犬子宫内膜炎的新分类：从解剖学和组织病理学角度分析

本研究旨在通过优化对犬子宫内膜炎的分类,提高其在临床上的诊断率,为进一步探讨犬子宫内膜炎的标准分类提供一定的理论依据。对40只母犬进行卵巢子宫摘除术,通过观察患犬有无临床症状、子宫内膜结构在组织学上有无囊性扩张、内膜与肌层厚度(Endo/Myo)比值、基质成分和炎性细胞浸润情况,将犬子宫内膜炎进行更深入的分类。结果表明,可将子宫内膜炎在组织病理学上大致分为两组,临床症状组和无临床症状组,临床症状组又可分为无炎症类、轻度炎性浸润类、重度炎性浸润类(增生)和重度炎性浸润类(萎缩)四类,无临床症状组包括健康类和内膜囊性增生类(CEH)。本研究为制定犬子宫内膜炎的标准分类提供了一种较客观的判定方法。     

一例犬子宫蓄脓的诊治

犬子宫蓄脓是临床上发病率较高的一种犬产科疾病,常在母犬发生子宫内膜炎和子宫内膜囊性增生后继发细菌感染,导致子宫内蓄积大量脓性渗出物不能排出,最后发展为子宫蓄脓。本病多见于发情后2～3个月的未经产或经产而屡配不孕的中高龄犬。笔者采用临床检查、病原分离等方法。对1例疑似子宫蓄脓病犬进行确诊,采取手术切除并配合抗生素治疗取得成功,现报告如下。     

包头地区治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎临床用药情况调查

通过对包头地区4个奶牛场开展奶牛子宫内膜炎临床用药调查研究和病原菌的耐药性分析,分析不同诊疗方法的治疗效果。采用常规微生物学技术分离了包头地区子宫内膜炎患牛的病原菌,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定了病原菌对临床上常用抗菌药物的敏感性和耐药性,在此基础上选用敏感性高的药物进行治疗试验,比较传统治疗组与治疗试验组两者的临床疗效。传统治疗结果显示,使用13种抗菌药物治疗160例子宫内膜炎病例,其中糜宫速康(氟苯尼考)最有效,青霉素类效果最差。治疗试验结果显示,金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、链球菌等是引起子宫内膜炎的主要病原,且分离菌株对庆大霉素、头孢噻吩等抗菌药物敏感。统计分析结果显示,治疗试验组与传统治疗组疗效差异极显著(P<0.01)。采用药敏试验筛选的敏感药物进行针对性治疗,能获得满意的治疗效果,且该方法可避免药物滥用。     

复方杨黄灌注液对奶牛子宫内膜炎的药效试验

采用常规方法对奶牛子宫内膜炎进行细菌学检查;以液体培养基对倍稀释法测定复方杨黄灌注液对奶牛子宫内膜炎主要病原菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),并以双黄连注射液作对照,观察复方杨黄灌注液对奶牛子宫内膜炎的临床疗效。结果:37例患子宫内膜炎奶牛子宫中共分离到49株细菌,其中链球菌、大肠埃希氏菌和葡萄球菌分别占30.61%、28.57%和24.49%,其他菌的比例较低。复方杨黄灌注液对奶牛子宫内膜炎的主要病原菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,与对照药物双黄连注射液作用相仿。复方杨黄灌注液对奶牛子宫内膜炎的治愈率为88.06%,疗效优于对照药物(P<0.05)。     

奶牛子宫内膜炎的治疗方法

针对奶牛子宫内膜炎的临床诊断方式相对固定,但治疗药物经过长时间的使用,病原很可能在一定程度上产生抗体,导致治疗成效下降。本文阐述了奶牛子宫内膜炎的临床症状和诊断过程,简述了针对不同区域奶牛子宫内膜炎病原菌进行分离鉴定的过程,介绍了甲硝唑、双联益母液等药物的应用方式,以供参考。     

奶牛子宫内膜炎病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

奶牛子宫内膜炎为奶牛产后易患的一种细菌性疾病.从子宫内膜炎患牛子宫内分离到多种细菌.目前,临床使用较多的抗生素治疗,由于治疗药物的滥用,造成子宫灌注抗生素治疗效果差,对奶牛繁育造成影响.     

一株母猪产道致病性粪肠球菌的分离鉴定

为了确定景德镇某养殖场患子宫内膜炎母猪感染的病原菌、筛选有效的治疗药物,试验无菌采集景德镇某养殖场患子宫内膜炎母猪产道中段阴道分泌物进行分离纯化,通过生化试验、16S rDNA测序完成菌种初步鉴定,利用毒力基因检测和小鼠致病性试验验证菌株致病性,并进行药敏试验。结果表明:分离到一株优势菌株,为粪肠球菌;检测证实该菌株携带毒力基因cylA和gelE,并且对小鼠有致病性;该分离菌株分别对头孢哌酮和恩诺沙星表现为极敏和高敏,对万古霉素、氯霉素、多黏菌素B、环丙沙星等高敏,对其他抗菌药物表现为不同程度的耐药,将敏感药物应用于临床治疗效果明显。说明本试验在母猪产道内成功分离到一株致病性粪肠球菌,该细菌可能是母猪子宫内膜炎的病原菌之一,头孢哌酮和氟喹诺酮类药物可以作为治疗该养殖场母猪子宫内膜炎的首选药物。     

奶牛子宫内膜炎大肠杆菌的分离血清型鉴定及其耐药性测定

子宫内膜炎是奶牛常发的一种生殖系统疾病,不仅影响机体正常的生理功能,而且会导致患牛长期不孕,有的甚至造成终生不孕[1].据调查,我国奶牛子宫内膜炎的平均发病率约为20%,在奶牛不孕症中,由子宫内膜炎所致的不孕奶牛约占60.1%～92.0%[2].奶牛子宫内膜炎主要由分娩或产后子宫感染病原微生物引起,其中以大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、链球菌等感染最为常见.临床上多使用抗菌药物治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎,随着病原菌耐药性的不断加重,用药剂量随之增加,这不仅提高了治疗成本,而且增加了乳产品中药物残留的风险.本文对内蒙古地区引起奶牛子宫内膜炎的大肠杆菌进行了分离、血清型鉴定,并测定其对24种抗菌药物的敏感性,旨在探明内蒙古地区奶牛子宫内膜炎大肠杆菌的血清型及耐药水平,为临床防治该病提供科学依据.     

微生态制剂对奶牛子宫内膜炎的治疗效果

对泰安地区一例奶牛子宫内膜炎病牛子宫分泌物内的病原菌进行了分离鉴定,共分离出菌株49株,其中主要病原菌为大肠杆菌和巴氏葡萄球菌.采用微生态制剂对病原菌进行了体外抑菌试验,以体外试验结果作为指导,在牧场进行了疗效试验.结果表明,微生态制剂对奶牛子宫内膜炎有效率95％(19/20),治愈率75％(15/20),说明微生态制剂可作为奶牛子宫内膜炎治疗药物使用,为解决生产中奶牛子宫内膜炎高发、奶中抗生素残留的难题提供了新途径.     

奶牛子宫内膜炎病原菌分离鉴定及药敏试验

按照临床型奶牛子宫内膜炎的诊断标准,选取阿克苏地区某奶牛场子宫内膜炎病牛20头,采取子宫分泌物,对其病原菌进行菌落计数、细菌分离纯化,并使用全自动微生物鉴定仪(VITEK32)及药敏分析仪进行生化鉴定及药敏试验。结果分离鉴定到大肠埃希菌、柠檬酸杆菌、科氏葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、干燥棒状杆菌、亚利桑那沙门菌、鲁氏不动杆菌。药敏试验的结果表明:庆大霉素和妥布霉素对本次分离病原菌普遍有较好的抑制作用,可作为该场治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎的较理想的药物。     

Subclinical endometritis in dairy cattle and its effect on fertility--a review of recent publications

Reduced reproductive performance in dairy cattle is often caused by uterine disorders. Beside acute metritis and chronic endometritis recent reports on a negative impact of subclinical endometritis on reproductive performance have been published. Diagnosis of subclinical endometritis can be performed by ultrasonography or cytological examination of the uterus. The cytological examination is based on uterine lavage or the cytobrush-method. Prevalence of subclinical endometritis in different studies ranges from 16 to 90 percent and depends on the diagnostic method and the time postpartum when the examination is performed. Affected cows showed significantly decreased conception rates, prolonged days to first service and days open as well as a reduced number of cows pregnant. Studies on the treatment of subclinical endometritis with prostaglandin F2alpha or analogues, intrauterine antibiotics or proteolytic enzymes showed heterogeneous results and do not allows valid recommendations for veterinary practice.     

多西环素泡腾片治疗子宫内膜炎和胎衣不下临床效果观察

为探讨多西环素泡腾片对子宫内膜炎和胎衣不下治疗作用,对患病奶牛用多西环素泡腾片进行1～3个疗程的治疗,观察临床效果。结果显示,104例为奶牛子宫内膜炎,治疗后有效率98.77%,治愈率93.27%。126例为奶牛胎衣不下,治疗后有效率98.23%,治愈率95.24%。表明多西环素泡腾片对奶牛子宫内膜炎和胎衣不下有较好的治疗效果。     

柏芩提取液的药效学及对奶牛子宫内膜炎的疗效评价

柏芩提取液是由黄柏、黄芩、红花、党参等组成,为了探讨其对奶牛子宫内膜炎的治疗作用,采用实验性家兔子宫内膜炎模型进行柏芩提取液的主要药效学研究。确定药效作用后,按照农业农村部颁布的《防治奶牛临床子宫内膜炎的抗微生物兽药的靶动物安全性和有效性试验指导原则》对其进行奶牛子宫内膜炎的临床疗效评价。药效学试验结果表明,与模型组比较,柏芩提取液能明显改善实验性子宫内膜炎家兔的临床症状,血液白细胞计数分类、子宫分泌物涂片镜检、尿液及子宫分泌物化学检查结果趋于正常,并且能够减轻子宫充血、炎性细胞浸润、上皮细胞脱落等组织病理学改变。临床疗效试验结果表明,给药后第10天,柏芩提取液高、中剂量组的治愈率极显著高于低剂量组（P<0.01）,且与阳性药物对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）;各试验组的总有效率差异均不显著（P>0.05）。给药后第21天,柏芩提取液高、中剂量组的治愈率显著高于低剂量组（P<0.05）,且与阳性药物对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）;各试验组的总有效率未见明显差异（P>0.05）。以上结果证明柏芩提取液对实验性家兔子宫内膜炎和临床奶牛子宫内膜炎具有良好的治疗作用,其中1.5和1.0 g/mL浓度（30 mL/次）对临床病例的治疗效果明显,与土霉素效果相似,0.5 g/mL浓度效果不明显。本研究为其进一步研究和开发应用奠定了基础。     

Clinical and pathologic features of endometrial hyperplasia, pyometra, and endometritis in cats: 79 cases (1980-1985)

Records of 79 cats determined to have endometrial hyperplasia (EH) with or without pyometra or endometritis were studied. Forty-eight cats (61%) were spayed or died because of complications relating to reproductive tract disease. All other cats were free of clinical signs of disease, and lesions were found incidentally during routine ovariohysterectomy or at necropsy. Prevalence of uterine lesions was greater in cats greater than or equal to 5 years old. Breeding, age at first breeding, and queening could not be correlated with clinical or pathologic signs of disease. Seventy-one percent (34/48) of cats with clinical signs referable to the reproductive tract had histologic evidence of pyometra or endometritis, whereas only 19% (6/31) of cats without clinical signs had histologic evidence of either disease. Only 23% (9/39) of cats without pyometra or endometritis had corpora lutea (CL) in at least one ovary, whereas 40% (16/40) of cats with either pyometra or endometritis had CL. We concluded that the prevalence of EH in cats increases with age in sexually intact female cats, and that most cases of pyometra or endometritis, but not EH, in cats are associated with retained CL.     

Predisposing factors,diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of persistent endometritis in postpartum cows

A certain level of endometrial bacterial infection and inflammation is involved in bovine uterine involution during the puerperal period. Factors that hamper normal uterine involution expose the uterine environment to pathological conditions, causing different endometritis levels. The lack of proper diagnostic tools extends the time to conception. Efforts have been made to elucidate the postpartum uterine environment, including bacterial flora, changes in transient endometrial inflammation, and the pathophysiology of endometritis, to improve bovine reproductive performance. E. coli and Trueperella pyogenes in the uterus are likely to cause persistent infection, and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium infection is associated with dystocia and cytological endometritis in postpartum dairy cows. Due to the widespread use of cytobrush as a diagnostic tool for bovine subclinical endometritis (SE) that enables quantification of the degree of inflammation, we found that endometritis at week 5 postpartum was associated with delayed first ovulation. Approximately 30% of open cows have SE during the postpartum period, and cows with low blood glucose during prepartum have a high risk of developing SE. Additionally, cows with purulent vaginal discharge do not always have endometritis but only vaginitis and/or cervicitis. Intrauterine infusion of polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine (PVP-I) improves fertility and promotes endometrial epithelial cell regeneration after inducing transient uterine inflammation, suggesting that PVP-I could be a good alternative to antibiotics. In conclusion, prepartum management to prevent glucose deficiency, prompt diagnosis to identify causative agents and intrauterine inflammation levels, and appropriate treatment to minimize antimicrobial resistance is beneficial for tackling endometritis and improving reproductive performance in bovine herds.     

Incidence of subclinical endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows

In dairy cattle, uterine infections are not life threatening and often unavoidable; however, they reduce fertility and increase the production costs of properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of subclinical endometritis from 32 to 70 days in milk (DIM) and its effects on the reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows. Lactating cows (Holstein/Gir; n?=?172), with no history of retained placenta, without clinical signs of uterine infection were used. The body condition score (BCS) was evaluated on a scale from 1 to 5. Ultrasound examination was performed to evaluate uterine lining and ovarian activity, while vaginal mucus was analyzed by gloved hand. The diagnosis of subclinical endometritis was performed by endometrial cytobrush technique. The samples were collected, stained, and examined microscopically; positive cases for subclinical endometritis were considered with the presence of ≥5 % of neutrophils. Later, the cows were submitted to conventional artificial insemination or timed artificial insemination. The incidence of subclinical endometritis in the herd was 26 %, and this was not affected by the season of calving, presence of corpus luteum, DIM, and parity. Cows with a BCS ≤2.50 had a higher incidence of subclinical endometritis. The conception rate to first insemination and pregnancy rate at 150 days postpartum were not influenced by the presence of subclinical endometritis in crossbred dairy cows.     

Risk factors for postpartum endometritis and the effect of endometritis on reproductive performance in dairy cows in Korea

The objectives of this study were to determine the risk factors for postpartum endometritis by evaluating several reproductive factors in individual cows, and to determine the effect of endometritis on the subsequent reproductive performance in dairy herds in Korea. The data, including health status, parity and body condition score (BCS) of cows, and calving date, were collected from 320 cows in eight dairy herds calving from January 2001 to October 2002. We used logistic regression to evaluate the effects of these factors on endometritis. A stepwise procedure, used to obtain the appropriate model with alpha=0.05, revealed that retained placenta, metabolic disorders and parity are the important risk factors for endometritis. The mean intervals from calving to first service and conception were prolonged (P<0.01) by 23 and 36 days, respectively, in the endometritis group compared to the non-endometritis group. The first service conception rate was lower (P<0.05) in the endometritis group (47.6%) than in the non-endometritis group (62.6%). The number of services per conception was higher (P<0.05) in the endometritis group (1.9) than in the non-endometritis group (1.6). We conclude that retained placenta, metabolic disorders and cow parity are strongly correlated with the development of postpartum endometritis, which decreases reproductive performance in dairy herds in Korea.     

Significance of nitric oxide concentration in plasma and uterine secretes with puerperal endometritis in dairy cows

Endometritis is an inflammation of the endometrial lining of the uterus without systemic signs, which is associated with chronic postpartum infection of the uterus with pathogenic bacteria. Nitric oxide (NO) is an inflammatory mediator that among other effects causes smooth muscle relaxation and mediated cytoimmunity and inflammation toxicity. To see if the nitric oxide concentration in plasma and uterine secrets is related with postpartum endometritis, NO concentrations in plasma and uterine secrets were measured in dairy cows with puerperal endometritis (clinical endometritis (n = 60) and subclinical endometritis (n = 58)). Cows with clinical or subclinical endometritis showed higher concentrations of NO in both plasma and uterine secrets when compared with normal cows and the highest concentrations of NO in plasma and uterine secrets were found in dairy cows with clinical endometritis. Expression level of NOS2 mRNA in endometrial biopsies from cows with puerperal endometritis was also higher and the highest expression of NOS2 mRNA was found in cows with clinical endometritis. The results showed that concentrations of NO in plasma and uterine fluid are related with the degree of endometritis which may be useful to diagnose the endometritis in dairy cows.     

Investigation of Clinical Medicine for Treating Cows Endometritis in Baotou Area

In 4 dairy farms located in Baotou area, clinical medicine investigation and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria were conducted, and then curative effects of different treatment methods were analyzed.Epidemic materials were collected from diary cows infected by endometritis, from which pathogenic bacteria were isolated using conventional microbiology technologies.Broth microdilution method was used to detect the sensitivity and resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics commonly used in clinic.On this basis, the sensitive drugs were used to treat mastitis or endometritis, the clinical curative effect of traditional treatment group was compared with that of therapeutic test group.The result of traditional treatment group showed 13 antibiotics were used to treat 160 cases of endometritis, florfenicol was most effective, penicillin was most ineffective.The results of therapeutic test group showed that Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus were the main pathogenic bacteria of endometritis, which were sensitive to gentamicin and cefalotin, etc.The results of statistical analysis showed that the curative effect of therapeutic test group was extremely significantly different from that of traditional treatment group(P<0.01).Sensitive drugs screened by drug sensitive test could be used to target therapy, and obtain satisfied curative effect.Moreover, this approach could avoid antibiotic abuse.