模拟降雨条件下肥料品种与施肥方式对氮素径流流失的影响

为研究施肥对氮素径流流失的影响,选择山东省泰安市典型农田为试验地点,采用4次重复人工降雨试验方法,研究降雨径流过程中不同肥料品种和不同施肥方式对地表径流氮素流失的影响机制.结果表明:在降雨强度和施肥量一致的条件下,施用速效氮肥碳酸氢铵肥料引起氮素流失量最大,尿素次之,控释尿素最低.施肥翻耕深度增大有利于降低径流氮素流失量,在翻耕深度相同时,条施施肥方式比穴施和混施造成的径流氮素流失量更大.相关分析表明,径流中铵态氮含量和泥沙产量的差异是影响氮素径流的主要原因.在适宜的降雨条件下,合理施肥是控制氮素径流流失和减少农田氮素污染的关键途径之一.     

毛白杨对15N-硝态氮和铵态氮的吸收、利用及分配

以毛白杨新无性系50号插条苗为试材,应用15N示踪技术研究在相同施氮量下毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)苗木对不同形态氮素的吸收、分配及利用特性。结果表明：不同处理下毛白杨苗木在施肥1周后对肥料氮的吸收呈逐渐上升趋势,并在施肥后28d达到最大值,NO3-15N处理苗木全氮量为0.67g/株, NH4-15N处理苗木全氮量为0.60g/株;吸收NO3-15N为0.26g/株,吸收NH4-15N为0.12g/株,分别占苗木全氮的比例39.15%和19.95%。毛白杨苗木对两种氮素的利用程度差异显著,在利用率最高时期,NO3-15N利用率可达25.83%,约为NH4-15N（12.03%）的2倍。氮素在各器官中分配差异显著,总体趋势为叶﹥根﹥茎。叶中NO3-15N的分配率显著高于NH4-15N     

不同施肥处理对千层金容器苗栽培效果的影响

园林植物栽培生长的施肥成本主要是由肥料的价格和人工费组成。通过试验对不同施肥组合的肥料价格、人工费成本及千层金生长效果的分析,给出对千层金栽培的用肥建议:千层金苗木新转盆换袋时将优质缓释肥作为基肥,可以保证苗木在恢复期营养的供给,同时可减少养分局部过量对新苗根系的毒害作用,提高换盆成活率;在苗木恢复后,旺盛生长期使用复合肥、氮肥能够促进营养器官的生长,增加高度和冠幅;当苗木达到商品要求,需要控制生长速度,应以施用优质有机肥为主。     

皖草2号和墨西哥玉米氮肥利用效率分析

采用15N同位素示踪技术,进行了皖草2号和墨西哥玉米两种饲料作物对氮素的吸收、积累、分配规律以及氮素利用特性的研究。结果表明,生育期内两者的氮积累量逐渐增加;氮在叶片中的分配比例最高,且随刈割次数的增加逐渐减少,茎鞘中氮分配比例逐渐增加;氮素吸收强度皖草2号逐渐增加,墨西哥玉米呈单峰曲线变化。墨西哥玉米再生草吸收氮素来自肥料的比率为97.6%1～00.0%,在整个生育期呈斜“Z”字型变化;皖草2号逐渐减少。氮肥处理间比较,头茬草一次性施肥处理吸收肥料氮比分次施肥处理分别高18.2%和19.3%;再生草的氮素吸收强度以分次施肥效果较好;氮收获指数两处理间差异不显著。皖草2号各次收获草干重、全氮含量、氮累积量和氮回收率均高于墨西哥玉米,且分次施肥处理高于一次性施肥处理,而墨西哥玉米则相反。生产上皖草2号品种应采用分次施用氮肥,而墨西哥玉米则采用一次性施肥的方式,这样既可提高氮肥利用效率,还可获得优质的牧草。     

指数施肥方式对切花菊生长及其土壤性质的影响

在大田试验条件下,根据矿质稳态营养的理论对连续种植切花菊的施肥方式进行研究,讨论了指数施肥方式对连续种植的切花菊品质、产量、养分吸收和土壤性质的影响。结果表明,在完整的生长期内,指数施肥处理(EF)产量高于一次性施入全部肥料处理(MCK)、直线施肥(SF)、平均施肥(AF),分别为28.04%、13.23%、14.2%。土壤性质变化结果显示,指数施肥处理可以有效降低土壤中的氮素残留。养分吸收结果显示,各施肥处理均能促进植株对养分的吸收并显著提高切花菊植株N、P、K等养分含量,其中指数施肥处理对切花菊生长的促进作用的效果最显著。本文通过对指数施肥的研究提供了切花菊的规模生产养分高效利用的新思路,并发现通过该方法可以有效解决土壤富营养化问题,减少土壤连作危害。     

控释掺混肥对夏玉米产量及土壤硝态氮和铵态氮分布的影响

通过田间试验研究释放期60 d的水基包膜尿素与普通尿素常规施肥用量下不同比例配合追施对夏玉米产量、肥料利用率、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力、氮素收获指数、氮素积累量及0-60 cm土壤硝铵态氦含量动态分布的影响.结果表明:各控释掺混处理对夏玉米的产量、肥料利用率、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力及氮素收获指数较常规施肥都有不同程度的提高,以控氮比50%处理最佳,产量和氮肥利用率分别比对照的提高9.43%和24.69%,达到显著水平;各控释掺混处理0-60 cm土壤都保持较高的硝态氮含量,至后期较常规施肥的略高,满足了玉米的生长.玉米各时期土壤铵态氮含量大致以高控氮比处理的含量高,差异不明显,但显著高于常规施肥处理的.控氮比50%处理更适合本区域玉米生产.     

灌溉水平对冬小麦氮素吸收及氮素平衡的影响

应用15N示踪技术对不同灌溉条件下冬小麦的氮素吸收及氮素平衡进行了研究 ,结果表明 ,冬小麦的氮素积累及对肥料氮的利用率均以高灌处理较高 ,而肥料氮的损失量则以低灌处理较多。在冬小麦的氮素积累过程中 ,低灌的影响主要表现为冬小麦对肥料氮的吸收持续时间较短 ,尤其是对追肥氮的吸收主要集中在施肥后 2 0d内。在肥料氮素损失过程中 ,低灌导致肥料氮在施肥初期损失量过大 ,这是造成低灌条件下的肥料氮素损失总量较大的主要原因     

滴灌施肥对农田土壤氮素利用和流失的影响

通过2年在果园和蔬菜田的生产试验及田问氮素流失监测,对比研究常规施肥管理和精确滴灌施肥技术在作物产量、肥料消耗量和农田氮素流失负荷等方面的差异,分析不同施肥方式对农田土壤氮素利用和流失的影响.结果表明:滴灌施肥技术把定量的溶解态肥料直接输送到作物根部,提高了肥料利用效率,农作物产量与常规产量基本持平甚至略有提高,而氮肥消耗量和氮素流失负荷则显著降低.与常规施肥管理方式相比,2006年梨、大豆和玉米的单位产量氮肥消耗量分别降低10.8、11.8和8.9 g/kg,削减率分别为22.8%、26.6%和30.8%;单位产量总氮流失量也分别削减45.2%、14.5%和26.3%.2007年梨、西瓜和玉米的单位产量氮肥消耗量分别降低11.1、8.1和5.0 g/kg,削减率分别达到29.7%、65.8%和21.5%;单位产量总氮流失量分别削减56.4%、49.7%和51.8%.     

林业工程苗木培育及移植造林技术要点

随着我国经济的快速发展,对于生态环境保护的重视程度也在不断提升。作为一项系统工程,林业工程苗木培育和移植造林中,除了对生产技术给予高度重视外,对于造林工艺同样提出了更高的要求。一般情况下,林业工程苗木培育过程包括4个环节,即育苗、造林、经营和伐木,各个环节之间密切互动和补充,任何一个环节出现问题,都将影响到后续的林业工程质量。基于此,主要对林业工程苗木培育技术和移植造林技术进行客观阐述,旨在提升林业工程的苗木培育质量。     

同位素稀释分析在土壤氮素循环利用研究中的应用

同位素稀释分析是研究氮素在土壤植物体系中转化和迁移特征的有效方法。本文对国内外近十年利用同位素稀释技术研究土壤微生物和植物对不同形态的氮素的利用与竞争进行了总结,强调了土壤在植物和微生物养分利用中的双重作用。利用同位素稀释分析还可以研究所施氮肥的转化、迁移、和流失,推断土壤-植物系统N肥平衡状况,对提高肥料利用率,科学施肥,减少氮素污染有着科学的指导作用。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.