Die nutritiven Arterien der proximalen Sesambeine (Ossa sesamoidea proximalia) des Pferdes

The prepared limbs of horses, 4 to 14 years old (10 front legs and 10 hind legs for radiological investigations, 5 front legs and 5 hind legs for investigations through soaking) showed. some variability in the number and morphology of the nutritional arteries of the proximal sesamoid bone. Details of the arterial supply are described.     

Cutaneous saphenous nerve graft for the treatment of sciatic neurotmesis in a dog

CASE DESCRIPTION: A 2-year-old Griffon Vendéen was examined because of a 1-month history of right hind limb lameness after a traumatic injury. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Neurologic examination revealed monoplegia and anesthesia of the right hind limb distal to the stifle (femorotibial) joint except for the area supplied by the cutaneous saphenous nerve. Results of electromyographic testing were consistent with a severe lesion of the tibial and peroneal nerves at the level of the stifle joint. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Exploratory surgery revealed an 80-mm-long gap in both the peroneal and tibial branches of the right sciatic nerve. A section of the left cutaneous saphenous nerve was interposed to graft the nerve defects. The dog received joint mechanotherapy and electrophysiologic therapy during the reinnervation process. Ten months after surgery, the dog had recovered almost completely. Neurologic examination revealed diminished flexion of the tarsal and digital joints. Repeat electromyographic testing revealed no abnormal spontaneous electrical activity in the right hind limb musculature, and small compound muscle action potentials were recorded in the right interosseous and cranial tibial muscles. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Without surgical treatment, neurotmesis injury results in poor recovery of motor and sensory functions and may result in amputation. If a nerve defect exists, nerve grafting should be considered, even if the procedure is delayed until well after the injury. The sensory portion of the cutaneous saphenous nerve is a potential source of peripheral nerve for grafting in dogs. Reinnervation is a long-term process and physiologic support and owner involvement are necessary, but nearly complete functional recovery is possible.     

The analysis of densitometric and geometric parameters of bilateral proximal phalanges in horses with the use of peripheral quantitative computed tompgraphy

Background

Proximal phalanges in horses are among bones that are most prone to injuries. So far, the detailed analysis of densitometric and geometric parameters of both front legs proximal phalanges in horses has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the densitometric and geometric parameters between proximal phalanges in equine both front legs with the use of peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT).

Methods

The study material comprised isolated both front legs proximal phalanges derived from 22 horses. The structure analysis of the proximal phalanges was conducted with the pQCT. The following bone parameters were determined: bone mineral content, volumetric bone mineral density, total bone area, trabecular area, cortical area, cortical thickness, periosteal circumference, endocortical circumference, Strength Strain Index. Tomographic analysis of proximal phalanges was conducted at three levels: at 15%, 50% and 85% of the bone length.

Results

The statistical analysis showed that both the densitometric and geometric parameters of the bone at 50% and 85% of its length, did not present any statistically significant differences for the left or right proximal phalanges of the forelimb. At the same time, all examined parameters measured at 15% of the bone length, in the vicinity of the proximal metaphysis revealed significant statistical differences between both front legs proximal phalanges.

Conclusions

The proximal phalanx parameters in the forelimbs are significantly different for the left and right proximal phalanx at 15% of the length and they indicate higher Strength Strain Index of the left bone in this location. The densitometric and geometric parameters of the bone at 50% and 85% of its length, did not present any statistically significant differences for the left or right proximal phalanges of the left and right forelimbs. The most serious changes caused by asymmetrical load of the thoracic limbs in horses occur near the proximal metaphysis, where the spongious substance is most abundant. This may happen because the metabolism of the spongious bone tissue is eight times faster compared to the compact bone tissue. Thus, any changes, including those caused by asymmetrical strain exerted on the right and left thoracic limbs, are the earliest to be observed.     

Infectious epiphysitis and valvular endocarditis in a red deer (Cervus elaphus)

A 10-month-old male red deer (Cervus elaphus) was presented with severe lameness and enlargement of the fetlock areas of both front and one hind legs. Radiographs demonstrated an epiphysitis and osteomyelitis of the distal metacarpal and metatarsal bones. Post mortem revealed pus containing Corynebacterium pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in the lesions, and an accompanying valvular endocarditis of the right atrioventricular valve.     

Factor analysis of body measurements in Arabian horses

Data of 13 body measurements have been analysed from 166 Arabian horses, 123 mares and 43 stallions, ranging from 49 to 298 months of age, belonging to Alzahraa stud, Cairo, Egypt. General linear model was used to study age and gender effects on these measures. Gender was a significant source of variation for most studied traits, but not for neck girth, cannon bone circumference of fore and hind legs, and pastern girth of fore and hind legs. Age significantly affected pastern girths of fore and hind legs and cannon bone circumference of fore legs, while there was no significant effect on the other measurements. Pearson correlations, adjusted for age effect, between measurements were estimated and ranged from 0.02 to 0.84 for mares and from ?0.05 to 0.90 for stallions. Factor analysis with promax rotation for each gender was carried out to derive fewer independent common factors. Three factors were extracted which accounted for 66% and 67% of the total variance in mares and stallions respectively. The first, second and third factors in mares tended to describe body thickness, leg thickness and general size respectively; whereas in stallions they tended to differentiate among general size, leg thickness and body thickness respectively. The three extracted factors for each gender determine the main sources of shared variability that control body conformation in Arabian horses. These factors could be considered in selection programmes to acquire highly coordinated bodies in pure Arabian horses with fewer measurements.     

猪肌浆中某些元素含量与肌肉和骨骼生长的关系——定远猪及其二元杂交猪肌浆中Ca、P、Mg、Mn、Zn的含量与肌肉生长和后肢发育之间的相关性比较

研究了定远猪及其杂交F1 代猪肌浆中Ca、P、Zn、Mn、Mg等元素含量与肌肉生长和后肢发育之间的相关性。结果表明 ,杂交使得猪肌浆中的Ca含量显著降低 (P <0 0 1 ) ,导致肌浆Ca、P比例改变并升高 ;肌浆Mg、Mn、Zn含量变化不明显。杂交F1 代猪肌浆中Ca、Zn与肌肉蛋白质含量间呈较高的正相关 ,r =0 84～ 0 91 ,(定远猪r =0 40 ) ,肌浆Ca、Zn水平可能是肌肉生长的指示剂。肌浆Mn、Zn含量与后躯及后肢骨骼发育状况间的关系尚未能肯定     

Pygomelia or supernumerary limbs in a crossbred calf

A crossbred (Sindhi × local indigenous) calf that was 12 days old was admitted to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chittagong Government Veterinary College, Bangladesh, with two accessory hind limbs attached to the pelvic region in between the hind legs. This was clinically identified as a congenital anomaly popularly called pygomelia. The pygomelia was successfully corrected by surgical excisions.     

Pressure Distribution Under Paws of Chinchilla (Chinchilla Laniger)

The purpose of this study was to estimate the pressure distribution under the paws of chinchilla ( Chinchilla laniger ) using static pedobarography. We included in our study three healthy chinchilla aged 1–3 year, both sexes, weighted 480–570 g. We performed static pedobarography (PEL 38 podometer) in each chinchilla and we took into account standing on four legs or two hind legs. We found that on standing on four legs, two types of contact area with base in chinchilla exist: first type – the ring shape of contact area with base of forefeet with maximal pressure in forefeet at their central part and elliptic shape of foot contact area with base of hind legs (paws) with longer diameter about twice longer than the shorter one and with maximal pressure in hind legs at their posterior part (greater than pressure under forefoot paws), that a value was 98 g/cm² In the second type of foot contact area with base a pattern of hind legs was similar to that of forefeet. During standing on two hind legs we distinguished the another type (third) of foot contact area with base that was similar to the first type with the difference made by the fact that animal was standing only on hind paws. In each animal we found also the contact area with base of a tail – the contact area was similar to that of forefeet but the value of pressure was twice decreased. Concluding, the most frequent manner of contact area with base in chinchilla is 4 points contact with hind paws contact area twice greater than contact area of forefeet. Moreover, the fifth point of support can exist – a tail, which is mainly important during standing on the hind paws.     

猪肌浆中某些元素含量与肌肉和骨骼生长的关系

研究了定远猪及其杂交F1代猪肌浆中Ca、P、Zn、Mn、Mg等元素含量与肌肉生长和后肢发育之间的相关性。结果表明，杂交使得猪肌浆中的Ca含量显著降低(P＜0.01)，导致肌浆Ca、P比例改变并升高；肌浆Mg、Mn、Zn含量变化不明显。杂交F1代猪肌浆中Ca、Zn与肌肉蛋白质含量间呈较高的正相关，r=0.84～0.91，(定远猪r=0.40)，肌浆Ca、Zn水平可能是肌肉生长的指示剂。肌浆Mn、Zn含量与后躯及后肢骨骼发育状况间的关系尚未能肯定。     

Morphology of the Pelvis and Hind Limb of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) Evidenced by Gross Osteology,Radiography and Computed Tomography

The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is a quadrupedal arboreal animal primarily distributed in the Himalayas and southern China. It is a species commonly kept in zoological collections. This study was carried out to describe the morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the red panda evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography as a reference for clinical use and identification of skeletons. Radiography of the pelvis and right hind limb was performed in nine and seven animals, respectively. Radiographic findings were correlated with bone specimens from three adult animals. Computed tomography of the torso and hind limb was performed in one animal. The pelvic bone had a wide ventromedial surface of the ilium. The trochlea of the femur was wide and shallow. The patella was similar to that seen in feline species. The medial fabella was not seen radiographically in any animal. The cochlea grooves of the tibia were shallow with a poorly defined intermediate ridge. The trochlea of the talus was shallow and presented with an almost flattened medial ridge. The tarsal sesamoid bone was always present. The lateral process of the base of the fifth metatarsal (MT) bone was directed laterally. The MT bones were widely spaced. The morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the red panda indicated flexibility of the pelvis and hind limb joints as an adaptation to an arboreal quadrupedal lifestyle.     

Infectious epiphysitis and valvular endocarditis in a red deer (Cervus elaphus)

A 10-month-old male red deer (Cervus elaphus) was presented with severe lameness and enlargement of the fetlock areas of both front and one hind legs. Radiographs demonstrated an epiphysitis and osteomyelitis of the distal metacarpal and metatarsal bones. Post mortem revealed pus containing Corynebacterium pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in the lesions, and an accompanying valvular endocarditis of the right atrioventricular valve.     

人工饲养幼龄东北虎骨软症的诊治报告

某野生动物园饲养的6只4.5月龄东北虎,出现不愿活动、疼痛等症状,严重者后肢突然瘫痪,甚至出现骨折而死亡的现象。通过对临床症状观察、病原检测、血液常规及生化检查和病死虎腿骨的钙磷锌铁含量的测定,确诊为钙磷失调引起的骨软症。经饲喂活鸡、口服葡萄糖酸钙口服液、调整饲料结构等治疗措施,该病得到了控制。     

Osteochondrosis/osteoarthrosis and claw disorders in sows, associated with leg weakness

The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between different leg weakness symptoms and osteochondrosis/osteoarthrosis and claw disorders in sows together with the influence of age on these findings. One hundred and seventeen sows in one herd were followed from 6 months of age until culling and judged for leg weakness once in every gestation using a scale from 1 (normal) to 4 (severe changes). At slaughter changes in joints, growth plates and claws were scored on a scale from 1 (normal) to 5 (very severe changes). Osteoarthrotic changes were strongly associated with osteochondral changes in humeral and femoral condyles. The clinical signs of osteochondrosis and osteoarthrosis were found to be: buck-kneed forelegs, turn out of fore and hind legs, upright pasterns on hind legs, stiff locomotion, lameness and tendency to slip. The clinical signs of claw lesions were found to be: buck-kneed forelegs, upright pasterns, steep hock joints, turn out of hind legs, standing under position on hind legs, stiff movements, swaying hindquarters, goose-stepping hind legs, tendency to slip and lameness. Overgrown claws were strongly associated with leg weakness indicating the need for claw trimming in sow populations.     

Multiloculated solitary (unicameral) bone cyst in a young dog

A 20‐month‐old female spayed Staffordshire Terrier (22.3 kg) presented to the Orthopedic Surgery Service at North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of a 6‐week history of toe‐touching to nonweight‐bearing lameness in the right hind limb. Radiographs of the right stifle revealed a multiloculated lytic lesion of the distal femur, with a large open lytic zone centrally, numerous osseous septations peripherally, and focal areas of cortical thinning and loss. An aspirate of the right distal femoral lesion yielded mildly cloudy serosanguineous fluid. Cytologic examination of the fluid revealed a pleomorphic population of discrete cells that exhibited marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis and a variable nuclear‐to‐cytoplasmic (N:C) ratio, which were interpreted as probable neoplastic cells, with few macrophages, and evidence of hemorrhage. Given the clinical signs of pain, lesion size, and concern for malignant neoplasia, amputation of the right hind limb was performed. Histologically, the lesion had undulating walls 1‐3 mm thick with a continuous outer layer of dense fibrous tissue and an inner layer composed of reactive cancellous bone with no cortical compacta remaining. Remnants of thin fibrous or fibro‐osseous septa projected from the bony wall into the cyst lumen. The final histologic diagnosis was a benign multiloculated solitary (unicameral) bone cyst of the distal right femur. Based on the histopathologic findings, it was speculated that the cells identified on cytology were a mixture of developing osteoclasts, osteoblasts, endothelial, and stromal cells. This is the first report describing the cytologic examination of a solitary bone cyst in veterinary medicine.     

Mandibular reconstruction of a partial hemimandibulectomy in a dog with severe malocclusion

OBJECTIVE: To report treatment of severe mandibular malocclusion (after left partial hemimandibulectomy, approximately 7 cm gap). STUDY DESIGN: Clinical report. ANIMALS: A 14-month-old golden retriever. METHODS: After corrective osteotomy of the right horizontal mandibular ramus, normal occlusion was reestablished and temporarily maintained while both mandibles were stabilized by miniplates on the lateral alveolar surface spanning the bilateral mandibular defects (right=1.5 cm, left=7 cm). A fenestrated, monocortical rib graft was positioned beneath the left gingival surface to protect the synthetic graft, which was secured to the miniplate. A mandibular reconstruction plate (right) and a locking mandibular reconstruction plate (left) were secured to the ventral borders of the mandibles. Recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2 delivered in collagen tricalcium phosphate sponges (rhBMP-2 collagen-TCP sponge) was inserted into both mandibular defects. RESULTS: New bone formation was identified at 3 months and bony remodeling was evident at recheck examinations up to 4 years. Scintigraphy (6 months, 1 year) confirmed graft revascularization and viability. Bone collected (1 year) from the left defect site had robust new bone formation and evidence of continued remodeling. Only minor complications were encountered during the postoperative period and were easily resolved. CONCLUSIONS: Reconstruction of a large mandibular defect was facilitated by use of an osteoinductive factor (rhBMP-2 collagen-TCP sponge) as a graft substitute. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: One-step salvage and reconstruction facilitated by use of an osteoinductive factor, as a graft substitute, may be an alternative strategy for repair of large mandibular defects.     

利用双能X射线预测绵羊胴体肌内脂肪含量的研究

本研究旨在探讨双能X射线在绵羊肌内脂肪(IMF)含量等营养指标测定中的应用价值。试验选取19只8月龄蒙古绵羊作为研究对象,利用索氏抽提法测定IMF含量,利用组织成分检测仪测定胴体骨密度(BMD)、胴体单位矿物质的脂肪含量(FBMC)、胴体单位矿物质的肌肉含量(LBMC)、后腿单位矿物质的脂肪含量(LFBMC)、后腿单位矿物质的肌肉含量(LLBMC) 5个指标,再将这些指标进行相关性分析、通径分析及回归方程的构建。结果显示,FBMC对IMF的决定程度最大,且FBMC与IMF构成的回归方程极显著,表明可通过检测FBMC来进行绵羊胴体IMF的预测。该研究为双能X射线在肉品质快速评定中的应用提供了必要的依据。     

Study on Predicting Intramuscular Fat Content of Sheep Carcass Using Dual Energy X-ray

In order to study the value of application in determining the intramuscular fat (IMF) content and other nutrition with dual energy X-ray.Nineteen Mongolian sheep at 8 months of age were chosen to determine the IMF content by soxhlet extractor method and tissue components tester was used to determine the carcass bone density (BMD), fat content of carcass unit minerals (FBMC), the muscle content of carcass unit minerals (LBMC), fat content of the hind legs unit minerals(LFBMC) and hind legs muscle content unit minerals(LLBMC), and these indicators were analyzed by correlation analysis, path analysis and establishing regression equation.The results showed that FBMC had the most significant determinative effects on IMF, and the regression equation consisted of FBMC and IMF was greatly significant differences.Consequently, according to FBMC could predict the IMF in Mongolian sheep carcass.This study provided the necessary basis for the application of dual energy X-ray in the rapid evolution of meat quality.     

The occurrence of hereditary congenital arthromyodysplasia (arthromyodysplasia congenita hereditaria) in calves of the Hessian cattle population

The Arthromyodysplasia congenita hereditaria is marked by the flexion and fixation of the front leg joints. The statistic analysis of all available data from 536 calves showed that male calves and twins are significantly more affected. The course, duration and delivery date in the pregnancy of cows with arthromyodysplastic calves showed no peculiarity. Concomitant defects of arthromyodysplasia of the forelimbs were spine- and heart defects and neuromyodysplasia of the hind legs. Three bulls KUR, KER and ALD were ancestors of 37% of all registered calves. This frequency of arthromyodysplasia in the bloodline of these three bulls seem to be a sign for a genetic factor with a strong penetrance in male calves.     

Suspected panosteitis in a camel

CASE DESCRIPTION: A 6-month-old male Bactrian camel was examined because of a 3-week history of lameness of the left hind limb. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Lameness was initially detected in the left hind limb but resolved and was detected in the right hind limb during treatment. Lameness increased during periods of rapid growth. Radiography revealed multiple small opacities of the medullary cavity of several long bones throughout treatment. Core bone biopsies of lesions in the tibiae revealed lamellar bone with areas of loose connective tissue, osteoblasts in the medullary cavity, and periosteal new bone formation, all which were consistent with panosteitis. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Palliative treatment was attempted with epidural and transdermal administration of analgesics. Flunixin meglumine was administered PO, which coincided with an abrupt increase in serum creatinine concentration. Performance of multiple diagnostic bone biopsies led to remission of clinical signs of pain. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Panosteitis should be a differential diagnosis for shifting limb lameness in young camels. Bone biopsies can be useful for diagnosis of panosteitis and possible relief of pain associated with the disease. Bactrian camels may be susceptible to the renal toxicity of flunixin meglumine, especially when dehydrated.     

Body and claw measurements and pressure distribution under the claws in calves of different cattle breeds

In 58 female calves of the three breeds German Holstein (GH), German Brown (GB) and German Red (GR) the body weight and height were determined at the age of 79 to 188 days. At the right front limb and the left hind limb the following claw measurements were taken: dorsal border length, diagonal length, heel length and height, angle of the dorsal border and hardness of the claw horn. Furthermore, the punctual pressure under the medial and the lateral claw of the right front limb and the left hind limb were determined using an electronic measuring system. The GH calves weighing 136.8 kg were heavier than GB, which was the tallest breed with 106.2 cm height at the sacral bone. GR calves were the smallest (99.1 cm) and weighed 121.1 kg. The length of the diagonal and the angle of the dorsal border were smaller at the hind limb of all breeds which resulted in a smaller area of ground surface for the claw of this limb. The GR calves had the longest and flattest claws. The GB showed the highest pressures per cm2 at the front limb with 25.6 N/cm2 under both claws as well as at the hind limb with 26.7 N/cm2. The AR had the smallest pressure load with 20.8 N/cm2 at the front limb and 20.2 N/cm2 at the hind limb. The animals showed a larger relative weight load and area of ground surface on the medial claws of the front and hind limbs than on the lateral claws. The highest pressures were found underneath the rear part of the medial claw in all breeds. GB calves showed the highest average pressures (33.3 N/cm2 at the front limb) while GR calves had the lowest (26.3 N/cm2 at the hind limb). GR calves had the highest claw hardness at all measuring positions.