藻粉与微藻搭配对萼花臂尾轮虫的饵料效果研究

为探讨藻粉作为轮虫培育饵料的可行性,研究了两种藻粉(螺旋藻粉、小球藻粉)分别与微藻蛋白核小球藻、斜生栅藻按一定比例搭配投喂萼花臂尾轮虫的饵料效果。结果表明,用藻粉和微藻适当比例搭配投喂轮虫其效果接近或超过单一用微藻在最适密度下的培养效果;两种微藻中又以蛋白核小球藻与藻粉按4∶1比例搭配对轮虫的饵料效果更好;螺旋藻粉和小球藻粉之间的差异不明显。     

锯缘青蟹幼体饵料的营养强化

用酵母、水球藻、鱼油强化和豆油强化四种不同方式培养轮虫，再分别投喂锯缘青蟹幼体，分析测定轮虫和体的生化组成，结果显示，（1）不同方式培养的轮虫之间以及摄食这些轮虫的锯缘青蟹幼体之间的蛋白质含量都没有显著差异；（2）轮虫的脂类含量和脂肪酸组成与培养方式密切相关，小球藻轮虫的脂类含量最高，20：5n-3(EPA)占总脂肪酸的比例也最高 ，为18.05%，鱼油轮虫则含有最多的22：6n-3(DHA)，占总脂肪酸3.16%，脂类含量仅次于小球藻轮虫；（3）锯缘青蟹幼体的脂类含量和脂肪酸组成受相应饵料营养成分的影响。另外，幼体培育实验也发现，饵料营养成分影响幼体的存活率，结果表明，提高轮虫的EPA和DHA含量，尤其晨DHA含量，将有利于锯缘青蟹幼体的存活和发育。     

不同强化饵料对卤虫必需脂肪酸组成的影响

在实验室内以发酵米粉为主饲料培养卤虫,分别用小球藻、等鞭金藻、新月菱形藻、螺旋藻粉和强化剂V对7日龄拟成虫期卤虫[体长(4.10±0.69)mm]强化6 h和12 h。试验结果表明:发酵米粉养殖的卤虫脂肪酸组成中有DHA。强化剂V可极显著提高卤虫DHA、EPA和5种必需脂肪酸总量(ΣEFA),强化6 h增幅分别为70.7%、27.3%和15.6%。用等鞭金藻强化12 h,可极显著地提高卤虫亚麻酸和ΣEFA含量,增幅分别为149%和4.1%。用新月菱形藻强化12 h,可极显著地提高EPA和ΣEFA含量,增幅分别为35.2%和7.2%。用螺旋藻粉强化可提高卤虫亚油酸含量,增幅为7.1%。而小球藻对卤虫HUFA基本无强化效果。     

絮凝浓缩藻膏投喂刺参饵料效果的研究

本文用一种新方法浓缩的几种海洋单胞藻膏分别投喂稚参和幼参,结果显示:浓缩盐藻膏和新月菱形藻膏投喂刚附着的稚参,成活率均优于投喂鼠尾藻的对照组.用小球藻膏、扁藻膏、叉鞭金藻膏、新月菱形藻膏、盐藻膏、角毛藻膏投喂2cm左右的的幼参,试验表明:盐藻膏、角毛藻膏是幼参的优良饵料,而小球藻膏、扁藻膏、叉鞭金藻膏、新月菱形藻膏效果不理想.     

海洋微藻全封闭、连续式培养初步试验

采用连续式微藻培养系统(包括封闭式光合反应器和连续式水处理器)对小球藻和新月菱形藻的生长情况进行研究。结果表明：(1)用该技术培养的微藻生长速度快，培养密度大，培养密度可提高3倍以上。常规培养7—8d所达到的生物量在光合反应器中3d即可完成。(2)在连续培养状态下，每日收获1／5藻液，可使反应器内保持较高密度。因此该反应器具有稳定生产微藻能力。     

不同密度、饵料对缢蛏浮游幼体生长及成活率的影响

报导了不同密度、饵料对缢蛏浮游幼体阶段生长速度及成活率的影响.不同密度共设五组,每组设一个平行组,各组密度分别为3、6、9、12、15个/mL;不同饵料共设五组,每组设一个平行组,饵料各组分别为金藻、新月菱形藻、角毛藻、海水小球藻、混合藻.结果表明,在水温23～24℃,经5d培养,不同密度组各组成活率无显著差异.壳高日生长密度为3个/mL组与其他各组之间有显著差异,其他四个密度组之间无显著差异.在不同饵料组壳高日生长中,角毛藻组与其他各组之间差异极显著.新月菱形藻、海水小球藻、混合藻组与金藻组差异极显著.新月菱形藻、海水小球藻、混合藻三组之间无显著差异.日生长最快为角毛藻组24.84 μm/d,最慢为金藻组16.14μm/d.不同饵料成活率金藻组最高为57.77％,最低为海水小球藻组31.1％.     

几种微藻的培养技术

本文结合生产实际,提出稳定培养微藻的几项措施。1藻种的选用 海产动物育苗的单胞藻品种主要为小新月菱形藻、三角褐指藻、扁藻、球等鞭金藻3011、绿金藻3012、盐藻、小球藻、角毛藻等。     

不同微藻对壶状臂尾轮虫生长及摄食量的影响

在不同培养条件(自然、黑暗)下,利用不同的微藻(小球藻、转基因金属硫蛋白聚球藻、衣藻、水华鱼腥藻)作壶状臂尾轮虫(Brachionus urceus)的饵料,探讨轮虫的摄食情况,并比较不同形态的微藻对轮虫的投喂效果。结果表明轮虫投入到藻液中,在144 h时内,自然条件下,轮虫可以将密度为0.175 g/L的小球藻降为0.002 g/ L,将聚球藻的密度由1.112 g/L降到0.237 g/L,将衣藻的密度由0.31 g/L降到0.048 g/L;鱼腥藻的密度由0.531 g/L降到0.069 g/L。在黑暗条件下,这几种藻的生长受到抑制,经轮虫的摄食可使小球藻的密度由0.175 g/L降为0.006 g/L,而聚球藻的密度由1.112 g/L降为0.666 g/L,衣藻的密度由0.31 g/L.降到0.033 g/L;鱼腥藻的密度由0.531 g/L降到0.00 g/L。试验表明光照更有利于轮虫的生长繁殖,小球藻的饵料效果优于其它微藻,轮虫种群密度效果差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

轮虫循环水超高密度培养试验

<正>轮虫属袋行动物门、轮虫纲,广泛分布于淡水、半咸水和海水水域中,在水产养殖育苗生产过程作为具有较高营养价值生物饵料而被广泛使用。笔者多次尝试在循环水养殖系统下全过程利用小球藻高度浓缩藻液作为轮虫饵料进行超高密度培养试验,结果都获得较好成品轮虫收益,现将培养方法总结如下。一、养殖基本情况养殖容器为圆锥形孵化桶,养殖水体容积为     

不同生长阶段微绿球藻的营养价值

微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata)是一种重要的海产经济微藻,易培养,是海产苗种生产中广泛应用的一种饵料微藻。在澳大利亚及以色列等国家,微绿球藻被规模化培养来用于生产高纯度的EPA。微藻的营养价值取决于藻种的遗传因素、生长阶段和培养条件。有关培养条件对微藻营养、脂肪酸组成的影响报道较多,而关于生     

Evaluation of Fatty Acid Enrichment of Live Food for Yellowtail Snapper Ocyurus chrysurus Larvae

Abstract— The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of varying dietary levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in Live prey on the standard length, specific growth rate, survival, and fatty acid composition of yellowtail snapper Ocyurus chrysurus larvae. Two experiments were conducted utilizing rotifers and Artemiu enriched with live algae ( Isochrysis galbana or Nannochloris oculata ) or commercial preparations (Aquagrow Advantage, Aquagrow Advantage plus Aquagrow arachidonic acid, and Algarnac 2000). Larval growth and fatty acid composition were evaluated during the rotifer, B rachionus plicatilis , and Artemia feeding periods and survival rates were calculated at the termination of each trial (18 or 20 d after hatching). In general, prey enriched with the commercial products contained higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, n-3 HUFA, and × HUFA than those enriched with live algae. The addition of arachidonic acid to the Aquagrow Advantage enrichment medium significantly increased the amount of this fatty acid in rotifers but not in Artemia . At the end of the growth trials, larval standard length was highest when larvae were fed prey enriched with I. galbanu (6.4 mm) or commercial preparations (6.7–7.1 mm) versus N. oculatu (5.2 mm). Furthermore, larvae fed prey enriched with commercial preparations had significantly ( P < 0.05) higher survival rates (2.2-5.9%) than those fed prey enriched with live algae (1.1-1.4%). These results suggest that yellowtail snapper larvae require dietary levels of HUFA beyond those achieved by enriching prey with live N. oculata or I. galbana     

饵料种类、温度和规格对硬壳蛤的同化率的影响

试验结果表明,温度和规格对硬壳蛤同化率的影响不显著(P>0.05);饵料种类对硬壳蛤同化率影响显著(P<0.05).其中小球藻和湛江等鞭金藻的同化率显著高于小新月菱形藻(P<0.05),而小新月菱形藻又显著高于扁藻(P<0.05).     

不同饵料对毛蚶幼体发育的影响

在毛蚶人工育苗过程中,使用球等鞭金藻、角毛藻、小球藻、扁藻4种藻类的不同组合投喂毛蚶幼体。结果表明,饵料种类越多,变态率越高,生长速度越快;球等鞭金藻、角毛藻、小球藻、扁藻搭配(体积比1:1:1:1)变态率为30%,出库需(壳长1 mm)27 d;球等鞭金藻、角毛藻、小球藻搭配(体积比1:1:1)变态率为29%,出库需29 d;球等鞭金藻、小球藻搭配(体积比1:1)变态率为24%,出库需31 d;角毛藻、小球藻搭配(体积比1:1)变态率为19%,出库需33 d;单一投喂小球藻,变态率为3%,出库需44 d。说明不同饵料间的营养可以互补,多种饵料搭配能为幼体发育提供更全面的营养,饵料多样性是影响幼体培养效果的重要因素。     

Nutritional composition of rotifers following a change in diet from yeast and emulsified oil to microalgae

Rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, fed baker's yeast and a lipid emulsion (High DNA Super Selco, INVE Aquaculture NV Systems SA, Belgium), were harvested and fed Isochrysis galbana for 72 h, the nutrient composition was analysed during this period. The enrichment effect on the rotifers following transfer to I. galbana was most pronounced for ascorbic acid and thiamin. I. galbana seemed to contribute very little as a source of the lipid-soluble vitamins. Most of the minerals and trace elements were unaffected by the transfer to I. galbana, but Fe, Mn, As and Cd increased, Cu and Ni decreased whereas the effect on Cr and Mo were uncertain. The fatty acid composition of the rotifers changed towards the composition of I. galbana during the experimental period. Intermediate glycogen levels were measured in the rotifers at all sampling times. With the exception of lysine, serine and proline, all amino acid levels seemed to be unaffected by the transfer to I. galbana. This study showed that transfer of rotifers to microalgae (I. galbana) feeding had a positive effect on nutritional value. Macronutrients were maintained at adequate levels, and algal feeding improved the nutritional quality of rotifers with respect to water-soluble vitamins. Changes in rotifer nutrient composition are discussed in relation to nutritional requirements of fish larvae.     

Essential fatty acid enrichment of cultured rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis, Müller) using frozen-concentrated microalgae

There is a growing interest in preserving microalgal preparations to maintain constant properties over a long period. The aim is to ensure sufficient delivery of essential fatty acids (and other key nutrients) to mollusc and crustacean larvae and to zooplankton used as live prey in the first feeding of fish larvae. For example, the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis has to be enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) prior to fish feeding. We used four microalgal species [ Isochrysis galbana (T-ISO), Chaetoceros muelleri (CHGRA), Pavlova lutheri (MONO), and Nannochloropsis sp.] both as fresh culture or in a frozen-concentrated form to enrich rotifers. Overall, rotifers had similar relative fatty acid levels when fed the frozen-concentrated or fresh microalgal diets. The levels of 20:4n-6, 22:6n-3, and 20:5n-3 between B. plicatilis and the microalgal diets were linearly correlated. The fatty acid 20:4n-6 was the most readily assimilated: the content found in rotifers reached half the level measured in the microalgal diets. Our results indicate that both the fresh and frozen-concentrated forms of the four microalgal species can be used to enrich PUFA levels in rotifers. Further experiments should be conducted to test if assimilation differs when rotifers are enriched with mono- or multispecific microalgal preparations.     

Comparison of rotifer culture quality with yeast plus oil and algal-based cultivation diets

The culture quality of rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, was compared for yeast and algal-based cultivation diets. The rotifer quality was evaluated based on factors which may affect survival and growth of marine fish larvae, including individual length and biomass, nutritional value, bacterial content, and rotifer viability. The diets used were monocultures of Tetraselmis sp., Isochrysis galbana, Pavlova lutheri, and baker's yeast plus capelin oil.Rotifers grown to early stationary phase with equal food rations exhibited equal length distribution, but the rotifer individual biomass was 10–25% higher for yeast-grown rotifers than for algal-grown rotifers.All diets gave equal protein content of individual rotifers. The lipid content was slightly higher and the ratio of protein to lipid was slightly lower with yeast plus capelin oil than with algae. The fatty acid composition of the rotifers was closely related to that of their dietary lipids and the 3 fatty acid content was not systematically different for the two types of diets.Use of yeast plus capelin oil resulted in considerably higher numbers of both suspended and rotifer-associated bacteria than with use of algal diets. No differences were found for the algal species involved. The viability of the rotifers in a temperature and salinity test was far better in groups fed algae than in groups fed yeast plus capelin oil.The results indicated an overall better quality of rotifers cultivated with algae than for rotifers cultivated with yeast and oil. Questions related to proteins and the microflora of rotifers should be further emphasized in future research.     

Effects of yeast and algal diets on the growth and biochemical composition of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis (Müller) in culture

Abstract. Growth rates and fecundity of Brachionus plicatilis fed baker's yeast, a diatom, and three different flagellates, were monitored during a 15-day feeding trial. Identical growing conditions and equivalent food levels for the different diets were maintained during rotifer culture. The highest growth rate and mean fecundity were exhibited by rotifers fed Chlorella saccharophila , followed in decreasing order by those fed Isochrysis galbana (T-iso), Tetraselmis suecica, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Thalassiosira pseudonana . Significant differences in contents of neutral lipids, polar lipids, sugars, glycogen, protein, ash and corresponding energy reserves in the resultant five groups of rotifers were diet dependent. Total available energy, about 15 kJ/g in rotifers fed S. cerevisiae and I. galbana (T-iso) was significantly different from the 14kJ/g in rotifers fed T. suecica and C saccharophila, and in turn from the 13kJ/g in rotifers fed T. pseudonana .     

Comparison of Growth and Fatty Acids Composition of Freshwater Rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, Fed with Two Types of Microalgae at Different Concentrations

As algae and their concentrations are important factors for mass culture of rotifer, two experiments were conducted to find the effects of two types of algae, Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus obliquus, and three concentration of chosen algae (0.1 × 10⁶, 1 × 10⁶, and 10 × 10⁶ cells/mL) on growth and fatty acid composition of freshwater rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus. The result of the first experiment showed that the maximum density of rotifer was significantly higher when fed with Chlorella sp. (478 individuals/mL) than fed with S. obliquus (328 individuals/mL). Mean population growth rate (r) was 0.61 and 0.44 for rotifer fed with Chlorella sp. and S. obliquus, respectively. The amount of highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) in rotifer fed with Chlorella sp. (3.32%) was relatively more than those fed with S. obliquus (2.65%). Then, Chlorella sp. was selected based on better performance. In the second experiment, the maximum rotifer density of 108 ± 8, 489 ± 47, and 493 ± 51 individuals/mL was reached after 5 d for the respective Chlorella sp. concentrations; at concentration of 10 × 10⁶ cells/mL, the maximum density of 1820 ± 47 individuals/mL was obtained. Mean growth rate at mentioned concentrations was 0.18, 0.42, and 0.51/d, respectively. Increase in algal concentration was associated with a relative increase in HUFA and decrease in monounsaturated fatty acid.     

长毛对虾幼体的食性

本文采用11种单细胞藻类、3种动物、2种人工饵料，分别喂养不同发育期的长毛对虾幼体，从其变态速度和存活率，比较各种饵料的效果．并对幼体口器与食性关系、溞状幼体死亡率与食性转化关系，以及人工投饵与生态系育苗相结合的问题作了初步探讨。