《甘肃省小陇山高等植物志》学名订正(二)——荨麻科、石竹科、毛茛科、樟科、十字花科、五加科、木犀科

订正了《甘肃省小陇山高等植物志》荨麻科、石竹科、毛茛科、樟科、十字花科、五加科、木犀科植物30种5变种2亚种的学名。     

《甘肃省小陇山高等植物志》学名订正(四)——杜鹃花科、报春花科等10个科

订正了《甘肃省小陇山高等植物志》杜鹃花科、报春花科、安息香科、龙胆科、花荵科、紫草科、马鞭草科、唇形科、紫葳科、列当科植物12种6变种1亚种的学名。     

《甘肃省小陇山高等植物志》学名订正(三)——虎耳草科、蔷薇科、豆科

订正了《甘肃省小陇山高等植物志》虎耳草科、蔷薇科和豆科植物25种7变种2亚种的学名。     

滁州林业有害生物发生及防治

滁州市植被以落叶阔叶树种为主,乔木树种83科187属414种,草本植物以禾本科、菊科、蔷薇科、毛茛科为主,人工造林主要是松科、柏科、壳斗科、杉科、杨柳科等树种,经济林以蔷薇科、大戟科、壳斗科的树种占优势.     

中国常见壳斗科植物瘿蜂昆虫及3新记录种

[目的]明晰我国壳斗科植物瘿蜂昆虫种类，为瘿蜂科昆虫的野外采集、快速鉴定、及时预报提供依据。[方法]通过实地调查采集虫瘿和室内饲养，对我国9种常见壳斗科植物上的瘿蜂昆虫种类进行调查与分类鉴定。[结果]危害我国常见壳斗科的瘿蜂科15种，隶属于8属，包括3种中国新记录和12种已知种。[结论]记录了15个种类的寄主、分布范围及虫瘿特征，并提供了12个种类的虫瘿特征照片，明确了大部分瘿蜂昆虫的寄主植物。     

山西省木犀科植物资源及其园林应用

木犀科植物广泛分布于温带、亚热带及热带,其叶、花、果观赏价值极高,是庭院珍品。山西省木犀科植物资源丰富,野生及栽培种共8属47种（含1亚种5变种4品种）。笔者分析了山西省木犀科植物的观赏特性,探讨了该科植物的园林用途,提出了木犀科植物资源开发和应用的建议。     

萍乡武功山樟科植物资源及其利用

根据调查,江西省萍乡市武功山地区共有樟科植物6属,42种或变种。本文综述了樟科植物的利用,提出了樟科植物开发利用对策。     

甘肃古树名录(一)

根据现有资料，把甘肃古树分门别类整理成名录，以集中介绍甘肃的古树资源。名录共收集我省古树树种达33种49属72种（变种）1156株（群落），以杨柳科最多，依次为柏科、蝶形花科、银杏科、松科、榆科等。     

济源市榆科植物资源调查与分析

通过对济源市种质资源的普查,结果显示,济源市榆科(Ulmaceae)植物资源丰富,调查榆科植物有6属26种,其中野生榆科植物20种,引进栽培6种。占我国榆科植物总属数(8属)和总种数(56种)的75%和45%,是我国榆科植物丰富的区域之一。阐述了榆科植物的资源的组成和分布情况,并对榆科植物资源利用途径进行了分析,提出了榆科植物资源的保护对策和开发利用价值。     

重庆樟科植物资源及其在园林中的应用

重庆有着丰富的樟科植物资源。本文对重庆市樟科植物主要种的地理分布及其生境特点作了介绍，并重点介绍了在园林中应用前景较好的几种樟科植物。     

Chemical kinetics of Japanese cedar,cypress, fir,and spruce and characterization of charcoal

 Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses techniques have been applied to investigate the thermal degradation characteristics and chemical kinetics of Japanese cedar, cypress, fir, and spruce. The decomposition of the components could be modeled by an Arrhenius kinetic expression. The kinetic parameters were extracted from the thermogravimetric data using least-squares techniques. The heating rates used for the analyses were 10°, 5°, and 0.33°C/min; and the activation energy and reaction order of the above woods were 7.54, 8.39, 2.87, and 7.88 kJ/mol and 0.71, 0.64, 0.44, and 0.63, respectively. Finally, carbonization was done to produce charcoal from these woods under various operating conditions, and the charcoal was characterized in respect to yield, heating value, electrical conductivity, and X-ray diffraction. The quality of the charcoal from fir was the best among the four types of wood. The charcoal produced is inferior to binchotan (white charcoal) in respect to electrical conductivity and crystalline structure. Received: February 13, 2002 / Accepted: July 12, 2002 Acknowledgment The authors express their gratitude to Professor Yoshida of Applied Chemistry in Tokyo Metropolitan University for performing the TG/DTA in his laboratory and for his valuable suggestions about the analyses.     

Effects of alkali,mild steam,and chitosan treatments on the properties of pineapple,ramie, and sansevieria fiber bundles

This study focused on the effects of treatments of alkali, mild steam, and chitosan on the surface morphology, fiber texture, and tensile properties of pineapple, ramie, and sansevieria fiber bundles. The fibers were treated with NaOH (2%), mild steam (0.1 MPa), and chitosan solutions (4% and 8%). The properties of these treated fibers were characterized and compared with the untreated fibers. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to observe the surface morphology of those fibers. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy was used to observe the fiber textures. Tensile properties of the treated and untreated fibers were also recorded. SEM micrographs showed that the surfaces of the NaOH-treated fibers were more damaged than those of the steam-treated fibers. The 4% chitosan solution covered the fiber surface more uniformly than the 8% chitosan solution. The steam-treated fibers had higher values of degree of crystallinity, crystallite orientation factor, and crystallite size than the NaOHtreated fibers. Ramie fiber showed greater mechanical properties than the other fibers. The values of tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and toughness of the steamtreated fibers, which were similar to those of the 4% chitosan-coated fibers, were higher than those for the other treatments.     

Sciences,knowledges, and the practice of forestry

We address the question of how credible knowledge that will contribute to more effective forest policy and management can be produced. We argue that some forest-related knowledge-producing practices of professional scientists and of local people are similar, and given the differences in the knowledge they produce, we explore how they might be used productively together to create better understandings of forests with resulting better forestry practice and policy. Using a case study of participatory forest ecology research, we demonstrate that when professional (conventional) scientists do research in collaboration with local experts (civil scientists), the resulting knowledge can be more accurate and more policy relevant than they could produce doing research on their own or only with other conventional scientists.     

核桃采收、脱皮、漂白及坚果分级技术要点

本文就核桃采收时间、脱皮方法及坚果分级标准进行了初步研究总结,为实现核桃优果优价、提质增效提供了切实可行的理论依据。     

Behavioral responses,rate of mortality,and oviposition of western cherry fruit fly exposed to malathion,zeta-cypermethrin,and spinetoram

Western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a pest of sweet and tart cherry, Prunus avium L. (L.) and P. cerasus L., respectively, in western North America. This fly is commonly controlled with spinosad bait sprays. Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is potentially a new pest of cherries in this region that could be a threat to orchards at the same time as R. indifferens. Drosophila suzukii apparently is not controlled using spinosad bait sprays, but may potentially be controlled using malathion, zeta-cypermethrin, and spinetoram. However, how well these last three materials protect fruit against reproductively mature R. indifferens is not known. In laboratory observations, R. indifferens spent the least amount of time on cherries treated with zeta-cypermethrin, possibly because of its toxicity and irritant effects. In laboratory experiments, zeta-cypermethrin killed flies more quickly than malathion and spinetoram, causing up to 100% mortality 2 h after exposure. Zeta-cypermethrin prevented all oviposition when flies walked on dried residues for 20–25 min or were directly sprayed, and then exposed to cherries with dried residues, simulating exposure of mature female flies in a treated orchard. Malathion and spinetoram reduced oviposition compared with controls, but did not prevent it, when flies contacted residues or were directly sprayed at a high volume. Results suggest zeta-cypermethrin is the most effective of the three materials at protecting cherries against mature R. indifferens and could be used in an integrated control program for it and D. suzukii.     

林地土壤pH值，磷，钾，有机质和水含量具有可变和可控性

对取自山西省北部不同地点、不同层次的土样的pH值、磷、钾、有机质、水含量的变化进行了研究。结果表明：林地土壤理化性质具有可变性的可控性。     

Integration of pines,pastures, and cattle in south Georgia,USA

Agroforestry Systems - Native forages of southern United States are frequently low in nutrients and poorly digestible, while improved pastures are the opposite. Since this area produces rapid...     

Seedling emergence, growth, and allocation of Oriental bittersweet: effects of seed input, seed bank, and forest floor litter

The establishment of invasive plant populations is controlled by seed input, survival in the soil seed bank, and effects of soil surface disturbance on emergence, growth, and survival. We studied the invasive vine Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. (Oriental bittersweet) to determine if seedlings in forest understory germinate from the seed bank or from seed rain. We also conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate the role of leaf litter mass and physical texture on seedling survival, growth, and allocation. In the understory of an invaded mixed hardwood forest, we measured seed input, seedling emergence with seed rain, and seedling emergence without seed rain. Mean seed rain was 168 seeds m⁻²: mean seedling emergence was 107 m⁻², and there was a strong correlation between seed rain and seedling emergence. The ratio of seedlings to seed input (0.61) was close to the seed viability (0.66) leaving very few seeds to enter the seed bank. Seed bank germination under field conditions was low (1 seedling m⁻²). Soil cores were incubated in a greenhouse to determine seed bank viability, and germination from these soil cores did not occur. To determine how litter affects seedling establishment and growth, we measured seedling emergence and biomass allocation in a greenhouse experiment. Seeds were placed below intact and fragmented deciduous leaf litter in amounts ranging from zero to the equivalent of 16 Mg ha⁻¹. Seedling emergence was not affected by fragmented litter, but decreased to <20% as intact litter increased to 16 Mg ha⁻¹. Increasing litter resulted in greater allocation to hypocotyl and less to cotyledon and radicle, and this effect was greater in intact litter. C. orbiculatus seedlings achieve emergence through forest floor litter through plasticity in allocation to hypocotyl growth. The low survival of C. orbiculatus in the seed bank suggests that eradication of seedling advance regeneration and adult plants prior to seed rain may be an effective control strategy. However, the intact forest floor litter of an undisturbed forest will not prevent seedling establishment.