黄瓜苗期对菌核病抗性筛选研究

采用离体叶片菌丝体接种法和活体叶片菌丝体接种法对19 份黄瓜品种( 系) 进行了黄瓜菌核病抗性筛选。结果表明:黄瓜品种C1 、A15 、甘丰2 号、中农2 号的抗病性较强。中农7 号、828 等品种具一定的抗病性。其余品种( 系) 大多抗病性较差,其中津春3 号、山东密刺较感病。     

水稻恶苗病抗病性筛选方法的初步研究

１９９１－１９９２年对水稻恶苗病进行不同鉴定方法，单一菌株与混合菌株接种，抗生分级标准，品种抗病性鉴定及Ｆ２代抗，感分离比率的研究。结果表明，水稻芽期浸菌接种法能明显区分不同品种（系）的抗感水平，且简便易行，适用于大量品种的筛选；采用不同地区混合菌株接种可扩大致病谱，其平均致病率也接近单一菌株的平均值，划分出抗生分级标准０－９级；据对２０４份品种（系）的鉴定，水稻品种（系）间抗性有明显差异，苗期抗     

水稻抗纹枯病苗期快速鉴定技术研究

 以抗感反应不同的5个水稻品种为试验材料,在人工气候箱、控温室中进行水稻苗期抗纹枯病接种试验,并与田间相应的成株期抗性试验进行比较,研究水稻苗期快速鉴定技术。结果表明:85%的相对湿度为纹枯病菌侵染危害水稻苗期植株的适宜湿度;苗期5个水稻品种对纹枯病抗性差异极显著,可将其分为相对感病(Lemont、武育粳3号)和相对抗病(YSBR1、Jasmine85、特青)2大类;接种叶龄对发病程度有显著的影响,5个品种在四叶期接种时的平均病级显著高于五叶期接种的平均病级;苗期水稻品种间抗感差异小于田间鉴定试验结果,但两者间品种抗感趋势基本一致。苗期快速鉴定技术可用于大规模水稻品种(组合)的抗性筛选或初步鉴定。     

番茄白粉病苗期抗病性鉴定方法及抗病种质资源筛选

采用不同接种方法、不同接种苗龄、不同接种浓度三因素三水平正交试验设计对番茄白粉病苗期抗性鉴定方法进行筛选。结果表明,番茄苗期接种白粉病最好的方法是喷雾法,接种苗龄为四叶期,接种的最适浓度为106孢子/mL。在此基础上,对东北农业大学番茄研究所提供的54份番茄材料进行白粉病苗期接种鉴定,结果表明,54份材料中,有抗病品种4份、中抗品种16份、感病品种17份、极感病品种17份。     

甘蔗花叶病抗病性鉴定接种新技术研究

研究了甘蔗花叶病抗病性鉴定的一种新技术—甘蔗生长期切茎接种法。此法和传统苗期手指摩擦接种法相比,接种后发病率极显著地高于手指摩擦接种法,且发病均匀、结果稳定,可以有效地区分不同甘蔗品种(材料)之间对病害的抗感性。比较11个甘蔗品种材料生长期切茎接种法和田间自然感病法对SrMV-HH1的抗性鉴定,结果表明:两种方法发病率呈正相关,且相关程度极密切,相关系数达0.9997,鉴定所得的抗病性和抗病等级结果完全一致,说明切茎接种法鉴定结果能真实反映甘蔗品种材料的自然抗感性;此外该方法简便实用、可操作性强、接种工效高,因此可以对大批量材料进行鉴定和筛选。     

54个小麦品种(系)抗赤霉病评价与农艺性状调查

为获得抗赤霉病且农艺性状较好的小麦种质资源, 加快小麦抗赤霉病育种进程, 采用人工接种鉴定和田间试验的方法, 于2019年-2021年, 对54个小麦品种(系)进行了赤霉病抗性鉴定与农艺性状调查。结果表明, 供试小麦品种(系)存在赤霉病抗性差异, 筛选出‘华皖麦24’‘宛1204’和‘皖垦麦1708’等9个两年表现稳定的中抗品种(系), 占总数的16.67%; 农艺性状调查结果显示, 不同小麦品种(系)的农艺性状间存在显著性差异, 抗病组品种(系)的平均变异系数小于感病组品种(系)。其中, ‘宛1204’和‘徐麦17252’中抗赤霉病, 且综合农艺性状较好, 可以作为抗赤霉病育种的抗源。     

新疆冬小麦品种对矮腥黑穗病的抗性评价

为了解新疆种植的部分冬小麦品种对矮腥黑穗病的抗性情况,以新冬系列多个品种和伊农18为试验材料,通过温室人工接种鉴定法评价各参试品种对矮腥黑穗病的抗性。接菌后,感病对照品种Xj-45的发病率为30%,抗病性评价为感病(S),鉴定试验视为有效。以同等条件其他品种的发病率作为判断依据:除对照外的41个品种中,有1份感病品种,2份抗病(R)品种,3份中抗(MR)品种,35份高抗(HR)品种。综合各品种表现,筛选出新冬17、18、22、53作为抗矮腥黑穗病的种质材料。     

辣椒疫病抗性的浸根接种鉴定方法

为建立规模化的辣椒疫病苗期抗性鉴定技术, 将辣椒疫霉人工接种于抗疫病辣椒品种‘ICPN21-03’和感病辣椒品种‘B16144’, 研究了接种菌液浓度?接种时期?病情调查时期和接种方法等对人工接种鉴定效果的影响?结果表明, 接种菌液游动孢子浓度为10个/mL时, 感病品种病情指数为73.37, 可以满足寄主发病的需要; 1 ~ 10真叶期接种均能使植株发病, 但5 ~ 6真叶期接种能反映抗感病品种真实抗性; 接种5 d调查抗感病品种病情指数分别为9.32和73.37, 可明显区别抗感病品种?使用浸根法进行鉴定, 需菌量小, 对接种环境要求小?用37个辣椒品种进行验证, 鉴定结果表明该苗期抗性鉴定技术可很好地对辣椒品种进行抗性水平分级鉴定?     

兼抗稻瘟病和白叶枯病的4个籼稻品种

稻瘟病(Pyricularia oryzae)和白叶枯病(Xanthomonas campestris PV.oryzae)是我国水稻的两个重要病害,常同田发生,培育和筛选双抗品种,为兼治两病最经济有效的措施。作者1975年从国外引进452个品种(系),经病圃和人工接种鉴定,初步筛选出75个抗叶瘟和穗颈瘟的品种,后经8年对稻瘟和白叶枯病的抗性鉴定及株选,至1984年选出抗两病的中迟熟品种12个(称“双抗品种”)。1985年从中选出7个参加全国水稻     

甘薯品种对蔓割病抗性的研究

1984—1987年采用盆苗接种法鉴定890个甘薯品种(系),结果表明:属于高抗和抗病型的41个;中抗型的71个;中感型的261个;感病型和高感型的517个。不同抗性型品种用不不同菌株和不同菌量测定,或在不同气候下重复鉴定,虽会发生不同幅度的抗性变化,但都保持相对稳定的抗病性。同时,用不同抗性型的10个品种分别在盆栽苗期和田间成株期进行抗性鉴定,结果证实了两者间抗性呈极显著正相关。     

成株期小麦对荻草谷网蚜的田间抗蚜性和耐蚜性评价

为拓展和获取对荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi表现稳定的小麦抗源,以我国146个小麦品种（系）为材料,利用2020年麦田蚜虫发生严重的机会,采用有蚜株蚜害级别计算抗蚜指数,采用耐蚜值（调查株蚜害级别/千粒重损失率）计算耐蚜指数,以此评估小麦的抗蚜性水平和耐蚜性水平;2022年利用人工辅助接蚜的方法对2020年表现稳定的部分小麦品种（系）的评估结果进行验证。结果显示,在自然感蚜条件下2个试验点6次调查中仅山农116、泉麦31和濮麦116表现稳定的抗蚜性,在人工接蚜时仅郑麦132表现稳定的抗蚜性;中育1220、泰禾麦2号和瑞华1408在自然感蚜时蚜量较低,千粒重损失率低于5.00%,人工接蚜亦表现良好的耐蚜性,表明其兼具耐蚜性和一定的抗蚜性;泰麦601、瑞华592、轮选166和中农麦4007在自然感蚜的高蚜量情况下和人工辅助接蚜时均能保持较低的千粒重损失率（小于15.00%）,表明成株期小麦的抗蚜性减弱是一种普遍现象,耐蚜性是比抗蚜性更稳定的遗传特征。     

小豆白粉病菌的鉴定与小豆品种抗白粉病评价

为明确小豆白粉病病原菌的种类以及小豆种质资源对白粉病的抗性,采用形态学和系统发育学方法对近年来在北京市发生的小豆白粉病病原菌种类进行鉴定,并采用室内苗期人工接种法评价小豆常见栽培品种（系）对白粉病的抗性。结果表明,从北京市采集的感白粉病小豆病样中培养获得病原菌BJ1,该菌能在小豆叶片和茎上产生明显的白色粉斑,分生孢子梗直立,不分枝,分生孢子单细胞,成链状着生于分生孢子梗上,呈椭圆形或卵圆形。通过rDNA-ITS序列系统发育分析,小豆白粉病菌BJ1被鉴定为白粉菌目白粉菌科的苍耳叉丝单囊壳Podosphaera xanthii。室内苗期人工接种条件下,19个供试小豆品种（系）接种小豆白粉病菌BJ1后均可发病,其中9个审定品种均表现为中度感病或高度感病,10个优良品系发病略轻。     

A rapid technique for screening banana cultivars for resistance to Xanthomonas wilt

The banana Xanthomonas wilt disease (BXW) has threatened the livelihood of millions of farmers in East Africa. Use of resistant varieties is the most cost-effective method of managing this bacterial disease. A reliable and rapid screening method is needed to select resistant banana varieties. An in vitro screening method was developed for early evaluation of Xanthomonas wilt resistance using small tissue culture-grown plantlets. Eight cultivars of banana were screened with sixteen isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum using this method. There were significant differences (P < 0.0001) in susceptibility among the various banana cultivars tested, whereas no significant difference (P = 0.92) in pathogenicity was observed between the pathogen isolates. The cv. Pisang Awak (Kayinja) was found to be highly susceptible and Musa balbisiana resistant. Nakitembe was found to be moderately resistant while cvs Mpologoma, Mbwazirume, Sukali Ndiizi, FHIA-17 and FHIA-25 were susceptible. The susceptibility of these cultivars was further tested in vivo by artificial inoculation of potted plants with similar results. This study shows that an in vitro screening test can serve as a convenient, cheap and rapid screening technique to discriminate BXW-resistant from BXW-susceptible banana cultivars.     

小麦籽粒营养物质和次生物质含量与其对玉米象抗性的关系

为明确生产栽培小麦品种对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais(Motschulsky)的抗性机制,采用选择性和非选择性试验法系统评估了9个小麦品种对玉米象的抗性,并分析了小麦籽粒营养物质和次生物质含量与其抗性的关系。结果显示,不同小麦品种对玉米象的抗性存在显著差异,其中陕麦139和西农88的不选择性和抗生性较弱,小偃22、周麦16和周麦11较强;玉米象成虫对西农165选择性最强,虫口数为152.00头,而卵至子代成虫发育历期最长,为35.06 d,子代成虫数、重量损失率和敏感系数均较低,分别为19.67头、5.37%和8.30;对周麦18选择性最差,敏感性居中。玉米象成虫对不同小麦品种的选择性与各物质含量,以及总酚、蛋白质含量与各抗性指标均无显著相关性,但阿魏酸含量与子代成虫数、敏感系数及重量损失率显著负相关;可溶性糖含量与子代成虫数、敏感系数及重量损失率显著正相关,与卵至子代成虫发育历期显著负相关。表明小麦品种对玉米象的抗生性与其籽粒中阿魏酸和可溶性糖含量相关,阿魏酸含量越高、可溶性糖含量越低,小麦对玉米象的抗性越强。     

不同小麦品种资源苗期和成株期麦长管蚜抗性鉴定和分析

为明确小麦苗期和成株期与麦长管蚜抗性的关系,2010—2012年采用蚜量比值法对94个小麦品种进行了温室苗期人工接种和田间成株期自然感蚜麦长管蚜抗性鉴定。结果表明,43个品种连续3年在成株期对麦长管蚜表现不同程度的抗性,其中高抗品种2个,中抗品种8个,低抗品种33个;45个品种在苗期对麦长管蚜表现不同程度的抗性,其中高抗品种5个,中抗品种16个,低抗品种24个;30个品种在苗期和成株期同时表现抗蚜,占供试品种的31.91%,其中C273和兰麦（陕西柞水）在苗期和成株期均表现为高抗;小麦品种在温室苗期人工接种和田间成株期自然感蚜的蚜量比值呈极显著正相关,苗期和成株期麦长管蚜抗性表现一致的共有66个品种,占供试材料的70.21%。研究表明温室苗期人工接种是快速鉴定小麦品种麦长管蚜抗性的有效方法。     

Differences in resistance in onion cultivars to pink root rot disease in Iran

Forty-five onion (Allium cepa) cultivars were evaluated for disease resistance to the fungal pathogen Pyrenochaeta terrestris (pink root disease). Forty-three Iranian cultivars and two commercially exotic resistant cultivars (Texas Early Grano and Yellow Sweet Spanish) were grown in a glasshouse for two successive years (2003 and 2004) in Isfahan, Iran. Susceptibility of the cultivars was determined using a scale of 0–3. Six cultivars had significantly lower susceptibility of pink root compared to the exotic ones. High susceptibility tended to be associated with high mean scores (2–3), and the highly resistant cultivars had the lowest scores (0–1). In addition, the 45 examined cultivars were ranked from 1 to 45 according to their markedly differing reactions to P. terrestris, which differed markedly. Of 32 cultivars that were less resistant, 30 with an intermediate status or tolerance (1–2) differed considerably in their rank order. No pink root symptoms were seen in the early stages, but on blotter paper or wheat-straw agar some roots turned pink with no pycnidia formation, whereas on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) with a few fresh healthy and sterile onion roots on the surface, mycelia and pycnidia were recovered. Variance and cluster analysis showed similar results among the cultivars with various levels of resistance, tolerance and susceptibility as determined by scoring scales.     

水稻品种抗稻瘟病分析及基因聚合抗性改良

为了解水稻品种抗瘟性及基因聚合改良的情况,通过喷雾和离体划伤接种法对黑龙江省20个水稻品种和16个外源抗瘟基因的抗性频率及6个主要水稻品种含有的抗瘟基因型进行了分析。结果表明,20个水稻品种抗性频率介于10.89%~68.32%之间,垦稻12抗性最低,龙粳40抗性最高;16个抗瘟基因抗性频率介于0~50.50%之间,Pi-sh、Pi-19和Pi-k~m基因抗性最低,Pi-z~t抗性最高;在联合抗病性方式下,龙粳40龙粳31和龙粳40龙稻14组合抗性改良效果略好;20个水稻品种的抗性相似系数介于0.24~0.75之间,在0.40水平上将其划分为5个类群;6个水稻品种共检测到抗瘟基因11个,Pi-1基因出现频率最高;在基因聚合方式下,龙粳39聚合后抗性最高,龙稻13聚合后抗性升幅最大。综合分析,供试水稻品种及单基因系品种抗性表现较差,基因聚合方式对水稻品种的抗性改良效果明显优于联合抗病性方式。     

油菜菌核病抗性鉴定方法的比较及抗源的筛选

采用已报道的七种油菜菌核病抗性鉴定方法,在同一条件下对两个感病和两个抗病品种进行鉴定比较。结果表明:草酸浸根(叶)法用于白菜型油菜鉴定效果不好;不同生育期的油菜对菌核病抗性有差异,应该以花期鉴定为主,苗期鉴定为辅;在花期以麦粒叶腋接种、琼脂块叶腋接种和牙签茎杆接种,接种后发病程度依次为牙签>麦粒>琼脂块;三种花期接种方法与大田接种鉴定的结果呈显著正相关(r>0.8000),这三种方法均能有效反映抗、感品种的差异,其中花期牙签茎杆接种法与大田接种鉴定法相关性达极显著水平(r=0.9140)。根据抗性鉴定方法比较的结果,选用花期牙签茎杆接种法,以中油821为对照,对四川农业大学油菜研究中心G1自交系的44份油菜育种材料进行鉴定、筛选,得到12份高抗材料,其中有5份材料的抗性极显著高于对照。     

Resistance of wheat to Mycosphaerella graminicola involves early and late peaks of gene expression

Large-scale cDNA-AFLP profiling identified numerous genes with increased expression during the resistance response of wheat to the Septoria tritici blotch fungus, Mycosphaerella graminicola. To test whether these genes were associated with resistance responses, primers were designed for the 14 that were most strongly up-regulated, and their levels of expression were measured at 12 time points from 0 to 27 days after inoculation (DAI) in two resistant and two susceptible cultivars of wheat by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. None of these genes was expressed constitutively in the resistant wheat cultivars. Instead, infection of wheat by M. graminicola induced changes in expression of each gene in both resistant and susceptible cultivars over time. The four genes chitinase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, pathogenesis-related protein PR-1, and peroxidase were induced from about 10- to 60-fold at early stages (3 h–1 DAI) during the incompatible interactions but were not expressed at later time points. Nine other genes (ATPase, brassinosteroid-6-oxidase, peptidylprolyl isomerase, peroxidase 2, 40S ribosomal protein, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, putative protease inhibitor, methionine sulfoxide reductase, and an RNase S-like protein precursor) had bimodal patterns with both early (1–3 DAI) and late (12–24 DAI) peaks of expression in at least one of the resistant cultivars, but low if any induction in the two susceptible cultivars. The remaining gene (a serine carboxypeptidase) had a trimodal pattern of expression in the resistant cultivar Tadinia. These results indicate that the resistance response of wheat to M. graminicola is not completed during the first 24 h after contact with the pathogen, as thought previously, but instead can extend into the period from 18 to 24 DAI when fungal growth increases dramatically in compatible interactions. Many of these genes have a possible function in signal transduction or possibly as regulatory elements. Expression of the PR-1 gene at 12 h after inoculation was much higher in resistant compared to susceptible recombinant-inbred lines (RILs) segregating for the Stb4 and Stb8 genes for resistance. Therefore, analysis of gene expression could provide a faster method for separating resistant from susceptible lines in research programs. Significant differential expression patterns of the defense-related genes between the resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars and RILs after inoculation with M. graminicola suggest that these genes may play a major role in the resistance mechanisms of wheat.     

广东省甘薯疮痂病病原菌鉴定及国内主要菜用甘薯种质抗性评价

为明确广东省甘薯疮痂病病原菌种类及当前国内主要菜用甘薯种质对疮痂病的抗性,结合形态学特征和rDNA-ITS序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定,并通过病圃诱发结合人工喷雾接种法对来自9个省区30个菜用甘薯种质进行连续2年的抗性鉴定.结果 显示,共获得15株形态学特征及培养性状相似的菌株,其中代表菌株CRI-CJ的形态学特征与甘薯痂...