富硒土壤硒含量及其与土壤理化性状的关系——以江西丰城为例

为了解富硒土壤的硒含量及其分布特征,明确土壤硒与主要土壤性状指标的关系,选择江西丰城地区不同硒水平的水田和旱作农田,于2014年9月选取了14个村落于作物收获后布设土壤剖面采样点。在0~100 cm的土壤剖面进行分层(20 cm)取样,测定土壤全硒含量及主要理化性状。结果表明,丰城地区农田土壤(0~20 cm)全硒平均含量(算术平均值)为0.49 mg·kg~(-1),41.2%的农田土壤高于0.4 mg·kg~(-1),99%高于0.125 mg·kg~(-1)。1 m剖面中土壤硒含量在0~20 cm最高,硒含量随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低,且在60 cm以下基本保持不变。富硒条件下,水田土壤硒含量在0~40 cm土层上显著高于旱地土壤;非富硒条件下,二者的全硒含量在1 m土体上无显著差异。土壤有机质含量对土壤全硒含量有决定性影响,而黏粒仅对水田土壤硒有显著影响。p H对土壤全硒含量呈现抑制作用,而土壤总铁、总铝和阳离子交换量对土壤全硒呈现富集效应。研究表明,在富硒地区,水田比旱地更有利于土壤硒的积累,提高土壤肥力水平对增加土壤硒含量有显著作用。     

中山市不同土地利用方式下土壤肥力特性的剖面分布特征

了解不同利用方式下土壤肥力状况,揭示影响土壤肥力的障碍因子,对区域土壤资源管理及合理施肥具有重要意义.调查了中山市不同土地利用类型(水田、菜地、林地)土壤,测定了不同发生层次土壤的颗粒组成、pH值、有机质、氮、磷、钾、阳离子交换量等特性,分析了土壤肥力特性的剖面特征,评价了耕层(表层)土壤肥力状况.结果表明:供试的水田、菜地土壤黏粒、粉粒含量高,林地土壤以砂粒、黏粒为主,土壤颗粒组成与成土母质类别密切相关.菜地、水田土壤耕层呈现酸化特征,具有含硫层的土壤酸性极强.林地土壤CEC最低,水田和菜地土壤CEC较高,人为管理和成土母质类型影响土壤CEC.土壤有机质、氮、磷含量随土层深度的增加而降低,菜地耕层土壤有效磷极为丰富,林地土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量最低.土地利用方式深刻影响耕层(表层)土壤有机质、氮、磷的积累,钾含量主要受成土母质的影响.针对中山市土壤肥力特性,提出了合理管理土壤的建议.     

活性铁铝矿物对农田土壤有机碳固定的研究

为了解活性铁铝矿物对农田土壤有机碳固定的贡献，量化了重庆西部地区不同土壤类型与耕作制度下61个典型农田土壤的表层（0~30 cm）、中层（30~60 cm）、底层（60~100 cm） 3层的活性铁铝矿物所固定的有机碳量（OC_Fe-Al）。结果表明：OC_Fe-Al表现为表层（均值2.02 g·kg^-1） > 中层（均值1.37 g·kg^-1） > 底层（均值1.19 g·kg^-1）；OC_Fe-Al占土壤总有机碳的范围为12.8%~83.6%。3层土壤的活性铁铝矿物平均固碳量，在不同土壤类型中，石灰岩土最高（1.83 g·kg^-1），紫色土最低（1.40 g·kg^-1）；在不同耕作制度中，水旱轮作用地最高（1.65 g·kg^-1），旱作用地最低（1.50 g·kg^-1）；在不同地形中，陡坡地最低（0.97 g·kg^-1），平地（1.53 g·kg^-1）与缓坡地（1.54 g·kg^-1）较高；OC_Fe-Al与土壤Fe、Al及TOC含量呈显著正相关（P<0.01），与土壤pH呈显著负相关（P<0.01）。总体而言，活性铁铝矿物固碳是土壤固碳的重要机制且对底层土壤碳库的贡献率更大；而土壤类型、耕作制度、土壤pH等均会影响活性铁铝矿物对土壤有机碳的固定。     

Effects of salinity on the soil microbial community and soil fertility

Saline area is an important reserve resource of arable land, however, the effects of soil microorganisms on the soil fertility in saline coastal ecosystems remain poorly understood. The salinity effects on soil microorganisms, nutrient availabilities and their relationships were studied in soils along a salinity gradient. A total of 80 soil samples were collected from 16 sites at four salinity levels(non-saline soil, salt content1 g kg–1; low salinity soil, salt content=1–2 g kg–1; middle salinity soil, salt content=2–4 g kg–1; high salinity soil, salt content4 g kg–1). The results showed that the salinity increased soil pH and exchangeable Na percent, but decreased soil organic matter, soil exchangeable K, and soil microbial biomass. Both the abundance and community composition of soil bacteria and fungi were significantly different between the non-saline and the saline soils. The predominant genera of soil bacteria(Planctomyces and Archangium, positive for carbon fixation) and fungi(Hydropisphaera, efficient in lignin degradation) changed with the increasing soil salinity and the decreasing soil organic matter. In summary, soil salinity changed the abundances of soil bacterial, fungal, and arbuscular mycorrhizal communities and, subsequently, affected their function in saline coastal ecosystems.     

利用方式和土壤类型对土壤肥力质量指标的影响

比较了三种土壤类型(黄筋泥、红泥土和红砂土)、四类利用方式(林地、果园、茶园和旱地)及二个土层(0～15 cm和15～30 cm)之间主要肥力质量指标量值的变化.结果表明,大部分土壤质量指标的量值与土壤类型、利用方式和土层深度有密切的关系.其中,粘粒含量、>0.25 mm和>5 mm的风干团聚体、>0.25 mm水稳定性团聚体含量及CEC与土壤类型关系密切;全磷、有效磷、有效钾、交换性酸和pH值主要与利用方式有关;容重、饱和导水率、有机碳、全氮、有效氮和根系数量与土壤类型和利用方式均存在密切关系.表土层与亚表层之间的粘粒含量、容重、饱和导水率、有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效磷、有效钾、有效氮及pH都存在显著的差异.     

Changes in Organic Carbon and Nutrient Contents of Highly Productive Paddy Soils in Yujiang County of Jiangxi Province, China and Their Environmental Application

Paddy field is an important land use in subtropical China. Development of high soil fertility and productivity is the management goal of paddy field. Fertilization and management practices have not only influenced the status of organic matter and nutrients in the soil but also affected the environmental quality. This article investigates the contents of organic carbon and the nutrients, and the change over the last 20 years in highly productive paddy soils and their environmental application. Field soils were sampled and the analytical results were compared with the corresponding values in the Second Soil Survey in Yujiang County of Jiangxi Province, China. The results showed that surface soils at a depth of 0-10 cm in highly productive paddy fields in Yujiang County of Jiangxi Province had contents of organic carbon (20.2±3.88) g kg⁻¹, total nitrogen (2.09±0.55) g kg⁻¹, and available phosphorus (42.7±32.7) mg kg⁻¹, respectively, which were all at very rich levels. Over the last 20 years, the organic carbon pool of the highly productive paddy soils reached a steady state. Total N and available P significantly increased, whereas available K changed a little. The amount and percentage of P immobilization in the surface soil (0-10 cm) of highly productive paddy fields were (142.7±41.1) mg kg⁻¹ and (36.2±10.4)% of added P, and CEC (7.93±1.32) cmol kg⁻¹. These two parameters were not higher than the mean values of paddy soils and upland red soils in the areas. Results also showed that fertilizer P in highly productive paddy soils had a high mobility and was prone to move toward a water body, which is the main source of nutrients causing eutrophication. Because of a weak K-fixing capacity, the available K content was not high in highly productive paddy soils. This suggests that attention should be paid to the K balance and the increase of soil K pool.     

林地覆盖对雷竹林土壤微生物特征及其与土壤养分制约性关系的影响

为了探讨林地覆盖雷竹林退化机理,给退化雷竹林恢复提供理论参考,对不同覆盖年限(CK、1、3 a 和6 a) 雷竹林土壤微生物区系组成和生物量碳(C_mic)、氮(N_mic)、磷(P_mic)等特征因子进行了测定,并分析了其与土壤养分的制约性关系。结果表明:(1) 雷竹林土壤微生物以细菌为主,真菌次之,放线菌最少,分别占土壤微生物总量的90.11%-98.03%、1.04%-9.22%和0.67%-1.37%。随覆盖年限增加,细菌、放线菌比率呈下降趋势,真菌比率呈上升趋势;土壤微生物总数、细菌和放线菌数量及C_mic、N_mic、P_mic均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,试验雷竹林间差异极显著,真菌数量总体呈极显著升高趋势。(2)雷竹林土壤微生物特征因子与土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、碱解氮(Available nitrogen, AN)和pH均呈显著或极显著相关,其中,CK和覆盖1 a、3 a雷竹林土壤微生物特征因子与土壤养分主要呈正相关,与pH呈负相关,而覆盖6 a雷竹林则相反。(3)不同覆盖年限雷竹林土壤养分与土壤微生物的制约性关系存在一定的差异,CK雷竹林土壤SOM、TN、AN、速效钾(AK)和pH主要影响土壤C_mic、N_mic和细菌,覆盖1 a雷竹林土壤SOM、TN、TP和AK主要影响土壤P_mic、放线菌和细菌,覆盖3 a雷竹林土壤SOM、TN、速效磷(AP)和AN主要影响土壤N_mic、放线菌和真菌,覆盖6 a雷竹林土壤SOM、TN和pH主要影响土壤N_mic、真菌。研究表明:长期覆盖雷竹林土壤细菌、放线菌数量与比例明显降低,真菌数量与比例明显提高,土壤养分与土壤微生物的制约性作用关系会发生较为明显变化,产生土壤障害,这是覆盖雷竹林退化的主要原因之一。     

北京市平谷区土壤有机质和全氮的空间变异分析

探明土壤有机质和全氮的空间分布,是合理科学配方施肥的重要依据。在北京市平谷区布设了1076个采样点,测定了其耕层（0～20cm）、亚耕层（20～40cm）土壤有机质和全氮的含量。统计结果表明,两个土层的有机质和全氮含量属中上水平,变异系数为中等程度变异,其剖面分布表现一定的表聚性;通过结构分析,耕层有机质和亚耕层全氮的理论模型采用球型模型拟合较好,耕层全氮及亚耕层有机质采用指数模型拟合较好,耕层土壤有机质与全氮的空间自相关范围较小,变程分别为18．32和19．0km,亚耕层有机质和全氮的变程较大,分别为131．9和51．0km,它们的空间变异主要是由结构性因素引起的;采用Kriging方法对未测点进行了估值,绘制了等值线图,表明有机质和全氮含量空间分布格局基本一致,由东北向西南逐渐减少,主要受地形、土壤类型、土地利用方式和施肥状况等因素的影响。     

Maize straw application as an interlayer improves organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations in the soil profile: A four-year experiment in a saline soil

Soil salinization is a critical environmental issue restricting agricultural production. Deep return of straw to the soil as an interlayer (at 40 cm depth) has been a popular practice to alleviate salt stress. However, the legacy effects of straw added as an interlayer at different rates on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in saline soils still remain inconclusive. Therefore, a four-year (2015–2018) field experiment was conducted with four levels (i.e., 0, 6, 12 and 18 Mg ha^–1) of straw returned as an interlayer. Compared with no straw interlayer (CK), straw addition increased SOC concentration by 14–32 and 11–57% in the 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers, respectively. The increases in soil TN concentration (8–22 and 6–34% in the 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers, respectively) were lower than that for SOC concentration, which led to increased soil C:N ratio in the 20–60 cm soil depth. Increases in SOC and TN concentrations in the 20–60 cm soil layer with straw addition led to a decrease in stratification ratios (0–20 cm:20–60 cm), which promoted uniform distributions of SOC and TN in the soil profile. Increases in SOC and TN concentrations were associated with soil salinity and moisture regulation and improved sunflower yield. Generally, compared with other treatments, the application of 12 Mg ha^–1 straw had higher SOC, TN and C:N ratio, and lower soil stratification ratio in the 2015–2017 period. The results highlighted that legacy effects of straw application as an interlayer were maintained for at least four years, and demonstrated that deep soil straw application had a great potential for improving subsoil fertility in salt-affected soils.     

Spatial variability of soil total nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in Renshou County of Sichuan Basin,China

Understanding soil nutrient distributions and the factors affecting them are crucial for fertilizer management and environmental protection in vulnerable ecological regions.Based on 555 soil samples collected in 2012 in Renshou County,located in the purple soil hilly area of Sichuan Basin,China,the spatial variability of soil total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP)and total potassium(TK)was studied with geostatistical analysis and the relative roles of the affecting factors were quantified using regression analysis.The means of TN,TP and TK contents were 1.12,0.82 and 9.64 g kg~(–1),respectively.The coefficients of variation ranged from 30.56 to 38.75%and the nugget/sill ratios ranged from 0.45 to 0.61,indicating that the three soil nutrients had moderate variability and spatial dependence.Two distribution patterns were observed.TP and TK were associated with patterns of obvious spatial distribution trends while the spatial distribution of TN was characterized by higher variability.Soil group,land use type and topographic factors explained 26.5,35.6 and 8.4%of TN variability,respectively,with land use being the dominant factor.Parent material,soil group,land use type and topographic factors explained 17.5,10.7,12.0 and 5.0%of TP variability,respectively,and both parent material and land use type played important roles.Only parent material and soil type contributed to TK variability and could explain 25.1 and 13.7%of TK variability,respectively.More attention should focus on adopting reasonable land use types for the purposes of fertilizer management and consider the different roles of the affecting factors at the landscape scale in this purple soil hilly area.     

26年来东北黑土区土壤养分演变特征

【目的】东北黑土区土壤肥沃,是中国重要的粮食主产区之一。对东北黑土区20世纪80年代以来国家级耕地质量长期监测数据进行整理和分析,以明确中国东北黑土区农业生产实践中土壤养分状况和肥力水平,为农田土壤培肥提供科学指导依据。【方法】利用时间趋势分析法探讨17个国家级黑土耕地质量长期监测点26年来土壤养分随时间的变化趋势,分别总结土壤有机质（SOM）、全氮（TN）、碱解氮（AN）、有效磷（AP）和速效钾（AK）含量在监测初期（1988-1997年）、监测中期（1998-2003年）和监测后期（2004-2013年）的变化规律及其总体变化趋势;在分析土壤全氮和有机碳含量变化特征以及碳氮比（C/N）演变规律的基础上,进一步分析碳和氮之间的养分平衡关系;运用主成分分析方法分析不同监测时期上述5大肥力指标对黑土区土壤综合肥力的影响,得出该区综合肥力主要贡献因子,并分别计算3个不同监测时期黑土区土壤综合肥力属性得分。【结果】黑土区农田土壤经过10-26年的演变,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量整体呈上升趋势。与监测初期相比,监测后期土壤养分含量均显著提高（P＜0.05）,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾分别提高了33.9%、43.9%、27.6%、90.3%和11.8%,有效磷提升效果最为显著。进一步分析土壤有效磷含量发现,监测后期71.4%的监测点土壤有效磷含量维持在15.0-50.0 mg·kg^-1,既能满足作物生长需求,又不至于引发地下水环境污染,而28.6%的监测点土壤有效磷含量已超过50.0 mg·kg^-1的环境阈值,应及时控制磷素的输入。分析主要肥力因素有机碳和全氮之间的关系表明,黑土区土壤C/N略有下降趋势,从1988年的10.3降至2013年的9.6,下降了6.8%。黑土区5个肥力指标得分系数由大到小的顺序为：SOM＞TN＞AN＞AP＞AK,说明黑土区土壤有机质和全氮是影响土壤综合肥力的关键因素;监测初期和监测中期土壤综合肥力属性得分平均值分别为-1.099和-0.541,而监测后期土壤综合肥力属性的得分增加到了0.5888,监测后期土壤综合肥力得到显著提升。【结论】在农民常规施肥条件下,经过10-26年的长期耕作,黑土区土壤肥力在监测后期得到显著改善,但28.6%的监测点应注意控制磷肥用量,以免引起水体污染;而监测区黑土C/N呈逐年下降趋势,应该加大有机物料的投入,以维持土壤碳氮的养分平衡。     

Effect of Different Stocking Rates on Deyeuxia angustifolia Bog Meadow in Sanjiang Plain of China

This paper investigated the effects of cattle grazing on herbage production and its nutrient and soil characteristics over the grazing season. The grazing experiment was conducted on Deyeuxia angustifolia Bog meadow grassland established in 2010 in Sanjiang Plain. Four grazing treatments were light grazing （LG）, moderate grazing （MG）, heavy grazing （HG）, and a non-grazed exclosure （CK） with corresponding stocking rates of 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, and 0 AU·hm2. month-1, selected as three replications. And then found out the optimum carrying capacity after analyzed the nutrition balance between livestock and grassland. Heavy grazing led to a decline in grassland productivity and soil nutrients. The SOM and the TN content in the soil layer of 0-10 cm were much higher than that in the soil layer of 20-30 cm. More attention should be paid to the nutrient changes in the soil layer of 20-30 cm. Currently, studies showed that the reliable carrying capacity in this type of grassland was 1.0 AU·hm-2. month-l. Inclusion of rangeland health monitoring and optimum stocking rate into grassland management model could facilitate the sustainable development of the grassland.     

宁夏青铜峡农耕土壤硒含量分布特征及其影响因素分析

通过对青铜峡市农耕表层土壤和水稻全硒含量的测定,分析了青铜峡市农耕土壤硒含量分布特征及水稻子实硒含量影响因素。结果表明,表层土壤硒元素含量在0.057~0.95 mg·kg^-1之间,平均值为0.226 mg·kg^-1,83.55%的农耕土壤达到足硒水平（0.175~0.40 mg·kg^-1）,其中连湖农场土壤硒元素含量均值最高,树新林场最低。不同土壤类型土壤硒元素含量表现为灌淤土 > 潮土 > 粗骨土 > 盐土 > 灰钙土 > 新积土。相关分析结果表明,影响研究区土壤硒元素含量的因素主要是土壤pH、有机质、铁氧化物、锰和CEC。此外,水稻子实硒含量不只受土壤全硒含量的影响,而且与土壤pH、有机质等因素密切相关。     

浙江亚热带自然保护区土壤养分空间异质性及其影响因素

  目的  揭示亚热带国家自然保护区的土壤养分空间变异特征及其影响因子 , 为中国亚热带丘陵地区的珍稀植被和天然生态系统的保护提供理论依据。  方法  以浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区内龙塘山-顺溪坞的土壤养分为研究对象,采用经典统计学和地统计学方法对龙塘山-顺溪坞土壤的pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾质量分数进行了系统分析,并探究了其主要影响因子。  结果  龙塘山-顺溪坞保护区内土壤整体呈酸性,有机质、全磷、全氮、全钾质量分数平均值分别为65.04、0.67、1.63 、18.45 g·kg?1,均属于中等程度变异。半方差分析结果表明:土壤有机质、全氮、全钾表现为强烈空间自相关性,土壤pH、全磷表现为中等空间自相关性,说明研究区土壤养分主要受结构性因素影响。全局Moran’s I指数显示:土壤有机质的空间自相关达到显著水平,其空间分布较为聚集,而土壤pH分布趋于随机性。Kriging插值结果显示:多种养分的空间分布较为碎片化,斑块特征显著。相关性分析显示:土壤有机质和全氮与海拔、容重、坡度呈显著相关(P＜0.05),并且有机质和全氮之间呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01)。  结论  4种土壤养分均表现出较为明显的空间异质性,海拔和容重分别与研究区土壤有机质和全氮空间变异的相关性较强。图6表4参38     

Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Matter and Nutrients in the Pear Orchard Under Clean and Sod Cultivation Models

The soil organic matter and nutrients are fundamental for the sustainability of pear production, but little is known about the spatial distribution of soil organic matter and nutrients in a pear orchard. With the soil of the pear (cv. Dangshansu on P. betulifolia Bunge. rootstock) orchard under clean and sod cultivation models as test materials, the experiment was conducted to evaluate spatial variability of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (STN), total phosphorus (STP), total potassium (STK), available nitrogen (SAN), and available potassium (SAK) in and between rows at different soil depths (0–60 cm). The SOM, STN, STP, STK, SAN and SAK of the different soil layers under the two tillage models were different in the vertical direction. The SOM, STN, STP and SAN in the 0–20 cm soil layer were higher than those in the 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers. The STK of 40–60 cm soil layer was higher than that in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers. The STK increased with the depth of soil in the vertical direction in the clean cultivated pear orchard. Variability of the SOM, STN, STP, STK, SAN and SAK of sample sites in between rows of the same soil layer was found in the pear orchard soil in the horizontal direction under clean and sod cultivation management systems, except that STK of all sites did not show the difference in identical soil layers in the pear orchard under clean cultivation. The sod cultivation model improved the SOM, STN, and STK in the 0–20 cm soil layer in the pear orchard, and the three components increased by 12.8, 12.7 and 7.3% compared to clean cultivation, respectively. The results can be applicable to plan collection of orchard soil samples, assess orchard soil quality, and improve orchard soil management practices.     

不同林龄巨尾桉人工林土壤养分变化

对福建省漳州市1－6 a的巨尾桉（Eucalyptus urophylla×E．grandis）人工林土壤（0－60 cm）养分进行研究。结果表明：桉树人工林土壤pH随林龄增加而升高,有效硼的变化规律与pH相反;土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾和速效钾含量及阳离子交换量均表现为随林龄增加而显著下降,随土层深度增加而下降（全钾含量随土层深度增加而升高）。相关关系分析发现, pH与土壤有机质、全氮、有效钾、有效硼呈显著或极显著负相关关系。主成分分析法对土壤肥力进行评价,林分土壤肥力得分依次为：1a＞2a＞3a＞4a＞6a。影响土壤肥力的主要因子是全钾、有机质、全磷、水解氮、有效硼。因此,在桉树人工林经营过程中,应注重测土配方施肥和营养诊断施肥;注重无机肥、有机肥、菌肥的配施;注重对磷肥、硼肥的施用,控制地力衰退。     

黄土高原东部潇河流域农田土壤有机质时空变异及影响因素

为揭示土壤有机质时空变化规律及其影响因素,通过收集黄土高原东部潇河流域1982年第二次土壤普查数据和2017年不同时期耕层土壤有机质含量的实测资料,应用地统计学方法对其进行分析。结果表明：从1982年至2017年,耕层土壤有机质均值由11.06 g·kg^-1升高至15.69 g·kg^-1,增幅为41.86%;近35年潇河流域农田耕层土壤有机质含量均呈增加趋势,空间分布呈现由中部向四周逐渐升高的趋势。从第二次土壤普查时期到2017年,耕层土壤有机质含量表现为从低级向高级逐渐累积的规律。其中,土壤有机质含量>20 g·kg^-1和15~20 g·kg^-1的土地面积从无增加到分别占流域总面积的0.74%和43.72%,10~15 g·kg^-1土地面积减少幅度最大,为29.93%,6~10 g·kg^-1土地面积从13.82%减少到1.57%,<6 g·kg^-1土地从有到无。成土母质、地形变化、种植结构、施肥是影响土壤有机质时空分异的主要因素,人类对土壤养分干预作用表现出增强的趋势,应注意土壤培肥,实行分区管理,以保证整个农业流域的可持续发展。     

江苏省土壤有机质变异及其主要影响因素

土壤有机质在陆地生态系统中具有重要作用,是估算土壤碳储量、评价土壤肥力和质量的重要指标。从省域尺度上分析土壤有机质的分布和变异,及其影响因素,对节能减排和土壤的可持续利用具有重要的指导意义。以江苏省第二次土壤普查的1519个土壤剖面数据为基础,分析了江苏省表层(0-20 cm)土壤有机质分布、变异及其影响因素。结果表明,全省土壤有机质平均含量为(16.55±8.49) g/kg,变异系数为51.36%,属中等变异水平。不同土壤类型有机质含量差异较大,沼泽土最高,为31.60 g/kg,棕壤最低,为8.69 g/kg;自然土壤的有机质含量变异程度大于耕作土壤。年均温、年均降雨量、成土母质、土地利用、土壤质地和土壤pH对全省土壤有机质含量变异的综合能解释能力为52.6%。土壤质地和年均温是有机质含量变异的主要影响因素,土壤质地对其变异的影响大于年均温,二者能够独立解释其变异的32.0%和23.4%。     

施用凹凸棒石对Cd污染农田土壤养分的影响

为研究凹凸棒石黏土矿物对Cd污染农田土壤的影响,以及对植物吸收Cd的阻控作用,通过大田试验,以凹凸棒石作为化学修复剂,以Cd污染土壤为研究对象,研究了凹凸棒石修复Cd污染土壤的效果以及对作物吸收Cd的影响。结果表明:适量添加凹凸棒石对土壤速效养分无显著影响,但过量施用时(1.25 kg·m~(-2)),导致土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量分别降低6.76 mg·kg~(-1)和7.34mg·kg~(-1);添加凹凸棒石会显著提高土壤pH和CEC含量,凹凸棒石添加1.25 kg·m~(-2)时,土壤pH最高可增加0.51个单位、CEC升高6.29 cmol·kg~(-1);添加凹凸棒石会显著降低土壤有效态Cd含量,随其添加量的增加有效态Cd含量最高可降低27.66%(添加量1.25kg·m~(-2));添加凹凸棒石能显著降低作物籽粒中Cd含量,添加量为1.25 kg·m-2时,油菜籽粒中Cd含量可降低35.19%,小麦籽粒中Cd含量可降低37.29%。由于凹凸棒石的过量施用会导致土壤肥力下降,因此,在耕种农田上利用凹凸棒石进行Cd污染的化学修复,一定要控制施用量和施用频次,在修复的同时尽量不要使土壤肥力水平降低。     

Improved soil characteristics in the deeper plough layer can increase grain yield of winter wheat

In the North China Plain(NCP), soil deterioration threatens winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) production. Although rotary tillage or plowing tillage are two methods commonly used in this region, research characterizing the effects of mixed tillage on soil characteristics and wheat yield has been limited. A fixed-site field trial was carried out during 2011–2016 to examine the impacts of three tillage practices(5-year rotary tillage with maize straw removal(RT); 5-year rotary tillage with maize straw return(RS); and annual RS and with a deep plowing interval of 2 years(RS/DS)) on soil characteristics and root distribution in the plough layer. Straw return significantly decreased soil bulk density, increased soil organic carbon(SOC) storage and SOC content, macro-aggregate proportion(R_(0.25)) and its stability in the plough layer. The RS/DS treatment significantly increased the SOC content, total nitrogen(TN), and root length density(RLD) in the 10–40 cm layer, and enhanced the proportion of RLD in the 20–30 and 30–40 cm layers. In the 20–30 and 30–40 cm layers, an increase in SOC and TN could lead to higher grain production than commensurate increases in the surface layer, resulting in a sustainable increase in grain yield from the RS/DS treatment. Thus, the RS/DS treatment could lead to high productivity of winter wheat by improving soil characteristics and root distribution at the deeper plough layer in the NCP.