百香果茎基腐病病原鉴定及室内毒力测定

茎基腐病是百香果毁灭性病害之一。本研究结合症状观察、病原菌分离纯化、致病性测定和分子鉴定等手段,确定了病原种类,进而采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法对其进行室内毒力测定,以期筛选出高效防控药剂。结果表明：病原菌有典型的镰刀菌特征,其ITS序列与腐皮镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）的多条序列聚在同一分支上,相似性达100%,说明百香果茎腐病的病原为腐皮镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）。室内毒力测定的6种药剂中,250g/L升苯醚甲环唑乳油对菌丝生长的抑制效果最明显,EC50为0.3372 mg/L,其次是450g/L咪鲜胺水乳剂和70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂,EC50分别为0.4749 mg/L和0.7172mg/L;但镰刀菌孢子萌发测试表明, 450g/L咪鲜胺水乳剂浓度为9mg/L时的抑制效果最好,为74.78%,其次是70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂1400mg/L和250g/L苯醚甲环唑乳油250mg/L,分别为58.89%和33.67%,30%噁霉灵水剂效果最差,浓度为600mg/L时,抑制率接近于0。     

火龙果溃疡病菌的鉴定及室内药剂筛选

为了有效防治火龙果溃疡病，本实验通过菌种的分离与纯化、致病性测定、形态学观察、rDNA-ITS序列分析和药剂室内毒力测定，对引起火龙果溃疡病的病原菌进行了鉴定及抑菌药剂的室内筛选。结果表明，菌株P1与新暗色柱节孢的相似性达100%，结合形态学分析确定该菌株就是火龙果溃疡病的病原菌；13种药剂中40%氟硅唑乳油、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂和12.5%烯唑醇乳油的抑菌效果最好，EC50分别为0.0507mg/L、0.1317mg/L、0.1832mg/L和0.1731mg/L。结果可为火龙果溃疡病的防治提供科学参考。     

油梨突脐蠕孢叶斑病病原菌鉴定及室内防治药剂筛选

【目的】为明确在广西崇左市油梨种植基地发现的一种叶斑病的病原菌及其生物学特性，以及该病害的防治药剂。【方法】通过形态学鉴定及分子生物学方法，对该病原菌进行鉴定，并对该病原菌进行了生物学特性测定及防治杀菌剂的室内筛选。【结果】该叶斑病的病原菌为嘴突脐蠕孢（Exserohilum rostratum），该病原菌的最适生长温度为28℃，最适培养基为PDA培养基，最适pH为7，黑暗条件有利于该菌的生长。参试的250g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、40%百菌清悬浮剂、430g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂和40%腈菌唑可湿性粉剂对嘴突脐蠕孢均有抑制效果，其中10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、430g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂和40%腈菌唑可湿性粉剂对该菌生长的抑制效果较好，其EC50分别为0.0163mg/L、0.0420mg/L、0.1109mg/L。     

柑橘轮斑病菌防治药剂室内筛选及其对苯并咪唑类药剂的抗性分析

为了筛选出柑橘轮斑病菌的有效防治药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了29种杀菌剂对分离自重庆的WZ1菌株及分离自陕西的DS3菌株的抑制效果,结果表明,29种药剂中25%咪鲜胺悬浮剂、40%双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐可湿性粉剂、400g/L氟硅唑乳油、42%双胍.咪鲜胺可湿性粉剂4个药剂对WZ1、DS3菌株的抑制作用较强,EC₅₀<0.1mg/L;7%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、500g/L氟啶胺悬浮剂、430g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂等16种药剂的EC₅₀<1mg/L,对WZ1、DS3菌株抑制作用强。WZ1菌株和DS3菌株对500g/L氟啶胺悬浮剂、10%抑霉唑水剂、80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂、500g/L甲基硫菌灵悬浮剂、50%苯菌灵可湿性粉剂的敏感性差异较大,可能存在抗药性差异。其中柑橘轮斑病菌DS3菌株β-tubulin基因第200位氨基酸由苯丙氨酸突变为酪氨酸可能导致该菌株对甲基硫菌灵和苯菌灵等苯并咪唑类药剂产生抗药性。本研究为柑橘轮斑病的田间防治提供了药剂选择,为柑橘轮斑病抗性菌株的快速分子检测方法提供参考。     

修文县猕猴桃腐烂病病原鉴定及防治药剂筛选

为明确贵州修文县猕猴桃果实腐烂的致病菌种并做室内毒力测定筛选有效防治药剂，采集对该县的烂果进行病原分离与致病性测 定，得到一株致病能力较强的真菌，结合形态学及18 S rDNA序列测定，最终确定该致病菌种为盘多毛孢菌（Pestalotiopsis gracilissp. ）；采用通过菌丝生长速率法测定分别选用6种杀菌剂的抑制作用毒力用于防治药剂的室内筛选，结果表明42.4%唑醚•氟酰胺悬浮剂、复配 （80%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂与40%嘧菌酯悬浮剂按1:1混合）、40%氟硅唑乳油三种杀菌剂抑制效果最好较好，其EC50分别为0.068、0.2205、和2.1872 mg/L，均可作为选为该病菌病害的防治用药药剂。     

贵长猕猴桃蒂腐病病原菌分离鉴定及防治药剂毒力测定

为明确引起贵长猕猴桃蒂腐病病原菌的种类并筛选出有效防治药剂,本研究从自然发病果实进行病原菌分离,通过菌株致病性测定、形态学及分子生物学鉴定,并针对病原菌采用6种不同杀菌剂对其的抑菌效果研究。结果表明,分离获得的有效菌株中GC-1和GC-2可引发蒂腐病,将有效菌株的序列结果与 NCBI进行核酸 Blast 比对,GC-1和GC-2分别与木贼镰刀菌(Fusariam)和粉红螺旋聚孢霉(Clonostachys rosea)的同源性达99 %和100 %,结合GC-1和GC-2病原菌形态特征分析,明确引起贵长猕猴桃蒂腐病病原菌为木贼镰刀菌(Fusariam)和粉红螺旋聚孢霉(Clonostachys rosea)。室内毒力测试结果表明,甲基硫菌灵对木贼镰刀菌抑菌效果最好,EC50值为8.2007 mg/L;其次是异菌脲、咪鲜胺、多菌灵、戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑,Ec50分别为19.6431 mg/L、23.2454 mg/L、37.7505 mg/L、70.2533 mg/L和139.2179 mg/L。多菌灵对粉红螺旋聚孢霉效果最好,EC50值为7.8540 mg/L;其次是咪鲜胺、苯醚甲环唑、甲基硫菌灵、异菌脲和戊唑醇,其Ec50分别为14.3703 mg/L、28.1615 mg/L、100.7953 mg/L、126.3797 mg/L和135.9008 mg/L。因此,引起贵长猕猴桃蒂腐病的病原菌为木贼镰刀菌(Fusariam)和粉红螺旋聚孢霉(Clonostachys rosea);甲基硫菌灵和多菌灵分别对木贼镰刀菌(Fusariam)和粉红螺旋聚孢霉(Clonostachys rosea)的菌丝生长具有明显抑制作用,该研究结果可为贵长猕猴桃蒂腐病的田间药剂防治提供筛选依据。     

几种杀菌剂对猕猴桃褐斑病的药效试验

猕猴桃叶片受褐斑病为害 ,常导致叶缘卷曲 ,叶片枯萎脱落。后期病害转向枝干 ,造成落果及枝干枯死 ,严重影响猕猴桃的产量和品质。笔者 2 0 0 0年进行了几种常用杀菌剂防治叶片褐斑病的试验。试验地位于武义县王宅镇山里村猕猴桃基地 ,品种为8年生海沃德 ,株行距 4ｍ× 4ｍ。供试药剂为 5 0 %多·霉威可湿性粉剂 (河北保定市化工八厂 ) ,80 %大生Ｍ 4 5可湿性粉剂 (美国罗门哈斯公司 ) ,70 %甲基托布津可湿性粉剂 (日本曹达株式会社 ) ,5 0 %多菌灵可湿性粉剂 (江苏江阴农药厂 )和 2 5 %甲霜灵可湿性粉剂 (江苏南通染化厂 ) ,浓度均为 10 0 …     

杀菌剂对猕猴桃溃疡病菌的室内毒力测定及田间防效

为明确不同杀菌剂对猕猴桃溃疡病的防治效果，采用平板菌落计数法对22种杀菌剂进行室内毒力测定。结果表明：0.2%纳米银溶液、0.3%四霉素水剂、3%噻霉酮水分散粒剂、20%溴硝醇可湿性粉剂、72%硫酸链霉素可溶粉剂、78%波尔?锰锌可湿性粉剂对溃疡病菌有很好的抑制作用，EC50分别为0.0865、0.0928、1.1044、2.2965、3.6714和5.228 mg/l；20%甲磺酰菌唑可湿性粉剂、99.8%硝酸银、3%中生菌素可湿性粉剂和80%乙蒜素乳油对病菌具有一定的抑菌作用，EC50分别为11.416、13.981、16.9523和20.1025mg/l。选用5种抑菌效果较好的药剂进行田间药效试验，试验结果表明0.3%四霉素水剂效果最好，平均防效为71.06%；其次为72%硫酸链霉素可溶粉剂、0.2%纳米银溶液、3%噻霉酮水分散粒剂，平均防效分别为70.39%、63.31%、53.78%；而20%溴硝醇可湿性粉剂的防效较差，平均防效为44.80%；此研究为修文猕猴桃溃疡病的科学防治提供了理论依据。     

云南蚕区采集桑褐斑病病原真菌基于rDNA-ITS序列的分类鉴定与系统发育分析

已报道的桑褐斑病的病原真菌有桑粘隔孢(Septogloeum mori Briosi et Cavara)和桑褐斑壳丰孢[Phloeospora maculans(Bereng.)Allesch]两种。在云南省不同蚕区选择感染桑褐斑病的桑树分离病原菌株,以待测病原菌株的基因组DNA为模板,采用真菌通用引物ITS1和ITS4扩增各菌株的r DNA-ITS序列。对菌株PCR产物测序后比对Gen Bank数据库中已提交桑褐斑病病原菌的r DNA-ITS同源序列,应用MEGA5.2软件和Neighbor-Joining法,分别计算遗传距离及构建系统发育进化树分析亲缘关系。结果表明,从云南省不同蚕区感病桑树分离的桑褐斑病病原菌r DNA-ITS序列与Gen Bank中登录桑褐斑壳丰孢P.maculans的r DNA-ITS序列(登录号:GU214670.1)、桑球腔菌[Mycosphaerella mori(Fckl.)Wolf]r DNA-ITS序列(登录号:AB435069.1)的遗传距离很近,序列相似度达99%以上,聚为同一分支,其中编号BS、DY、ML、QJ的菌株与来自印度的桑球腔菌的序列相似度达到100%。由此认为,引起云南蚕区桑褐斑病的病原真菌为桑褐斑壳丰孢Phloeospora maculans,有性态为桑球腔菌Mycosphaerella mori。     

9种杀菌剂对香蕉灰纹病菌的室内毒力测定

为了测定不同化学杀菌剂对香蕉灰纹病的毒力,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了9种杀菌剂对3株香蕉灰纹病菌的抑制效果。结果表明,80%多菌灵可湿性粉剂（WP）和12.5%氟环唑悬浮剂（SC）毒力最强,平均EC50值均小于1 mg/L;25%丙环唑乳油（EC）、37%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂（WG）、20%戊唑醇乳油（EC）和50%甲基硫菌灵悬浮剂（SC）次之,平均EC50值在1～3 mg/L之间;80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂（WP）和24%腈苯唑悬浮剂（SC）毒力一般,平均EC50值在9～20 mg/L之间;40%百菌清悬浮剂（SC）毒力最弱,平均EC50值为46.572 4 mg/L。80%多菌灵WP、12.5%氟环唑SC、25%丙环唑EC、37%苯醚甲环唑WG、20%戊唑醇EC和50%甲基硫菌灵SC可有效抑制香蕉灰纹病菌菌丝生长,可进一步用于田间试验。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.