福建海洋捕捞"技术效率"的时间序列分析

根据1981-2003年福建省渔业统计及相关调查资料，应用DEA法，分析了全省海洋捕捞作业及五种主要作业捕捞“技术效率”的年间变化，结果表明：1981～2003年全省海洋捕捞作业综合“技术效率”的变化范围为61．8％～100%，平均为76．4％，综合“技术效率”的年间变化呈现先降后升的态势；1990年以来，全省灯光围网和张网作业捕捞能力的发挥比较好，其次为刺网和底拖网作业，钓具作业捕捞能力的发挥较差；渔获选择性低的底拖网和张网作业的捕捞“技术趋势”年间变化保持平稳上升，渔获选择性高或较高的刺网、钓具和灯光围网作业的捕捞“技术趋势”年间变化则呈波动式上升或处于波动状态；各种投入因子对不同作业类型的捕捞”技术效率”的约束力各不相同，主动性较大的底拖网和灯光围网作业对渔船功率的依赖程度相当大，而主动性较小的刺网、钓具作业和被动性的张网作业，对网(钓)具使用数量的依赖度较大；作业天数对五种作业类型的“技术效率”发挥都有不同程度的影响。     

福建底拖网捕捞能力的分析

根据2002年福建闽南地区双船底拖网和单船底拖网的生产调查及全省渔业统计，结合相关的渔捞记录，应用DEA法，分析了福建各地，市底拖网的捕捞能力和闽南地区不同作业方式捕捞能力及其影响因素，并与单位捕捞努力量渔获量计算进行比较。结果表明：福建各地、市实际拥有底拖网的渔船数量、功率和吨位可能达到的最大产出量的“能力利用度”差异悬殊，1999年和2001年最低的仅为19．4％、19．9％；全省底拖网平均“能力利用度”偏低，1999年和2001年分别为64．3％、67．5％，全省底拖网作业仍然存在渔船的投人数量过多、功率和吨位偏大的问题；因捕捞方式不同，影响捕捞能力的因子有所不同，但投入功率和作业天数都是影响双船底拖网和单船底拖网捕捞能力的主要因素；在考虑将单位捕捞努力量渔获量数据转换为“能力利用度”时，其前提条件是计算采用的因子必须一致。但单位捕捞努力量渔获量在考虑计算投入因子的数量上有很大的局限性，采用DEA法可获得各种投入要素下捕捞能力变化的信息，结果比较符合客观实际。     

我国渔船捕捞装备的发展方向与重点

捕捞装备主要是围绕渔船作业方式来匹配的。目前国内渔船的作业主要是：拖网、围网、流网、张网、延绳钓、鱿钓等作业方式。拖网以底拖网为主，围网以中小型围网为主，流网和张网以群众性渔船为主，延绳钓以金枪鱼延绳钓和延绳笼为主，鱿钓主要以远洋作业为主。其中大型流刺网和底拖网对渔业资源的破坏较严重，应限制数量或逐渐淘汰。     

基于渔港抽样调查南海不同捕捞方式CPUE比较分析

本研究基于2016年对南海三省区的14个沿海主要渔港的连续4个季节抽样调查(共计5256航次,抽样总功率达到89.2×10~4 kW),以kg?kW~(-1)?d~(-1)作为CPUE(Catch per unit effort,单位捕捞努力量渔获量)标准化后的单位,对南海9种捕捞作业类型渔船的CPUE进行了比较分析。结果显示,CPUE_(围网)CPUE_(双拖)CPUE_(刺网)CPUE_(罩网)CPUE_(张网)CPUE_(单拖)CPUE_(虾拖)CPUE_(笼壶)CPUE_(钓具)。不同捕捞作业类型CPUE随渔船功率段的变化而不同,CPUE峰值数及其所对应的最优功率段(渔获率最高的功率段)也有差异,单拖和虾拖渔船的CPUE随渔船功率的变化具有1个CPUE峰值点,最优功率段分别为(200～250) kW(CPUE=8.6 kg?kW~(-1)?d~(-1))和(150～200) kW(CPUE=5.0 kg?kW~(-1)?d~(-1));围网、双拖、钓具和刺网渔船的CPUE随渔船功率的变化有2个CPUE峰值点,对应的最优功率段分别为(200～250)kW(CPUE=47.7kg?kW~(-1)?d~(-1))、(350～400)kW(CPUE=16.8kg?kW~(-1)?d~(-1))、(50～100)(CPUE=2.9 kg?kW~(-1)?d~(-1))和(0～50) kW(CPUE=6.9 kg?kW~(-1)?d~(-1))。罩网渔船CPUE随功率段变化有3个峰值点,最优功率段为(0～50) kW(CPUE=7.0 kg?kW~(-1)?d~(-1))。不同捕捞作业类型CPUE季节变化表现:围网CPUE均值在春季最高,单拖、双拖、罩网、钓具和笼壶在夏季最高,张网在秋季最高,刺网和虾拖在冬季最高。     

福建省刺网作业捕捞能力的比较分析

根据2002年福建省沿海流刺网作业的生产调查及全省渔业统计,应用DEA法,首次分析了福建省不同地市流刺网的捕捞能力和不同生产水域三重流刺网的捕捞能力及其影响因素,并与单位捕捞努力量渔荻量计算进行比较。结果表明,福建沿海刺网作业的捕捞能力未得到充分利用,2000和2002年,全省刺网作业的平均“能力利用度”分别为63．8％和48．9％,地市间的“能力利用度”差异显著,最低仅为18．6％和9．7％;刺网作业投入的网具数、船数、功率、作业天数、吨位和网具规格,对该作业捕捞能力的发挥有较重要的影响;相同的调查样本和数据,决策分析取向不同,计量结果亦有不同,比较、决策参考意义也不相同;CPUE与DEA法的计量,采用投入网具数和作业天数计量要比采用投入功率和作业天数合理些。但采用DEA法,更能综合反映多种投入要素下刺网作业捕捞能力变化的信息,结果比较符合实际。     

福建沿海张网作业捕捞能力的计算分析

根据2002年福建沿海张网作业的生产调查及全省渔业统计,应用数据包络分析(DEA)法,分析福建沿海6个地级市和4个县市张网作业的捕捞能力及其影响因素,并与单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)法进行比较。结果表明,2000年和2002年,福建沿海张网作业"能力利用度"的变化范围分别为5 2%～100%和7 3%～100%,平均为67 2%和80 9%。各地市间张网作业的"能力利用度"有极显著差异(P<0 01),对给出的投入要素的利用未达到充分发挥其应有产出能力的水平,存在张网作业船数和网具数量的投入过多、渔船功率和吨位的投入偏大的问题。调查36个捕捞单位的"能力利用度"变化范围为46 4%～100%,平均77 4%。4个县市不同生产水域间张网作业"能力利用度"的差异极显著(P<0 01),捕捞单位间的"能力利用度"有显著差异(P<0 05)。近海有翼张网的平均"能力利用度"高于沿岸无翼张网的平均"能力利用度";张网捕捞单位投入的功率、吨位、网具数量、渔船数和作业天数,对其捕捞能力的发挥有比较重要的影响。跨生产水域比较各捕捞单位投入的网具规格和船员数对其"捕捞能力"有一定的影响。CPUE法仅适用于单一或两个投入因子的计量,不足以充分反映张网作业的实际捕捞能力;DEA法则擅长多种投入要素的生产决策,提供各种约束条件的最优选择途径,可以有效获取比     

辽宁省海洋渔具渔法结构调整的研究

根据辽宁省海洋捕捞产量的统计资料,运用灰色关联法分析了拖网、围网、流刺网、钓具、定置网5种主要渔具渔法的产量与海洋捕捞总产量的关联度,运用改进的层次分析法确定了5种主要渔具渔法产量的权重。结果表明,海洋捕捞产量与定置网、拖网的产量的关联度高,与围网、钓具和流刺网的产量关联度低;拖网、围网、流刺网、钓具、定置网产量的计算权重分别约为23．3％、16．1％、31．1％、20．4％、9．1％。对辽宁省渔具渔法产量结构调整进行了讨论。     

《中国海洋渔具图集》业已出版并公开发行

《中国海洋渔具图集》已子今年6月由浙江省科技出版社出版,并公开发行。该书系我国海洋捕捞专家冯顺楼主编,全书搜集全国有代表性的渔具250种,分拖网、围网、刺网,钓具、张网、地拉网、敷网、抄网、(?)罩、陷阱、耙刺、笼壶等12类.     

福建海区渔业资源利用现状浅析

本文主要根据1996~2004年福建海区历次渔业资源专题调查和渔业资源动态监测资料,以及1990~2003年福建省渔业统计年鉴数据资料,分析研究福建海区拖网、张网、流剌网、灯光围网等主要作业对渔业资源的开发利用状况和存在问题。结果表明拖网、张网等作业对近海渔业资源利用强度尚未有效遏制,资源结构朝着越来越不利于人们利用的方向发展。并提出控制海区捕捞强度、调整捕捞作业结构、加强福建海区主要作业生产动态监测力度、加快人工鱼礁建设和增殖放流的步伐等渔业资源管理、养护和增殖措施。     

关于解决鱼虾混获问题的设想

<正> 目前我国渔民捕虾用的渔具有拖网、流刺网、张网和敷网,其中以拖网的捕捞效率为最高。但是,在虾拖网渔业中,鱼虾混获却成为我国虾拖网渔业者长期以来迫切期望解决的一个重大难题。一般来说,虾拖网的网目尺寸比鱼拖网的网目尺寸小得多,所以这种虾拖网在捕虾作业过程中不可避免要混     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.