Particle acceleration on megaparsec scales in a merging galaxy cluster

Galaxy clusters form through a sequence of mergers of smaller galaxy clusters and groups. Models of diffusive shock acceleration suggest that in shocks that occur during cluster mergers, particles are accelerated to relativistic energies, similar to conditions within supernova remnants. In the presence of magnetic fields, these particles emit synchrotron radiation and may form so-called radio relics. We detected a radio relic that displays highly aligned magnetic fields, a strong spectral index gradient, and a narrow relic width, giving a measure of the magnetic field in an unexplored site of the universe. Our observations show that diffusive shock acceleration also operates on scales much larger than in supernova remnants and that shocks in galaxy clusters are capable of producing extremely energetic cosmic rays.     

Giant ringlike radio structures around galaxy cluster Abell 3376

In the current paradigm of cold dark matter cosmology, large-scale structures are assembling through hierarchical clustering of matter. In this process, an important role is played by megaparsec (Mpc)-scale cosmic shock waves, arising in gravity-driven supersonic flows of intergalactic matter onto dark matter-dominated collapsing structures such as pancakes, filaments, and clusters of galaxies. Here, we report Very Large Array telescope observations of giant ( approximately 2 Mpc by 1.6 Mpc), ring-shaped nonthermal radio-emitting structures, found at the outskirts of the rich cluster of galaxies Abell 3376. These structures may trace the elusive shock waves of cosmological large-scale matter flows, which are energetic enough to power them. These radio sources may also be the acceleration sites where magnetic shocks are possibly boosting cosmic-ray particles with energies of up to 10(18) to 10(19) electron volts.     

2008年济宁市一次暴雨天气过程分析

利用常规天气图和物理量场资料,从大尺度环流背景、降水天气影响系统、物理量场等方面,分析2008年8月21日发生在山东省济宁市的一次暴雨天气过程的成因。结果表明:此次暴雨天气是在有利的天气背景下发生的,是受西风槽和低空切变线共同影响形成的。低空急流为强降水的产生提供了充分的水汽条件。暴雨落区在水汽通量散度的辐合中心的左前方。卫星云图资料上暴雨云团的移动与天气系统的移动基本一致,切变线上云团发展迅速。     

ASTRONOMY: A New Source of Gamma Rays

Relativistic outflows or "jets" are collimated streams of high-energy electrons that emit synchrotron radiation at radio wavelengths and have bulk velocities that are a substantial fraction of the speed of light. They trace the outflow of enormous amounts of energy and matter from a central supermassive black hole in distant radio galaxies. As Fender explains in this Perspective, much smaller, more local sources may also produce such jets. Data presented by Paredes et al. point toward association of one such source, a relatively faint x-ray binary, with a gamma-ray source. This and similar pairs may contribute substantially to the production of high-energy particles and photons within our galaxy.     

Baryons at the edge of the X-ray-brightest galaxy cluster

Studies of the diffuse x-ray-emitting gas in galaxy clusters have provided powerful constraints on cosmological parameters and insights into plasma astrophysics. However, measurements of the faint cluster outskirts have become possible only recently. Using data from the Suzaku x-ray telescope, we determined an accurate, spatially resolved census of the gas, metals, and dark matter out to the edge of the Perseus Cluster. Contrary to previous results, our measurements of the cluster baryon fraction are consistent with the expected universal value at half of the virial radius. The apparent baryon fraction exceeds the cosmic mean at larger radii, suggesting a clumpy distribution of the gas, which is important for understanding the ongoing growth of clusters from the surrounding cosmic web.     

Crystal structure of biotin synthase, an S-adenosylmethionine-dependent radical enzyme

The crystal structure of biotin synthase from Escherichia coli in complex with S-adenosyl-L-methionine and dethiobiotin has been determined to 3.4 angstrom resolution. This structure addresses how "AdoMet radical" or "radical SAM" enzymes use Fe4S4 clusters and S-adenosyl-L-methionine to generate organic radicals. Biotin synthase catalyzes the radical-mediated insertion of sulfur into dethiobiotin to form biotin. The structure places the substrates between the Fe4S4 cluster, essential for radical generation, and the Fe2S2 cluster, postulated to be the source of sulfur, with both clusters in unprecedented coordination environments.     

Covalent Group IV Atomic Clusters

Atomic clusters containing from two to several hundred atoms offer the possibility of studying the transition from molecules to crystalline solids. The covalent group IV elements carbon, silicon, and germanium are now being examined with this long-range objective. These elements are particularly interesting because of the very different character of their crystalline solids and because they are intermediate between metals and insulators in the nature of their bonding. Small mass-selected atom cluster ions are formed by pulsed laser techniques and identified by time-of-flight methods. Laser photoexcitation is used to study the relative stability of these clusters and their modes of fragmentation. These modes for C(n)(+) clusters, which tend to fragment with a characteristic loss of a neutral C(3), are found to be different from the modes for Si(n)(+) and Ge(n)(+) clusters, which tend to fragment to "magic" clusters such as Si(4)(+), Si(6)(+) and Si(10)(+). These experimental results can be accounted for by recent theoretical calculations of the ground-state structure and stability of small silicon and carbon clusters. Several theoretical approaches give consistent results, showing that small silicon clusters are compact and different from small fragments of the bulk crystal. Calculations show that carbon clusters change from linear structures toward cyclic structures as the cluster size increases, but with significant odd-even differences.     

我国农作物秸秆资源化利用的特征和困境及出路——以山东为例

本文认为:我国农作物秸秆资源化利用整体上呈现政府"热"和农户"冷"的特点。以山东省农作物秸秆资源化利用的情况为例,从市场机制、秸秆价格、资源化成本、约束条件等方面,分析了农作物秸秆资源化利用的困境。提出我国农作物秸秆资源化利用的出路,必须从政策、市场和技术上尽快实现秸秆定位资源化、秸秆利用产业化和秸秆产业集群化。     

Infrared signature of structures associated with the H+(H2O)n (n = 6 to 27) clusters

We report the OH stretching vibrational spectra of size-selected H+(H2O)n clusters through the region of the pronounced "magic number" at n = 21 in the cluster distribution. Sharp features are observed in the spectra and assigned to excitation of the dangling OH groups throughout the size range 6 相似文献   

An inverse compton process for the excess diffuse EUV emission from the virgo and coma galaxy clusters

The excess extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) emission detected in the Virgo and Coma clusters is explained by inverse Compton scattering of cosmic microwave background photons, which are scattered by the relativistic electrons that account for the extended radio synchrotron emission of these clusters. The lower limits of the average magnetic fields of these clusters estimated from the EUV excess are close to the equipartition magnetic fields derived from radio observations, indicating that the electron energies and magnetic field energies might be close to equipartition. The excess emission suggests energy reservoirs of approximately 10(61) and approximately 10(60) ergs for the Coma and Virgo clusters, respectively.     

蔷薇品种的数量分类学研究

本文将数量分类方法应用于蔷薇品种的分类,共选取了37个形态性状,采用SAS聚类方法,对20个蔷薇品种进行了数量分类学研究。结果表明,枝型为蔷薇品种分类的主要标准,是稳定的,作为一个比较高级的分类标准是适宜的;按照“二元分类法”原则,Q型聚类分析可以比较理想地将供试品种在Lq1=1.3948水平上分为两个系:典型藤本系、藤本系;在Lq2=1.2489水平上分为三个类:单瓣类、复瓣类和重瓣类。     

High-resolution x-ray imaging of a globular cluster core: compact binaries in 47Tuc

We have obtained high-resolution (approximately 1") deep x-ray images of the globular cluster 47Tucanae (NGC 104) with the Chandra X-ray Observatory to study the population of compact binaries in the high stellar density core. A 70-kilosecond exposure of the cluster reveals a centrally concentrated population of faint (Lx approximately 10(30-33) ergs per second) x-ray sources, with at least 108 located within the central 2' x 2.5' and greater, similar half with Lx approximately 10(30.5) ergs per second. All 15 millisecond pulsars (MSPs) recently located precisely by radio observations are identified, though 2 are unresolved by Chandra. The x-ray spectral and temporal characteristics, as well as initial optical identifications with the Hubble Space Telescope, suggest that greater, similar50 percent are MSPs, about 30 percent are accreting white dwarfs, about 15 percent are main-sequence binaries in flare outbursts, and only two to three are quiescent low-mass x-ray binaries containing neutron stars, the conventional progenitors of MSPs. An upper limit of about 470 times the mass of the sun is derived for the mass of an accreting central black hole in the cluster. These observations provide the first x-ray "color-magnitude" diagram for a globular cluster and census of its compact object and binary population.     

Pinwheels in the Quintuplet cluster

The five enigmatic cocoon stars, after which the Quintuplet cluster was christened, have puzzled astronomers since their discovery. Their extraordinary cool, featureless thermal spectra have been attributed to various stellar types from young to highly evolved, whereas their absolute luminosities place them among the supergiants. We present diffraction-limited images from the Keck 1 telescope that resolve this debate with the identification of rotating spiral plumes characteristic of colliding-wind binary "pinwheel" nebulae. Such elegant spiral structures, found around high-luminosity Wolf-Rayet stars, have recently been implicated in the behavior of supernovae light curves in the radio and optical.     

Gas-phase clusters: spanning the States of matter

Gas-phase clusters, which are weakly bound aggregates comprised of either atoms or molecules, often display properties that lie between those of the gaseous and condensed states. Interesting questions arise concerning how large a cluster must be before it will display bulk properties. Currently there is extensive research activity directed toward studies of their formation and varying properties and reactivity as a function of the degree of aggregation. Results serve to elucidate at the molecular level the course of change of a system to be followed from the gas to the condensed state, thereby enabling a spanning of the states of matter.     

The origin of galaxies and clusters of galaxies

Debate on how galaxies and clusters of galaxies formed has reached an interesting stage at which one can find arguments for quite different scenarios. The galaxy distribution has a complex "frothy" character that could be the fossil of a network of protoclusters or pancakes that produced galaxies. However, there are galaxies like our own that seem never to have been in a protocluster but are physically similar to the galaxies in dense clusters. Some clues to be assessed in resolving this dilemma are the possible existence of galaxy filaments, the relative ages of galaxies and clusters of galaxies, and the continuity between cluster and field galaxies and between galaxies and clusters of galaxies.     

探讨吉林省庆丰水库电台防雷接地的设计

因雷雨天气偏多,各大中型水库电台时有被雷电击穿和人员伤亡现象。通过电台室外避雷接地通网和电台电源防雷接地的建立,介绍了水库电台防雷接地设计方法。     

湖南生猪生产波动影响因素的实证分析及政策建议

本文在明确农业产业集群含义的基础上,通过对辽宁省农业产业集群的个案调查研究,总结出农业产业集群有三种成长模式,即基础推动型农业产业集群,企业带动型农业产业集群和市场导向型农业产业集群。这三种成长模式只是广义上的农业产业集群向严格意义的农业产业集群发展中形成的不同路径方式。针对不同成长模式存在的问题,提出相应的对策建议。不同地区在发展本地农业产业集群时,可以依据自身优势,有不同的模式选择。     

基于自组织竞争神经网络的红籽瓜自交系聚类分析

自组织竞争神经网络是一种具有强大的自学习功能、良好的自组织性和自适应性的聚类方法,能够迅速得到聚类结果.本文基于自组织竞争神经网络的聚类功能,依据6个红色籽用西瓜数量性状特征指标,将47份自交系分为4类.聚类结果表明,不同自交系类群间的遗传变异较大,在配置杂交组合时,应尽量在不同类群问选配亲本,为红籽瓜育种提供理论依据.     

Evaluation of an analytical method to identify determinants of rice yield components and protein content

Modern information technologies have facilitated the collection of data to assess various aspects of rice production such as yield, quality, soil properties and growth conditions. Currently, farmers can identify any variation of these indicators within a field, between fields or with other farmers. However, a comprehensive analytical method to identify the determinants of variability has not been developed, and the data collected are not efficiently utilized to diagnose and improve the production skills of farmers. Our study focused on the development of an analytical method that can identify the determinants of rice yield and quality. The analytical method used applied cluster analysis (Ward method) to assess the data from 82 paddy fields where rice is produced in various environments and with various management styles. Initially, the 82 paddy fields were classified into 11 clusters based on five indicators of yield components and rice quality; number of panicles, number of spikelets, percentage of ripened grains, 1000-grain weight (GW) and protein content of brown rice. Then, 9 of 11 clusters (two clusters were excluded due to insufficient data to form a cluster) were divided into four groups based on yield capacity. As a result, common characteristics of fertilizer application, meteorological environment and growth conditions were extracted from each cluster. Furthermore, determinants of yield components and protein content were efficiently identified based on the common characteristics extracted.