菌活性,认为树芦荟、库拉索芦荟的抑菌效果最好.     

无花果内生真菌的研究Ⅰ.抗植物病原真菌活性的筛选

以白菜黑斑病菌（Alternaria brassicae）、番茄灰霉病菌（Botrytis cinerea）、辣椒疫霉病菌（Phytophthora capsici）、苹果腐烂病菌（Valsa mali）、西瓜枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum f．sp．niveum）、烟草赤星病菌（Alternaria alternata）为指示菌种，对从无花果（Ficuscarice）中分离获得到的64株内生真菌进行抗真菌活性试验，结果表明18株内生真菌具有抗菌活性，占总内生真菌的28．1％，将具有抗菌活性的菌株进行分类鉴定，分属于2目、4科、8属。     

Essential Oil from Inula britannica Extraction with SF-CO2 and Its Antifungal Activity

The aim of this study was to determine the extraction technique of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide(SF-CO 2) for the essential oil from Inula britannica flowers and its antifungal activities against plant pathogenic fungi for its potential application as botanical fungicide.The effects of factors,including extraction temperature,extraction pressure,SF-CO 2 flow rate,flower powder size,and time on the essential oil yield were studied using the single factor experiment.An orthogonal experiment was conducted to determine the best operating conditions for the maximum extraction oil yield.Adopting the optimum conditions,the maximum yield reached 10.01% at 40°C temperature,30 MPa pressure,60 mesh flower powder size,20 L h-1SF-CO 2 flow rate,and 90 min extraction time.The antifungal activities of I.britannica essential oil using the SF-CO 2 against the most important plant pathogenic fungi were also examined through in vitro and in vivo tests.Sixteen plant pathogenic fungi were inhibited to varying degrees at 1 mg mL-1concentration of the essential oil.The mycelial growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici was completely inhibited.The radial growths of Phytophthora capsici and Fusarium monilifome were also inhibited by 83.76 and 64.69%,respectively.In addition,the essential oil can inhibit the spore germination of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum,Phytophthora capsici,Colletotrichum orbiculare,and Pyricularia grisea,and the corresponding inhibition rates were 98.26,96.54,87.89,and 87.35% respectively.The present study has demonstrated that the essential oil of I.britannica flowers extracted through the SF-CO 2 technique is one potential and promising antifungal agent that can be used as botanical fungicide to protect crops.     

枯草芽孢杆菌Bs-916胞外抗菌蛋白质的生物功能分析

采用AKTA-epxlore层析系统,利用DEAE sepharose fast flow、Phenyl sepharose 6 F.F.和羟基磷石灰石柱层析后,分离纯化获得枯草芽孢杆菌Bs-916抗菌蛋白质Bacisubin.该蛋白质对水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、水稻稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisease)、油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、白菜黑斑病菌(Alternaria oleracea)、甘蓝黑斑病菌(A. Brassicae)、灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、辣椒炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum capsici (syd.) Butl.)和水稻恶苗病菌(Fusarium moniliforme Sheld)均有抑菌活性,尤其对Alternaria属的病原菌具有较高的毒力.枯草芽孢杆菌Bs-916胞外抗菌蛋白质的抑菌机制是造成病原菌菌丝营养吸收困难,致使菌丝顶端膨大,分支增加,胞壁加厚、断裂,从而抑制了病原菌的生长.研究发现抗菌蛋白具有凝集素活性和核糖核酸酶活性,无蛋白酶活性和蛋白酶抑制活性.     

7种药用植物提取物抑菌活性测定

用生长速率法测定了7种药用植物的水提液和醇提液在浓度为0.1 g/ml时对3种植物病原真菌的抑制作用。结果表明:博落回的水提液对大葱紫斑病菌、乌桕的水提液对西瓜枯萎病菌的菌丝生长有明显的抑制作用,抑制率高于60%;乌桕的2种提取液对西瓜枯萎病菌、博落回的2种提取液对大葱紫斑病菌、黄精的醇提液对3种病原菌都有较明显的抑制作用。利用乌桕、博落回和黄精作为植物源杀菌剂值得进一步研究。     

狭叶坡垒枝叶粗提物抑菌活性研究

采用菌丝生长速率法,以西瓜枯萎菌(Fusarium oxysporum Schl.f.sp.cucumerirum Owen)、烟草赤星菌[Alternaria longipes(Ell.et Eu)Tisdale et Wadk]、香蕉大灰斑菌[Curvularia lunata(Wakker)Boedijin]、烟草灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea Pers)和水稻纹枯菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn)为靶标,对采自广西十万大山的16种植物的甲醇粗提物进行了生物活性筛选,结果表明,狭叶坡垒(Hopea chinensis Hand.Mass)、水茄(Solanum touvum Swartz)等7种植物粗提物对5种供试真菌均有活性,其中狭叶坡垒抑菌活性最为显著;进一步测定了狭叶坡垒石油醚萃取层、乙酸乙酯萃取层及水萃取层对玉米大斑菌(Helminthosporium turcicum Pass)、稻胡麻叶斑菌(Helminthosporium oryzae Breda de Haan)和西瓜枯萎菌(F.oxysporum Schl.f.sp)等21种供试植物病原真菌的生物活性,结果表明,5 mg/mL狭叶坡垒乙酸乙酯萃取物的抑菌活性最强,对水稻恶苗菌[Gibberella fujikuroi(Saw)Wollenw]、香蕉黑条叶斑菌(Mycosphaerella fijiensis Marelet)和香蕉褐缘灰斑菌(Cercospora musae Zimm)等18种植物病原菌均有一定抑制作用,其中对烟草黑胫病菌(Phytophthora nicotianae Breda)的抑制率达100%,对香蕉叶缘枯菌(Alternaria musae Bour.et Bat)、香蕉大灰斑菌[Curvalaria lunata(Wakker)Boedijin]、甘蔗凤梨病菌[Ceratocystis paradoxa(Dade)Moreau]、甘蓝黑斑菌[Alternaria brassicola(Schw.)Wiltshire]和水稻纹枯菌(R.solani)的抑制率分别为89.00%、94.12%、90.35%、89.93%和85.13%。对烟草黑胫病菌(C.nicotianae)、香蕉叶缘枯菌(A.musae)、香蕉大灰斑菌(C.lunata)、甘蔗凤梨病菌(C.paradoxa)、甘蓝黑斑菌(A.brassicola)和水稻纹枯菌(R.solani)的EC50分别为:0.475 8,2.642 9,0.614 7,0.467 4,0.977 7,3.463 7 mg/mL。对甘蔗凤梨病菌(C.paradoxa)、甘蓝黑斑菌(A.brassicola)进行孢子萌发实验,其EC50分别为0.716 6 mg/mL、1.784 4 mg/mL。研究结果为进一步研究狭叶坡垒枝叶中的抑菌活性成分提供了基础数据。     

几种蕨类植物抑菌活性的初步研究

[目的]探究几种蕨类植物的抑菌活性,为发现植物源农药提供线索。[方法]以小麦纹枯病菌、番茄灰霉病菌2种植物病原真菌为供试菌,对采自江西省吉安市的3种植物提取物的抑菌活性进行测定。[结果]乙酸乙酯相萃取物的质量浓度为1 mg/ml时,狗脊蕨的抑制效果最好,对小麦纹枯病菌和番茄灰霉病菌2种菌的抑制率分别为88.8%和100%,海金沙抑菌效果次之,对2种病原菌抑制率分别为73%和76.8%。但这3种供试植物的石油醚相和水相萃取物对2种病原真菌的抑制效果均不强。[结论]3种植物萃取物中,乙酸乙酯相萃取物对供试菌种表现出较明显的抑制作用。狗脊蕨和海金沙的提取物作为植物源杀菌剂值得进一步研究。     

Isolation and Purification of Bovine Colostrum slgA and IgG

To further utilize bioactive substance such as bovine colostrum sIgA and IgG, sIgA and IgG were isolated and purified simultaneously by salting out, ultrafiltration and gel chromatography, etc. The analysis of results were showed quantitatively by nonhydrogenized SDS-PAGE, and quanlities of sIgA and IgG were respectively detected by Western Blot. The results showed that the purity and yield of bovine colostrum sIgA were 85.3% and 42.8%, respectively, while the purity and yield of bovine colostrum IgG were respectively 97.2% and 64.4%. This preparative method provides theoretical and experimental foundation for sIgA industrial production.     

Effects of Elemental Sulphur and Farmyard Manure on pH and Salinity of Calcareous Sandy Loam Soil and Some Nutrient Elements in Tomato Plant

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of elemental sulphur （S） and farmyard manure on soil pH, EC and N, S, P concentrations of tomato grown in a calcareous sandy loam soil. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions. Sulphur was applied at 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 400 mg kg~ and farmyard manure at 0, 3 ton da^-1 to the soil. Three weeks after applications, tomato seedlings were planted and 8 weeks later, the plants were harvested to determine N, S, P concentrations and dry matter yield. Soil pH and EC were determined in the soil samples taken at 3 different periods. Effects of sulphur and farmyard manure applications were not significant on N, P concentrations and dry matter yield of tomato plant. S concentration of tomato plant was increased by sulphur alone. Soil pH was decreased and soil EC was increased in both 2^nd and 3^rd soil sampling period by the sulphur applications. As a result of farmyard manure application, soil pH decreased in the 2^nd soil sampling period but increased in the 3^rd soil sampling period. Also, soil EC was significantly increased in 1^st and 3^rd soil sampling period. Farmyard manure had no significant effect on S supply to tomato plant. The N：S ratio of tomato plant was decreased by sulphur alone. However, the sulphur with farmyard manure applications decreased N：S ratio in lesser extend compared to the S applications.     

Comparison of Antioxidant Activity and Antioxidant Components in Lettuce,Onion and Tomato Obtained with Different Levels and Forms of Nitrogen Fertilization

The effect of N levels and sources on the antioxidant components in vegetable is not completely understood. Therefore, greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the changes in antioxidant capacity diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） and ferric reducing antioxidant power （FRAP）, total phenolics, ascorbic acid, total carotene and lycopene contents in edible portions of lettuce, onion and tomato due to different nitrogen levels and sources. The experiment included three N levels （20, 40 and 60 kg/ha for lettuce trial and 60, 120 and 180 kg/ha for either onion or tomato） and four nitrogen sources （calcium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and urea）. The antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents in lettuce was enhanced under low nitrogen level, while the antioxidant capacities, phenolics, carotenoids and lycopene in tomato fruits were not significantly affected by the nitrogen dose applied. Application of calcium nitrate caused 50% increase in DPPH and 20% in FRAP of lettuce compared to other nitrogen forms. Tomato treated with calcium nitrate or ammonium sulphate had higher phenolic and ascorbic acid contents than treated plants with ammonium nitrate or urea. Antioxidant tested parameters of onion were not significantly affected by the nitrogen treatments. Nitrogen concentration in tomato fruits significantly correlated with FRAP antioxidant capacity, phenolics, ascorbic acid, carotene and lycopene contents.     

Comparing the Impact of a Neonicotinoid and Biorational Agroneem on Herbivorous and Beneficial Arthropods on Cowpea and Tomato

Cowpea （Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.） and tomato （Lycopersicum esculentum L. Karst） are attacked by a wide range of insect pests worldwide. In many cases, pesticides are used to control the pests. In 2010 and 2011, we conducted field experiments to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of a biorational （Agroneem~） and conventional pesticide （imidacloprid or thiamethoxam） on insect pests of these crops. In the first year, two varieties of cowpea （Mississippi Silver and Pinkeye Purple Hull） and two of tomato （Mariana and German Johnson） were used; in the second year, the better performing of each group （Mississippi Silver and Mariana） were used for the study. A split-plot design with four replications in Year 1, and a randomized complete block design with six treatment combinations in Year 2. In the first year, both pesticide groups were applied following manufacturer＇s recommendation （10-14 d cycles）; and in the second year, the application of the pesticides was driven by economic thresholds level （ETL） of insect pests. The most prevalent species of insects recorded in both crops were in the families： Chrysomelidae, Pentatomidae, Cicadellidae, Vespidae, Sarcophagidae, Thripidae and Sphingidae. In both years, the diversity of insects on cowpea was greater than on tomato and more insects were observed in the second year compared to the first, despite the absence of significant difference （P 〉 0.05） between varieties in the treated plots. The yield of cowpea and tomato was comparable in all sprayed plots.     

Assessment of Conflicts between Forestry and Agricultural Land Uses in Nigeria and Ghana

The study was conducted in four states of the Southwest geo-political zone in Nigeria and four regions in Ghana.. The results showed that the existing forest, agricultural and land use decree/policies in Nigeria and Ghana indicated lack of integration between Forestry and Agricultural land uses. The main conflicting areas were obsolete land use decree in Nigeria and lack of national land use policy in Ghana. The causes and effects of the conflicts had policy enunciation, stakeholders, and institutional and managerial dimensions. Some of the causes of the conflicts were lack of national land use policies for coherent and integrated forest and agricultural sectors; high population growth, de-reservation of forest reserves, unsustainable agricultural practices and technologies, land hunger, encroachment of forest reserves with cash crops and stakeholders＇ litany of demands and other diverse interests. Consequences of conflicts in the study locations included disharmony between forestry officials and farmers, antagonism between timber concenssionnaires and communities, wanton destruction of economic trees and seedlings, extinction of tree species, expansion of illegal farm lands and an attendant poverty. The logistic regression model for conflicts between forestry and agricultural land uses in Nigeria and Ghana indicated significant fit to the data judging from chi square value （df, 9） = 3174.1 that is significant at P 〈 0.05. The final loss of the model indicated a value of 92.47.     

Responses of Lowland NERICA and Improved Oryza sativa Rice to Phosphorus and Nitrogen in Sudan Savanna Agroecosystem

The responses of five inter-specific lowland rice cultivars （NERICA-L-19, NERICA-L-20, NERICA-L-41, NERICA-L-42, and NERICA-L-60） and four improved Oryza sativa cultivars （FKR 19, BW 348-1, WITA 4, and SIPI 6923033） to levels of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization were compared on a Typic Natrustalfat Kadawa in the Nigerian Sudan Savanna in 2006 and 2007 The responses of the NERICA-L eultivars to N and P fertilization were similar to the O. sativa cultivars. In a dry year （2007）, the NERICA-L cultivars gave higher yields than O. sativa cultivars. Phosphorus level did not significantly affect crop physiology, yield, and yield components of all the cultivars. Pooled across cultivars, N and P levels, days to panicle initiation, mid-flowering and maturity were, respectively delayed by 17.0, 15.6 and 6.4 days in 2007 compared to 2006. NERICA-L-42 and NERICA-L-41 were the most stable, exhibiting the least difference in duration to maturity between the two years （3.5 and 4.4 days, respectively）, and could therefore be more adapted to rain-fed environments prone to frequent droughts. Increasing N levels from 0 to 120 kg hal produced yield increments of 62.9 and 37.2% in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Cultivars FKR 19 and WITA 4 gave higher yields in 2006 （3940 and 3542 kg ha^-1, respectively）, while in 2007, NERICA-L-42, NERICA-L^-19 and NERICA-L-20 ranked among the highest in grain yield （3935, 3807 and 3726 kg hal, respectively） and could be recommended to resource-poor farmers. a     

Nutrient and Nutraceutical Potentials of Seaweed Biomass Ulva lactuca and Kappaphycus alvarezii

The study aimed at evaluating the nutrient and nutraceutical potentials of the selected seaweed biomass namely Ulva lactuca and Kappaphycus alvarezii. The selected seaweeds were found to be rich in macro and micronutrients. Kappaphycus contained high amount of ash when compared to U. lactuca. It is revealed that the mercury level in U. lactuca was 0.017 ppm and it was not detected in K. alvarezii. The heavy metal concentration in the selected seaweeds was within the tolerable value reported as quality criteria for edible seaweeds. These seaweeds were also found to be rich sources of vitamin antioxidants namely Vitamin C, total carotenoid, beta carotene, total chlorophyll and polyphenol. The phytochemical screening of the selected seaweeds showed that both seaweeds contained carbohydrates, protein, gums and mulicage, phenols, starch and quinones. Alkaloids was absent in Kappaphycus, saponins was moderate in U. actuca when compared to Kappaphycus. Glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids were absent in both the species. The selected seaweeds also possess antibacterial activity. The selected biomass could be recommended for use in dietaries to combat protein energy malnutrition and in particular micronutrient deficiencies.     

Some Engineering Properties of Sunflower Seed and Its Kernel

Some engineering properties of sunflower seed and its kernel, Shahroodi variety as a case study, were investigated at various moisture content levels （3-14% d.b.） for three size categories （large, medium and small）. With increase of moisture content from 3 to 14% d.b., all the main dimensions （length, width and thickness）, geometric mean diameter, porosity, true density, terminal velocity and static coefficient of friction increased while bulk density and rupture force for both sunflower seed and its kernel decreased for all size categories. The results showed that the highest value of static coefficient of friction for both seed and kernel was on the rubber surface, followed by plywood, polyethylene, galvanized iron, and finally aluminium surfaces. The seeds required less compressive force to dehull when loaded under the horizontal as compared to the vertical orientation. But for kernels, the trend was the opposite. Also, the compressive forces needed to initiate rupture of sunflower seed hulls were higher （47.1-94.72 N） than those required to rupture the kernel （8.5-13.4 N） in both orientations.