Phylogeny and biodiversity of Trichoderma and Hypocrea and its implications on taxonomy

Safe strain identification and species recognition is an important issue for Trichoderma and Hypocrea, because members of the genus are economically important producers of industrial enzymes and antibiotics, have application as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens, whereas some have become known as opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised mammals and humans. However, classical approaches based on the use of morphological and phenetic characters have been difficult to apply, due to…     

Isolation and Purification of Bovine Colostrum sIgA and IgG

To further utilize bioactive substance such as bovine colostrum sIgA and IgG,sIgA and IgG were isolated and purified simultaneously by salting out,ultrafiltration and gel chromatography,etc.The analysis of results were showed quantitatively by non-hydrogenized SDS-PAGE,and quanlities of sIgA and IgG were respectively detected by Western Blot.The results showed that the purity and yield of bovine colostrum sIgA were 85.3%and 42.8%,respectively,while the purity and yield of bovine colostrum IgG were respectively 97.2%and 64.4%.This preparative method provides theoretical and experimental foundation for sIgA industrial production.     

Microarray-Based Detection and Differentiation of Virulent and Attenuated Pseudorabies Virus

DNA microchip used in this study was formed from miniature arrays of pseudorabies virus （PrV） gene-specific probes immobilized on a glass surface. Hybridization using DNA microchip （microarrays） was used for differentiation between virulent and attenuated PrV. The presence of four gene segments （gB, gD, gE~, and gE ） encoding conservative glycoprotein B （gB）, D （gD）, and E （gE） of PrV was monitored using multiplex PCR. The amplicons were labeled with Cy5 or Cy3 dyes followed by hybridization to the gene-specific capture probes on the microchip. The presence of gD and gB, gE~ gene fragments was shown in virulent （gE~ genotype） and attenuated PrV （gE genotype）, whereas gE- gene （deleted domain in gE gene） was demonstrated only in virulent, not in attenuated, virus. No cross-hybridization was observed when fluorescence labeled-PCR products of PrV were hybridized using capture probes of related viruses, such as porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus （PRRSV）, porcine parvovirus （PPV）, Japanese encephalitis virus （JEV）, and porcine circovirus type 2 （PCV-2）. The assay was 10 times sensitive than gD gene-specific PCR. Overall, the results of this study suggested that the microarray might be very useful for detection and differentiation of virulent PrV from attenuated one.     

Influence of P and Cd Interaction on Spinach Growth and Uptake P and Cd in Calcareous Soil

采用盆栽试验,研究了石灰性土壤中磷、镉交互作用对菠菜生长的影响。结果表明,磷的添加可减轻镉对菠菜生长的毒害,随着向土壤中添加磷浓度的增加,菠菜叶片中叶绿素含量和菠菜生物量呈先增后降的趋势。当镉浓度相同条件下,随着向土壤中添加磷浓度的升高,菠菜叶片中叶绿素含量和菠菜生物量也呈现先增后降的趋势,其中土壤中磷浓度为150mg/kg时,菠菜的生物量达到最大,且叶片中叶绿素含量也最高。当向土壤中添加镉浓度为1.5、20mg/kg时,施磷均明显降低了菠菜植株中镉的含量。研究还发现,植株体内磷、镉的含量与土壤环境中的磷、镉浓度呈显著正相关关系。     

Detection of Beta-Lactamase and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase of Pathogens Isolated from Pig and Chicken and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

The antibacterial activity of beta-lactam antibiotics or their combinations with inhibitor sulbactum against non-lactamase- producing strains, lactamase-producing and ESBLs-producing isolates was evaluated with twofold dilution method after pathogens isolated from pigs and chickens were detected, respectively, for beta-lactamase and extended-spectrum beta- lactamases （ESBLs）, The results revealed that most of 43 clinically isolated strains could produce beta-lactamase and 3 strains of shigella isolated from chicken samples produced ESBLs. All of 30 lactamase-producing strains isolated and only one of 16 non-lactamase-producing strains were resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin. MICs of ampicillin against lactamaseproducing isolates decreased 10-40 and 10-20 times respectively, when it was conbined with sulbactam at ration of 1：2 and 1：4. All clinical isolates were susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins. The MICs of third-generation cephalosporins against lactamase-producing isolates did not change when they were conbined with sulbactam. MICs of ceftiofur and ceftriaxone against ESBLs-producing isolates decreased 2-4 times when they were conbined with sulbactam.     

illed and managed identically

n: Cancerization or precancerous lesion of liver tissues appeared in all the groups except control group; The occurring rate of precancerous lesion in dosage groups was close to that of model group(P > 0.05),but the occurring rate of     

The principle and Application of the Multiple and Partial Coherence Analysis

The basic principles of the partial and multiple coherence ananlysis and their utilization on vibration source idenfification are discussed in detail in this paper,The partial coherence analysis is the effective method of vibration source identification in multiple input-single output systems.Formerly,there was not any this kind of unction in the signal processor,and there was not and special software too.The software which we developed and used in the 7T 17S signal processor has this function.This software can be used not only for the parial and multiple coherence analysis of signal,but also for the correlation analysis,power spectrum analysis,transfer function analysis et al.We used this software to make the identifcation of the vibration source of the car floor board of electrical measuring vehicle,and to find the main factors which effect the vibration of the ear board.The excellent result was obtained.This method can also be used for making the identifications of noise source and other sources.     

Effects of Controlled-Release Fertilizers and Their Application Methods on Germination and Seedling Growth of Dent and Sweet Corns

Effects of controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) (C-AS, polyolefin coated ammonium sulfate, 50-day-type; Dd-LP, polyolefin coated urea with dicyandiamide, 40-day-type; C-ANP, polyolefin coated ammonium nitrate phosphate, 40-day-type; and C-DAP, polyolefin coated diammonium acid phosphate, 40-day-type), ammonium sulphate and no fertilizer control, and their application methods (spot, band, surface and mixed) on germination and seedling development of sweet corn (Zeamays L.var. saccharata Sturt.) and dent corn (Zea mays L.var. indentata Sturt.) were investigated in a greenhouse. Under co-situs application (band and spot) of CRFs, there were no obvious differences in the germination speed and rate for both dent corn and sweet corn relative to control. Mortality rates of sweet corn seedlings under co-situs application were high in experiment 1, but were very low in experiment 2, because the environmental conditions were different in the two experiments. That is, under lower temperature and weaker sunlight, young seedlings easily die due to high soil nutrient concentration and slow growth speed of corn. Shoot weight of both dent and sweet corn did not greatly decrease in experiment 1. In experiment 2, there were no significant differences in shoot and root weight of both corns between cositus and surface or mixed application methods. However, with spot and band application of ammonium sulfate, shoot and root weight were significantly reduced. Soil EC and pH were considerably affected by co-situs application, especially at the fertilizer application site. For both dent and sweet corn, EC in the 0-3 cm soil was significantly higher under co-situs application and surface application than that under mixed application, whereas in the 3-6 cm soil depth the situation was reversed. Compared with control, mixed application of CRFs decreased soil pH slightly (0-3 cm depth) or greatly (3-6 cm depth).     

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Identification and Distribution of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates from Primeval Forests in Yunnan and Hainan Provinces and Northeast Region of China

Ninety-two Bacillus thuringiensis isolates were screened from 683 soil samples collected from tropical and semitropical primeval forests in Yunnan and Hainan provinces of China. Several shapes of crystals, including bipyramidal, square, ovoid, spherical, and amorphous, were observed in the B. thuringiensis isolates. Twenty-six pairs of primers were used to identify 31 holotype cry genes at primary rank of the B. thuringiensis cry gene nomenclature system. The cry gene-types of 92 B. thuringiensis isolates and 33 B. thuringiensis isolates screened from Northeast region of China were identified by PCR-RFLP and SDS-PAGE methods. Fifty-eight isolates harbored cry1 genes, 32 isolates cry2 genes, 12 isolates cry8 genes, 3 isolates cry9 genes, 12 isolates cry11 genes, and 13 isolates cry30 genes. Of the tested isolates, 42 produced no reaction product with 26 pairs of primers and also exhibited no toxicity against 8 insect species tested. The isolate Z2-34 harbored a novel cry30 gene, exhibited insecticidal activity against Aedes albopictus of Dipterans. The accession number of the novel genes in this study is AY916046. Isolation and identification of B. thuringiensis and cry gene are important for investigating the diversity of B. thuringiensis resources and cloning new cry gene.     

Coupling Effect of Water and Fertilizer on Soybean Yield and Nutrient Absorption

Soybean cultivar Bei 92-28 was tested in this experiment in 2000 to study the coupling effect of water and ferilizer on soybean yield. The results showed that the effect of irrigation varied among the levels of fertilizer application,and vice versa；pods per plant ,seeds per pod. and 100-seed weight had positive correlations with soybean yield,but the degrees of correlations of different treatments were various;LAI and dry matter accumulation could be significantly increased when watered and applied fertilizer with different levels,but high fertilizer application treatment didn‘t obtain the highest yield; watering could increase the absolute absorption amount of N,P,K in seeds,but the accumulation rates were various.     

The technology and mechanism of removal of plastic mulch and land preparation

In this article,the characteristic of the field plastic mulch, the craft for mechanization removal and land preparation of plastic mulch and the mechanism frequently used in the removal and land preparation of plastic mulch were introduced, which offered references for the design of removal mechanism and land preparation of plastic mulch and structural optimization combination of working components.     

Beyond Biochar-Soil,Plant and Environment: Research Progress and Future Prospects

Since industrial revolution, the atmospheric CO2 concentration has kept a continuous increase by more than 2.2 ppm yr^-1, and approaches to almost 400 ppm at present （Jouzel 2012）. China has become the largest country of greenhouse gas emission （GHG）, and confronts with great challenge to mitigate GHG.     

Extinctions and introductions in the new zealand avifauna: cause and effect?

New Zealand, like many other islands, has suffered extinctions of native species and successful introductions of exotic species. It has been uncertain whether the introductions caused the extinctions or whether the extinctions permitted the introductions. On New Zealand's Hauraki Gulf islands, which are unusual in their near lack of introduced mammalian predators and complete lack of mammalian browsers, exotic bird species abundant in mainland New Zealand forest and reaching these islands are virtually absent from unmodified forest. Exotic bird species disappeared from Cuvier Island's forest after elimination of mammalian predators and browsers. Hence extinctions of native species were not due to competition from introduced species but to other factors (such as mammalian predators and habitat alteration). Only after decimation of native species and forest alteration by browsing mammals could exotic birds invade forest.     

Relationship Between Hyperspectral Parameters and Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of Flue-Cured Tobacco Leaves

The experiment was set up for examining the physiological and biological indexes quickly and exactly, for obtaining information of tobacco-field fertilizing and tobacco growing. The ASD Field spec FR 2500 was used to measure spectra reflectance of flue-cured tobacco and the relationship between hyperspectral parameters and biochemical contents （total nitrogen, chlorophyll, carotenoid）, and physiological indexes （fresh weight, dry weight, moisture content） of flue-cured tobacco leaves was studied by correlation and stepwise regression statistic methods at different nitrogen and potassium levels. The results indicated that the spectra curves of different treatments had obvious rules and great diversities. There were high correlations between different types of spectra parameters and ten physiological and biochemical indexes of flue-cured tobacco leaves. Hyperspectral characteristic variables of ten physiological and biochemical indexes were found through stepwise regression, and SDr/SDb was the characteristic variable closest to seven biochemical contents. Simultaneously, the R2 and regression coefficient of equations reached 0.05 significant level and the equations had good estimating effects through the examination of other samples. Accordingly, this study suggested that the ten physiological and biochemical indexes could be estimated quickly by the estimating models, at the same time nitrogen-potassium fertilization and growth condition of flue-cured tobacco could be inspected.     

Preparation and Testing of Cementing and Coating Nano-Subnanocomposites of Slow/Controlled-Release Fertilizer

To select the cementing and coating materials of slow/controlled-release fertilizer, the natural kaoline and abandoned foam plastics were used to prepare nano-subnanocomposites through the methods of organic material intercalation, semiemulsification, and cut at high velocity techniques. Besides, two kinds of nano-subnanocomposites were tested in this study using several instruments, including the scanning electron microscope （SEM）, the X-ray diffraction （XRD）, the infrared ray spectrum （IR）, and the laser granularity. The main results were as follows： 1） The organic material was intercalated in the layers of kaoline clays, and the natural kaoline exfoliated into nanometer-sized layers. The organic agent and clays formed nanocomposites through hydrogen bond combination. 2） The SEM pictures of polystyrenestarch nano-subnanocomposites showed that many pores and rugas were present on the surface of film at sizes ranging from 10 to 20 nm. These nano-subnanocomposites were used as the cementing and coating materials of slow/controlledrelease fertilizer.     

Subspecific Characteristics and Classification of Rice Varieties Developed Through Indica and Japonica Crossing

Six characteristics, i.e., hull color, chaff and leaf pubescences, length of 1st and 2nd rachis, grain length/width ratio and phenol reaction, of rice progenies from indica and japonica crossing were studied using the Cheng‘s index classification method. The results indicated that F1 generations performed more like indica, while F2 generations were approximately in a normal distribution. Both of the rice progenies were more affected by indica and female parents than by japonica and male parents. Among the six Cheng‘s index traits of the parents and F1 generations, and between the traits and Cheng‘s indexes, significant correlations (both at α=0.05 and α=0.01) were found in most cases. No significant correlations were found among the 6 Cheng‘s index traits of F2 generations in most cases, but significant correlations (α=0.01) existed between these traits and Cheng‘s indexes. The six Cheng‘s index traits of F2 ranged successively, and many individuals showed over-parent genetics, with the same trends in both direct cross and reciprocal cross. Among the 6 index traits, chaff and leaf pubescences almost presented in a two-peak value, while the others in a mono-peak value. The hull color, phenol reaction and length of 1st and 2nd rachis were distributed in deviation, with the first two traits presented more in japonica individuals and the last trait more in indica. The grain length/width ratios were nearly in a normal distribution.