北方地区南美白对虾与罗氏沼虾轮养试验

南美白对虾与罗氏沼虾生长快、易饲养,在南方1年可以养多茬。2001年,我们在日照市进行了2者的轮养试验,3.6亩淡水虾池共产南美白对虾480 kg,罗氏沼虾350 kg,总产值18 950元,亩均纯利3 000余元。试验证明,在北方进行南美白对虾与罗氏沼虾轮养是完全     

技术交流

放养密度因时而异 新会养殖户吴志顺．有34亩塘,主养南美白对虾和罗氏沼虾。 吴师傅有3口塘．一口养罗氏沼虾,另外两‘口养南美白对虾。当记者问到为何要如此布局养殖品种时．吴师傅说道：“今年南美白对虾偷死这么严重．有亏损的风险。虽然罗氏沼虾养殖周期长．但是病害没这么严重．我兼养罗氏沼虾就是为了保本的。”     

滨海滩涂南美白对虾与罗氏沼虾生态混养模式研究

正本研究通过对慈溪地区南美白对虾养殖池塘混养不同密度罗氏沼虾池塘水质、浮游植物、南美白对虾生长、饵料系数、罗氏沼虾产量以及经济效益进行了研究,旨在建立南美白对虾与罗氏沼虾混养新模式,以期为长三角地区南美白对虾科学养殖提供指导和依据。一、材料和方法1.试验条件本试验在浙江省慈溪市龙武渔业专业合作社进行,选择9个面积约10亩的养殖池塘,池塘深度为1.2米,每口池塘配备1.5千瓦     

罗氏沼虾、南美白对虾池套养草鱼高产技术试验

2009年4月至2010年12月进行南美白对虾与罗氏沼虾池套养草鱼试验,二口试验池共5.0×667m2;平均每667m2产南美白对虾商品虾735kg,罗氏沼虾438kg,草鱼44kg,平均每667m2产值4.8×104元,利润1.6×104元,经济效益良好。     

南美白对虾养殖池塘高效生态套养技术

<正>近几年,我地区开展的南美白对虾养殖出现了一些新问题:池塘单养模式发病率高且难以控制,与罗氏沼虾混养,南美白对虾的产量往往低于罗氏沼虾的产量、对控制病害发生的效果仍然不明显。因此,有必要对现有的养殖模式进行改进,通过调整混养模式中两虾的放养比例,以提高南美白对虾的产量。通过增放甲鱼等品种,有效防控病害发生、增加辅助产出,从而达到提高整个养殖产量和效益的目的。南通市通州区胖磊养殖场连续几年开展了南美白对虾套放罗氏沼虾、甲鱼和花白鲢的养殖模式,不但实现了病害的零发生、获得了白对虾的高产,还增加了罗氏沼虾,尤其是甲鱼的收益,2014年亩收益达10417元。现将该养殖模式的情况总结如下。     

肇庆种茜养虾模式

<正>珠海斗门区曾是广东养殖罗氏沼虾的主产区,2000年后逐渐转向养殖南美白对虾,近年来南美白对虾歉产面积扩大,养殖户又渐渐重视养殖罗氏沼虾。然而十多年来罗氏沼虾的养殖环境和养殖方法都在变化,为此笔者组织养殖户前往肇庆参观学习,从中得到了启发。肇庆罗氏沼虾养殖集中在高要,面积约5万亩,是广东最大的养殖区。肇庆近年来摸索和推广"种茜养虾"的方法,平均每亩投苗2万尾~3万尾,     

罗氏沼虾育苗水质研究的若干进展

本文综述国内有关罗氏沼虾育苗水质及调控的研究进展,主要包括人工配制海水中K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的浓度和比例,三态氮、溶解氧、盐度、H2S等主要水质指标的研究成果;从生物、化学、物理和综合方法四方面归纳、总结了罗氏沼虾育苗水质处理方法的研究成果.     

天津地区罗氏沼虾养殖试验(下)

4.成虾养殖(1)养殖模式的选择。在养殖模式上采用主养和混养的模式。主养模式分为两种,一种采用温棚养殖罗氏沼虾,面积2.5亩;另一种采用池塘养殖罗氏沼虾,面积100亩(表2)。混养模式分为两种,一种采用主养南美白对虾混养罗氏沼虾,南美白对虾投放密度除呈祥水产养殖合作社4.1万尾/亩外,其余为2万尾/亩,面积1 375亩;另一种采用主养黄颡鱼混养罗氏沼虾,黄颡鱼投放密度为1.1万尾/亩,面积22亩(表3)。     

罗氏沼虾苗培育温棚 综合利用技术

2001年,我们对净水面2 600m2的4座罗氏沼虾苗培育温棚进行了全年养殖(暂养)试验,第1茬温棚暂养罗氏沼虾苗试验,第2茬露天池塘养殖南美白对虾试验,第3茬温棚暂养罗氏沼虾成虾试验,第4茬温棚养殖青虾试验。全年实际使用温棚259天,实现产值296 805     

南美白对虾土池大棚套养罗氏沼虾关键技术

<正>南美白对虾是余姚市的主导养殖品种,全市南美白对虾养殖面积1万多亩。近年来,由于南美白对虾养殖病害多发,养殖效益不景气,养殖企业开始寻求新的养殖模式,以增加养殖效益、减少养殖损失,南美白对虾套养罗氏沼虾土池大棚养殖模式应运而生。以余姚市海深特种水产养殖场2018年9#土池大棚塘为例,该池塘土壤属于海涂盐碱地,面积6亩,3月28日放养南美白对虾苗80万尾进行标粗,1个月后将48万尾翻到隔壁外塘放养,剩余的在土池大棚塘中留养,土池大棚中再放养规格2～3厘米的罗氏沼虾苗12万尾。南美白对虾在10月15日捕完,产量3118.5千克(不包括翻出部分),销售收入122050元;罗氏沼虾在10月30日清塘捕完,产量1000千克,销售收入     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.