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1.
农药的施用会对土壤非靶向微生物的数量、种群结构产生影响,目前关于这方面的研究主要集中在土壤细菌,而真菌的较少.以从中科院海伦生态站采集的农田黑土作为实验土壤,采用室内模拟和PCR-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)的方法,考察北方常用的除草剂乙草胺和杀虫剂甲胺磷对真菌多样性和种群结构的影响.设定对照,乙草胺3个浓度单独处理(50、150、250 mg·kg-1),甲胺磷3个浓度单独处理(50、150、250 mg·kg-1)和它们复合的9个处理,共16个处理.结果表明,乙草胺单独作用时,增加了土壤真菌的多样性,并且对真菌多样性和种群结构的影响在第1周尤为显著,处理8周后呈恢复的趋势.甲胺磷单独作用时对土壤真菌多样性起抑制作用,使真菌种群结构发生了改变,随着培养时间的延长,其对真菌影响也逐渐减弱,真菌种群多样性和结构在处理8周后可部分恢复.乙草胺与甲胺磷相复合时,土壤真菌多样性的变化因两种农药浓度组合的不同而不同.在培养初期多数复合处理降低了土壤真菌的多样性,至末期时多数处理可增加真菌的多样性.对种群结构的影响在第1周时,中、高浓度甲胺磷与乙草胺的复合以甲胺磷为主导因子,第8周时乙草胺与低、中浓度甲胺磷复合时起到主导作用,经8周培养后,各复合处理土壤真菌种群结构并未恢复到对照水平,复合处理比单因子的生态效应要强,作用方式更复杂. 相似文献
2.
铜、镉单一及复合污染对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)为对象,采用滤纸急性毒性试验法研究了铜、镉单一及复合污染对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应。单一试验结果表明,铜和镉对蚯蚓作用24 h的LC50分别为147.3,244.3 mg.L-1,作用48h的LC50分别为72.1,192.1 mg.L-1。复合试验结果表明,铜、镉复合污染24 h对蚯蚓的急性毒性具有明显的协同作用,复合污染48 h时,低浓度的Cu与Cd具有协同作用,高浓度的Cu与Cd具有拮抗作用。 相似文献
3.
铜与乙草胺对浮萍的联合毒性效应 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
采用以体数、鲜重和叶绿素为测试指标的浮萍生长抑制试验(ISO20079),评价了Cu和乙草胺单一和复合污染的毒性效应.结果表明,Cu和乙草胺单一污染对浮萍上述指标均具有显著的抑制作用,且Cu的毒性大于乙草胺.Cu和乙草胺对浮萍的联合毒性作用与浓度组合及暴露时间密切相关:当采用浓度1:1进行试验时,暴露时间为24 h的相加指数(AI)为0.057,联合毒性为相加作用;暴露时间为48、96、168 h的AI分别为0.193、0.509、0.783,为协同作用.而当采用毒性1:1进行试验时,暴露时间为24 h的AI为-0.163,为拮抗作用;48 h的AI为0.029,为相加作用;96、168 h的AI分别为0.471、0.585,为协同作用.总的来说,随着暴露时间的延长,联合毒性表现为协同作用. 相似文献
4.
干旱半干旱地区农林复合生态系统农田小气候变化研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
伊克昭盟达拉特旗地处黄河南岸,北部为地势平坦的黄河冲积平原,地下水资源丰富,灌溉条件优越,并且适宜开发的沙荒地和亟待改造的低产田很多。通过对该区实行农、林、草结合经营,形成具有良性循环的农林复合生态经济系统。它主要包括四种经营形式:农——林间作型、林——粮间作型、纯林型和林——草型。经4—6 年复合经营后,证明复合生态系统具有明显的改善农田小气候的功能。在早春,由于林木的存在,使复合系统内部的气温提高了1℃,而地温提高了2℃左右,同时可以降低风速,降低蒸发速率等,这对干旱春季农作物种子的萌发和幼苗生长是十分有利的。而在盛夏的盛叶期,农林复合又可以降低系统内部气温,有效地防止干热风对农作物的危害。 相似文献
5.
通过对Cu2+单一处理和铜镉复合处理条件下土壤酶活性的对比分析,研究了铜镉元素对土壤酶毒性的不同复合效应以及稻田土壤重金属污染状况与土壤酶活性的相互关系.研究结果表明,重金属复合污染不仅与单一元素污染的生物学效应不同,而且对土壤酶活性的影响也更为复杂.Cu2+单一污染对稻田土壤酶的抑制效应顺序为磷酸酶>脲酶>过氧化氢酶,与铜镉复合污染的抑制效应顺序脲酶>磷酸酶>过氧化氢酶不同.脲酶和磷酸酶对铜镉污染反应敏感,其活性与Cu2+浓度和铜镉复合浓度均呈显著负相关.铜镉复合污染对脲酶表现出协同抑制的特征;对过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶的毒性表现出不同程度的拮抗作用.建议综合脲酶和磷酸酶活性作为评价和预测稻田土壤铜镉污染的生物学指标. 相似文献
6.
稀土矿的开采和冶炼、稀土农用等导致农田土壤稀土元素含量不断积累,对农田生态系统结构和功能稳定产生严重的影响。综述了近20年来国内外农田生态系统稀土元素的主要来源、分配和输出,土壤和植物中稀土元素的测定方法,稀土元素对农田生态系统中植物、微生物、动物以及人类健康影响的研究进展。探讨了农田生态系统稀土元素的毒性评价和稀土污染土壤的修复措施。最后提出开展稀土元素对农田生态系统影响研究还需要加强的一些问题。 相似文献
7.
卤虫是海洋浮游动物的重要类群之一,也是海仔鱼和幼虾的理想饵料,某些卤虫种类还可作为水环境监测的指标生物,其生态学特征是正确评价水体污染状况的基础。通过对卤虫的24h标准化急性毒性试验,证明了铜离子对卤虫具有急性毒害作用,以期为建立卤虫的生态毒理学指标体系提供一些理论依据。 相似文献
8.
9.
铜离子对锦鲤的急性毒性及安全浓度评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了研究水环境中Cu2+对锦鲤的影响,为渔业部门制订水质标准提供理论参考数据,采用静水法生物测试Cu2+对锦鲤的急性毒性及安全浓度,结果表明,在温度17~19℃、pH值6.8~7.2时,Cu2+对锦鲤为高毒物质,Cu2+对锦鲤24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为15.4 mg/L、10.3 mg/L、8.58 mg/L7、.36 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.736 mg/L。 相似文献
10.
半干旱农田生态系统地膜覆盖的土壤生态效应 总被引:29,自引:0,他引:29
在年降水量415mm的黄土高原中部黄绵土和年降水量632mm的黄土高原南部红油土上,分别以春小麦和冬小麦为供试作物进行大田试验,研究地膜覆盖(春小麦设不覆膜、播种后覆膜30d、覆膜60d和全程覆膜4个水平;冬小麦设不覆膜、播种后覆膜75d、覆膜150d和全程覆膜4个水平)和施氮(春小麦设不施氮和每公顷施氮75kg2个水平;冬小麦设不施氮和每公顷施氮225kg2个水平)对土壤水分、温度、氮素有效性、土壤中CO2和N2O释放量的影响。结果表明,在2年的春小麦试验中,覆膜对2m深土层的贮水量基本没有影响,但能显著提高0~20cm土层的含水量;覆膜对5cm土层土壤温度的影响呈\"U\"型变化,即在作物生长前期和后期影响显著,中期影响较小;覆膜后虽然土壤微生物体氮有下降趋势,但由于覆膜能够增加土壤呼吸和有机氮的矿化,从而显著影响收获后0~100cm土层中NO-3-N的累积。从2个施氮水平和底墒平均值看,1999年覆膜30,60d和全程覆膜(126d)处理土层中累积的NO-3-N分别比不覆膜的对照增加-23.0,-10.1和49.7kg/hm2;2000年覆膜30,60d和全程覆膜处理土层中累积的NO-3-N分别比不覆膜的对照增加4.6,-5.0和8.2kg/hm2。可见,全生育期覆膜能够显著增加作物收获后土壤剖面中的残留NO-3-N。不同覆膜进程对作物收获后土壤剖面中的矿质氮,特别是NO-3- 相似文献
11.
The actions and interactions of acetochlor and As on the soil phosphatase activity were investigated after 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 30 and 60 d of exposure under control conditions. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of acetochlor and As individually and simultaneously. The results showed that acetochlor, As only, and combined pollution all clearly inhibited soil phosphatase activity. The maximum inhibition ratios of soil phosphatase activity by acetochlor, As only and combined pollution were 36.44, 74.12 and 61.29%, respectively. Two kinetic models, ν=c/(1+bi) (model 1) and ν=c(1+ai)/(l+bi) (model 2), were used to describe the relationship between the concentrations of As and acetochlor and the activity of soil phosphatase. The semi-effect dose (ED50) values induced by As and acetochlor stress based on the inhibition of soil phosphatase were 18.1 and 33.11 mg kg?1, respectively, according to calculation by model 1. The interactive effect of acetochlor with As on soil phosphatase primarily consisted of significant antagonism effects at the higher concentrations tested. The step regression results show that the toxicity order was As (III)>acetochlor>As (III)×acetochlor throughout the incubation period. 相似文献
12.
The actions and interactions of acetochlor and As on the soil phosphatase activity were investigated after 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 30 and 60 d of exposure under control conditions. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of acetochlor and As individually and simultaneously. The results showed that acetochlor, As only, and combined pollution all clearly inhibited soil phosphatase activity. The maximum inhibition ratios of soil phosphatase activity by acetochlor, As only and combined pollution were 36.44, 74.12 and 61.29%, respectively. Two kinetic models, ν=c/(1+bi) (model 1) and ν=c(1+ai)/(l+bi) (model 2), were used to describe the relationship between the concentrations of As and acetochlor and the activity of soil phosphatase. The semi-effect dose (ED50) values induced by As and acetochlor stress based on the inhibition of soil phosphatase were 18.1 and 33.11 mg kg-1, respectively, according to calculation by model 1. The interactive effect of acetochlor with As on soil phosphatase primarily consisted of significant antagonism effects at the higher concentrations tested. The step regression results show that the toxicity order was As (III)acetochlorAs (III)×acetochlor throughout the incubation period. Abstract The actions and interactions of acetochlor and As on the soil phosphatase activity were investigated after 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 30 and 60 d of exposure under control conditions. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of acetochlor and As individually and simultaneously. The results showed that acetochlor, As only, and combined pollution all clearly inhibited soil phosphatase activity. The maximum inhibition ratios of soil phosphatase activity by acetochlor, As only and combined pollution were 36.44, 74.12 and 61.29%, respectively. Two kinetic models, ν=c/(1+bi) (model 1) and ν=c(1+ai)/(l+bi) (model 2), were used to describe the relationship between the concentrations of As and acetochlor and the activity of soil phosphatase. The semi-effect dose (ED50) values induced by As and acetochlor stress based on the inhibition of soil phosphatase were 18.1 and 33.11 mg kg-1, respectively, according to calculation by model 1. The interactive effect of acetochlor with As on soil phosphatase primarily consisted of significant antagonism effects at the higher concentrations tested. The step regression results show that the toxicity order was As (III)acetochlorAs (III)×acetochlor throughout the incubation period.
13.
The actions and interactions of acetochlor and As on the soil phosphatase activity were investigated after 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 30 and 60 d of exposure under control conditions. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of acetochlor and As individually and simultaneously. The results showed that acetochlor, As only, and combined pollution all clearly inhibited soil phosphatase activity. The maximum inhibition ratios of soil phosphatase activity by acetochlor, As only and combined pollution were 36.44, 74.12 and 61.29%, respectively. Two kinetic models, ν=c/(1+bi) (model 1) and ν=c(1+ai)/(l+bi) (model 2), were used to describe the relationship between the concentrations of As and acetochlor and the activity of soil phosphatase. The semi-effect dose (ED 50 ) values induced by As and acetochlor stress based on the inhibition of soil phosphatase were 18.1 and 33.11 mg kg-1, respectively, according to calculation by model 1. The interactive effect of acetochlor with As on soil phosphatase primarily consisted of significant antagonism effects at the higher concentrations tested. The step regression results show that the toxicity order was As (III)>acetochlor>As (III)×acetochlor throughout the incubation period. 相似文献
14.
土壤铜污染的危害性不仅取决于总量,还与其在土壤中的形态有关。选用未受污染的粘质壤土,设置对照(32mg·kg-1)、200、400mg·kg-1铜处理模拟土壤铜污染,进行持续5年(2006—2010年)的稻/麦轮作土培试验。参照Tessier的方法测定小麦和水稻成熟期土壤中不同形态铜含量,研究耕作层土壤中各种形态铜含量的动态变化。结果表明:(1)试验期内清洁土壤中总铜以及可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机物结合态、残渣态铜含量变化均很小,铜处理使上述参数均大幅增加。(2)污染土壤各形态铜含量随时间推移而变化,其中可交换态浓度持续下降最为显著,5年分别累计下降66%(200mg·kg-1)、67%(400mg·kg-1)。(3)土壤处于旱作条件有利于碳酸盐结合态和有机物结合态铜向铁锰氧化物结合态转化,淹水条件下转化方向相反。(4)铜处理改变了土壤中铜元素的形态分布,清洁土壤主要以残渣态存在(平均占57%),污染土壤中碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态铜所占的比例明显增加(合计平均占58%)。本研究表明,外源铜进入土壤后,易被植物吸收利用的可交换态浓度持续大幅降低,其他形态则因不同年度和不同耕作方式而相互转化。 相似文献
15.
表面活性剂对水中乙草胺光解的影响 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:3
以高压汞灯为光源,研究了不同类型农用表面活性剂对水中乙草胺的光化学降解作用。结果表明,SDBS、农乳603、农乳404、0206B在低剂量下对乙草胺具有光敏化降解效应,高剂量下却有光猝灭降解效应;Tween80能促进乙草胺的光解;CTAB、农乳500、农乳601、农乳404和农乳603能延缓乙草胺的光解。然而,当具有光猝灭作用和光敏化作用的表面活性剂混合后,或两种均是光猝灭作用的表面活性剂混合后,其联合作用均表现为光猝灭效应。 相似文献
16.
采用常规手段研究了土壤在受氯氰菊酯、铜及二者复合污染后土壤呼吸率及微生物量碳的变化,采用了分离效果较好的双变性梯度凝胶电泳(DG-DGGE)技术研究微生物群落的变化.结果表明,低浓度的铜与高浓度的氯氰菊酯复合污染更能促进微生物量碳及土壤呼吸率的增加,微生物的群落结构也会受到明显影响.而两种污染物分别单独作用时,铜对微生物的胁迫更大,有铜组和无铜组在DGGE条带上差异较大,Shannon指数上也有明显不同.当铜的浓度较高时,加入高浓度的氯氰菊酯在较长的时间后(60d)对土壤呼吸作用、微生物量碳有一定影响,可能高浓度氯氰菊酯的加入在一定程度上减弱了高浓度铜对微生物的胁迫,而微生物群落并无显著的变化. 相似文献
17.
ZHU Wan-bin QIU Hua-jiao CHANG Xin CHENG Xu 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2006,5(9):707-712
What is the connotation and the extension of the productivity concept and how to calculate it are the core problems in evaluating an agricultural-production process. The attributes of agricultural production processes have changed greatly in the last 100 years, and the methods to describe and measure the productivity failed to keep in pace with the production processes, resulting in a totally vague, incomplete evaluation of the production processes. Sometimes the serious problem of pollution is ignored in the race to shortdated money making, thus leading to a blooming and flooding pollution; sometimes the great ecological benefits are ignored and the corresponding production processes suffer drastically from “economic deficit”. With the old agricultural productivity indices, no prediction can be made of the ultimate effects of agroecosytem on mankind-pollution or welfare. A new concept, agricultural productivity on ecosystem scale (APES) and the related indices are defined here to solve these problems. Emergy and exergy are introduced to help the measurement of the indices. Emergy is the memory of energy, which can be used to measure the total cost, including natural capital and social capital. APES of the agroecosystem is the aggregated contributions of all components to mankind and its habitat in uniformed dimensions, it may be expressed in material, energy, information, organization, pollution and damage, etc., positive or negative, and are calculated based on exergy methods. And a related index agroecological coupling degree (ACD) shows sustainability. 相似文献
18.
草甘膦对重金属毒性的抑制效应研究——以发光菌(Photobacterium phosphoreum T3)为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
草甘膦分子(C3H8NO5P)中含有较多配位基团如羧基、氨基、磷酸基,对重金属阳离子有很强的络合能力,可能会影响重金属的生物有效性进而影响其毒性。为了解草甘膦(GPS)和铜(Cu)、镉(Cd)交互对发光菌毒性效应,以明亮发光杆菌T3小种(Photobacterium phosphoreum T3)为例,进行了室内模拟试验研究。结果表明:Cu、Cd对发光菌有很强的毒性(EC50分别为1.28、0.89mg·L-1);没有控制p H的草甘膦能够降低溶液p H,对发光菌亦有较强的毒性(EC50为35.9 mg·L-1);但控制p H值为5.0的草甘膦对发光菌无明显毒性,并且能够显著降低Cu、Cd对发光菌的抑制,同时随着GPS/Cu、GPS/Cd摩尔比值的增大使毒性降低,直至无明显毒性。据此认为,在重金属和农药草甘膦共存的环境当中,草甘膦能够影响重金属的形态,进而影响重金属的生物有效性和毒性。 相似文献
19.
以垦玉6号玉米为指示材料,以乙草胺为试验除草剂,采用水培法研究了用除草剂解毒剂进行浸种处理后使玉米免受乙草胺药害的情况。结果表明:用不同浓度的解毒剂浸种处理后,能够在不同程度上减轻乙草胺对玉米幼苗的药害;当解毒剂浸种浓度为8mg·kg-1时保护效果达到最好,在乙草胺浓度为20mg·kg-1时,对玉米根长的保护率达20.4%,根鲜重的保护率达23.9%,对芽长的保护率达40.2%,芽鲜重的保护率达36.6%。 相似文献