树干注射吡虫啉、印楝素和乙酰甲胺磷防治槐尺蠖的效果比较

树干注射吡虫啉、印楝素、乙酰甲胺磷3种药剂防治槐树槐尺蠖,均能取得一定的效果,在试验设定的施药剂量下,树干注射3种杀虫剂各自对槐尺蠖的最高防效分别为86.8%、65.2%和78.0%。吡虫啉对槐尺蠖的药效期最长,印楝素的药效缓慢且持续时间短,乙酰甲胺磷的药效最为迅速。为防治槐尺蠖,建议吡虫啉使用浓度为0.003 g/mL,1 cm胸径树干注射1 mL药剂,防治效果好,且药效持效期长。     

人工智能在农药精准施药应用中的研究进展

传统农药施药方式大多依靠人工经验识别单位种植面积内作物的主要病虫草害并针对该症状均匀连续喷洒农药。该方法难以根据作物的不同病虫草害种类和严重程度及时调整农药种类及用量,可能会导致不足或过量用药,喷洒在非症状区域的农药还会对生态环境造成污染。精准施药技术在平衡使用农药与保护生态安全之间给出了一种有效的解决方案,值得大力推广。近年来,人工智能技术的发展推动了精准施药相关研究。为进一步总结人工智能在农药精准施药关键技术中的应用进展,探索人工智能在农药精准施药未来发展方向,本文分析了人工智能在农药精准施药关键技术领域的应用现状,并展望了人工智能在农药精准施药应用中的发展趋势。     

树干钻孔注药防治银杏超小卷叶蛾试验初报

树干基部钻孔注射内吸剂甲胺磷１：１防治银杏超小卷叶蛾具有对天敌安全,减少环境污染,施药方便操作简单,防治效果高达９１．２％等特点,且成本柢,经济效益显著,在生产上具有推广应用价值。     

利用假茎注射吡虫啉防控香蕉蓟马

本研究使用专用注射器在香蕉花蕾刚现出时,通过假茎注射吡虫啉防治蓟马。试验1为70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂稀释200、250、300倍液,每株注射40mL;试验2为70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂稀释200倍液,每株注射20、40、60mL。结果表明:试验1和试验2的各处理对香蕉植株均没有药害。试验1中,70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂稀释200倍液对蓟马的防效为82.4%,与常规处理差异不显著,而稀释250、300倍液的防效为75.5%、66.8%,显著低于常规处理。试验2中,70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂200倍液3个注射剂量处理对蓟马的防效分别为77.9%、86.3%、89.6%,注射20mL的防效显著低于注射40mL和60mL的处理。在生产中,利用香蕉假茎注射施用70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂防治蓟马,考虑防效及成本,推荐浓度为稀释200倍液,每株注射40mL。该施药方法节省了农药使用量、施药时间,操作简便,达到了农药减量与确保防效并举的效果,为香蕉生产中减量使用农药提供了技术依据。     

草甘膦应用技术研究

目前草甘膦应用浪费问题严重 ,本文对国内外草甘膦应用技术方面的研究 ,包括施药最适期的选择 ,施药技术 ,发挥最佳药效的环境条件 ,合理混用技术等进行了论述 ,以其得到更经济、更广泛的应用。     

河北省蔬菜农药安全使用增效控害关键技术及推广措施

探讨制订了一套符合河北省蔬菜生产需求的高效、低毒农药安全使用与增效控害关键技术体系。关键技术包括高效、低毒、低残留农药替代高毒、高残留农药,科学轮换用药、控制用药量与控制用药次数,推广环保剂型、推广静电超低量喷雾技术,推广包含选、配、用、管、救5项安全措施的科学施药技术。通过健全组织、制定方案、建立全方位服务体系等措施,在全省大力推广应用。     

北京市举办精准施药与常温烟雾施药技术培训现场会

2005年1月24日,北京市植保站在密云县河南寨镇荆栗园蔬菜标准化基地举办了精准施药与常温烟雾施药技术培训现场会。农业部全国农业技术推广服务中心、北京市农业局和本市主要农业区、县种植业服务中心和植保站的有关负责人和技术人员60余人参加会议。会议介绍了北京市植保站与天津大学联合研制的“BT2000——Ⅲ自动转向自控施药常温烟雾机”的工作原理、结构特点、使用技术,观看了机器自动施药过程的操作演示。该烟雾机利用空气动力学、流体力学原理,在常温下直接应用电机、风机和喷嘴一体化结构,将药液破碎成直径30μm左右的超微粒子,每66…     

高效新型杀松材线虫剂的筛选及其林间防效

为筛选出新型的高效松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus防治药剂,采用浸渍法室内测定了氯氟氰虫酰胺、阿维菌素、甲维盐、灭多威、特丁硫磷、甲基异柳磷和吡虫啉7种药剂对松材线虫的毒杀作用和对其繁殖能力的影响,采用高效液相色谱仪测定氯氟氰虫酰胺在马尾松体内的输导分布,并在林间开展树干注射氯氟氰虫酰胺抗松材线虫病试验。结果表明,7种药剂中氯氟氰虫酰胺对松材线虫的毒力最强,LC_(50)为0.019 mg/L,阿维菌素和甲维盐次之,LC_(50)分别为0.0213 mg/L和0.0214 mg/L。氯氟氰虫酰胺树干注射3个月内能迅速从马尾松基部传导至树梢顶部,树干边材东、南面的药剂含量显著高于西、北面,且树干不同高度的氯氟氰虫酰胺含量均高于其LC50;氯氟氰虫酰胺制剂在林间注干后,对人工接种病原松材线虫松树的防治效果为73.33%,自然感染松材线虫病松树的死亡率降至2.00%,而对照试验中人工接种松材线虫松树和自然感染松材线虫病松树的死亡率分别为93.33%和19.67%。表明氯氟氰虫酰胺制剂能有效预防松树个体的松材线虫病发生与为害,可以推广使用。     

沙尘物质的来源与防治途径

本文分析了沙尘暴形成的自然过程和危害特征,并探讨了内蒙古沙源区土壤颗粒物质的含量,指出沙尘暴的沙尘来源主要是退化草原、活化的沙地和裸露坡耕地等。同时根据风沙流运移规律及其和土壤颗粒的关系,提出了防治沙尘暴的关键技术原理,并探讨了有效控制沙尘暴的技术途径。     

巧治夏秋树木害虫

1树干涂药法 防治柳树、刺槐、山楂、樱桃等树木上的蚜虫、金花虫、红蜘蛛和松类树上的介壳虫等害虫,可以在树干距地面2 m高的部位涂抹氧化乐果农药,药液被树木吸收后能输送到树体各部,害虫一旦取食就会中毒死亡,防效一般可达到85%以上.如果在涂药部位包扎绿色或蓝色的塑料薄膜,药效更好.     

2%阿维菌素乳油对松材线虫的生物活性测定

2%阿维菌素乳油按木材体积为400和600mL/m3(60～90mL/株)的剂量,注入树干防治黑松Pinus thunbergii和马尾松P.masssoniana上的松材线虫Bursap helenchus xylophilus,持效期可达两年,第一年的防治效果为100%,第二年为88%。通过取样检查线虫在树体内的分布证实,松线光可扩散到树的顶部。大剂量用药(210mL/株)对黑松生长无影响,药剂注入树体内对环境无污染。     

园林树木种类及树冠大小对自流式注干药剂吸收及传导的影响

为探明园林树木种类、树冠大小及药剂种类对自流式注干药剂吸收及传导的影响,将甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐（简称甲维盐）分别与丁硫克百威、吡虫啉及阿维菌素组合,配制成2.8%甲维盐＋0.3%丁硫克百威（简称3.1% EB）、6%甲维盐＋4%吡虫啉（10%EB）与2%甲维盐＋0.5%阿维菌素（2.5% EB）3种乳油（EC）注干液剂,通过自流式树干注药方式,将3.1% EB和10% EB分别导入香抛树、柳树与栾树体内,研究了不同树种及不同药剂下药液吸收与传导的差异;采用2.5% EB,研究了香抛树树冠直径对药液吸收及传导的影响,同时通过HPLC-UVD检测方法,考察了药剂的残效期。结果表明:树木种类会显著影响注干药剂的吸收,且吸收速率依次为柳树>香抛树>栾树,开始注药5 d后,柳树上的药剂已被全部吸收,而栾树上3.1% EB和10% EB 的剩余量分别为66.6% 和48.6%;开始注药5 d后,10% EB在香抛树上的吸收率显著高于3.1% EB,两者剩余量分别为12.6%和29.3%,而其他处理则显示药剂种类对其吸收率影响不大;香抛树树冠直径大小对2.5% EB的吸收具有显著影响,冠径越大越利于药剂的吸收;开始注药起第113天,在香抛树枝叶中仍能检测到阿维菌素和甲维盐残留。研究表明,柳树对3.1% EB和10% EB的吸收性能均最佳,且供试药剂种类对其吸收性能影响不大;香抛树冠径大小与其对2.5% EB的吸收呈正相关性,且药剂残效期高达90~120 d。     

树干注药对柳树叶片几种生理指标的影响

研究了4种注干液剂(吡虫啉、啶虫脒、吡虫啉·敌敌畏和敌敌畏·氧乐果)树干注射后对垂柳叶片内几种生理指标的影响。结果表明:4种药剂树干注药后均可导致垂柳叶片内可溶性总糖及纤维素含量下降,下降程度与药剂种类及注药后时间长短有关。吡虫啉对可溶性总糖含量影响最显著,药后 6 d下降了28.31%;敌敌畏·氧乐果对纤维素含量影响最显著,药后 6 d下降了19.16%。4种药剂注药后短期内均可导致叶绿素、可溶性蛋白和淀粉含量下降,但随处理时间延长其含量又明显上升。其中吡虫啉对叶绿素含量影响最显著,药后15 d升高了21.31%;敌敌畏·氧乐果对可溶性蛋白、淀粉含量影响最显著,药后15 d分别上升24.94%和 20.32%。     

树干注药后吡虫啉在核桃组织中的分布动态研究

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定了吡虫啉经树干注药后在核桃树体中的分布动态。结果表明,树干注药后吡虫啉在核桃树体内具有较好的传导、分布性能,其在不同组织中的含量差异较大,含量由大到小顺序为:叶片＞果皮＞果仁。吡虫啉在核桃树体内残留期较长,注药后60 d时,药剂在核桃叶片、果皮和果仁中的含量分别为0.256、0.178 和0.046 mg/kg;注药后80 d时,吡虫啉在叶片、果皮和果仁中的含量均小于0.05 mg/kg。根据吡虫啉在核桃果仁中的残留量变化动态及国外相关最大允许残留限量标准,建议在利用吡虫啉树干注药防治核桃害虫时,注药时间距核桃采收期应大于60 d。     

Establishing targeted control of creeping perennial weeds with soil‐active chemical injections: Assessment of subterranean bud responses in contact

Increased infestation of aggressive creeping perennial weeds is a significant problem in urban vegetation management programs. These weeds produce vigorous biomass and extensive underground networks of either rhizomes or creeping roots that easily regrow from numerous buds. Foliar application of proper systemic herbicides has been a most effective way to suppress regrowth from underground creeping organs; however, killing the mature plants has disadvantages from aesthetic, economic, and ecological viewpoints. Therefore, we intended to test the possibility of soil‐injection of soil‐active herbicides for effective control of the perennial weeds which develop underground network systems. A pot experiment using combinations of seven species (seven rhizomatous and two having creeping roots) and five chemicals (four herbicides and a plant growth regulator) was conducted to assess whether and how chemicals diffused in soil affect the sprout and growth of buds on creeping organs. All the tested herbicides completely inhibited bud sprouting in one and more species when applied at median or high rates, while most of the flurprimidol‐applied segments sprouted but shoot elongation was significantly reduced. Characteristics of each herbicide were also reflected in the selectivity and features of new outgrowth. The results indicated that chemicals existing in soil were undoubtedly absorbed and affected bud activities. It is concluded that soil injection that delivers the probable soil‐active chemicals to subterranean creeping systems could be a promising technology for controlling noxious creeping perennials.     

Development of a water-soluble preparation of emamectin benzoate and its preventative effect against the wilting of pot-grown pine trees inoculated with the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Water-soluble preparations have been investigated to develop a trunk injection agent based on the poorly water-soluble anti-nematode emamectin benzoate. Following tests on the phytotoxicity of some solvents and solubilizers and demonstration of the ability of some solubilizers to dissolve emamectin benzoate in water, acetone + methanol was selected as the solvent and Polysorbate 80 as the solubilizer. This water-soluble preparation of emamectin benzoate prevented the wilting of pot-grown 4-year-old trees of the Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii, artificially inoculated with the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, at a dose of 20 g emamectin benzoate per cubic metre of pine tree.     

Tree Injection in the Management of Horse-Chestnut Leaf Miner. Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Insect and disease problems often occur suddenly, and frequently represent a crisis that demands immediate attention. There are some problems with tree health care because application of sprays to shade trees in urban areas requires specialized, expensive equipment. Microinjection is a type of trunk injection where small amounts of therapeutic chemicals are introduced directly into a tree without any contact with the environment. We applied microinjection technology by using VIVID^®II (Tree Tech Microinjection Systems, Morriston, FL, USA) insecticide to solve the problem with horse-chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimic) on horse chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) in urban greenery in Slovakia. In 2006 were treated 230 host trees in 12 localities, 337 trees in 15 localities were treated in 2007. Mean efficiency of control measures was above 95%. The presence of insecticide residues were analyzed in pollen. 0.145 mg/kg of residues was detected in pollen one day after treatment. It decreased rapidly 8 days after treatment and 16 days after treatment was not detectable. In spite of these results the treatment after blossom is recommended.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of trunk-injected (14) C-imidacloprid in Fraxinus trees

BACKGROUND: Since the discovery of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (emerald ash borer) in 2002, researchers have tested several methods of chemical control. Soil drench or trunk injection products containing imidacloprid are commonly used to control adults. However, efficacy can be highly variable and may be due to uneven translocation of systemic insecticides. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sectored xylem anatomy might influence imidacloprid distribution in tree crowns. RESULTS: Imidacloprid equivalent concentrations were higher in leaves from branches in the plane of the injection point (0°) than in leaves from branches on the opposite side of the injection point (180°). Leaves from branches 90° to the right of injection points had higher imidacloprid equivalent concentrations than leaves from branches 90° to the left of injection points. Leaves and shoots had higher imidacloprid equivalent concentrations than roots and trunk cores, indicating that imidacloprid moves primarily through the xylem. CONCLUSION: Imidacloprid equivalent concentration in leaves varied over time and in relation to injection points. It is concluded that ash trees have sectored ‘zigzag’ xylem architecture patterns consistent with sectored flow distribution. This could lead to variable distribution of imidacloprid in tree crowns and therefore to variable control of A. planipennis. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

注干用10%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐可溶粒剂的研制及对松材线虫病的防治效果

为有效防治松材线虫病，研制了注干用10%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐 (以下简称甲维盐) 可溶粒剂，并通过在马尾松树干基部钻孔施药，考察了其对松材线虫病的防治效果。以苯甲酸钠、单水乳糖、可溶性淀粉和羧甲基纤维素为水溶性载体，采用混料均匀试验设计及偏最小二乘回归分析法对水溶性载体的配方进行了优化。将水溶性载体与溶于正丁醇和乳化剂OP-10的甲维盐 (油相) 在不同时间下混合并造粒，通过对其性能指标的追踪检测得出粒剂最佳配比和混合时间。结果表明:10%甲维盐可溶粒剂的最佳配比 (质量分数) 为:甲维盐10.0%(折纯)，乳化剂OP-10 6.7%，正丁醇12.0%，苯甲酸钠39.0%，单水乳糖20.5%，水溶性淀粉3.0%和羧甲基纤维素4.5%；机械混合时间为10 min，粒剂外观为乳白色圆柱体，各项性能指标合格。注干施药结果表明:在浙江临安东湖村松材线虫病疫区，注干110棵马尾松，1 a后马尾松死亡率为0，对照区为6.1%；在福建泉州仙公山疫区，注干230棵马尾松，1 a后马尾松死亡率为1.7%，对照区10.8%。结果表明，所研制的10%甲维盐可溶粒剂可在松脂分泌旺盛的松树上注干施药，制剂造粒工艺简单，无包装物污染，对松材线虫病防治效果显著。     

Long-term control of Phytophthora diseases of cocoa using trunk-injected phosphonate

Pod rot and stem canker, caused by Phytophthora palmivora , are serious diseases of cocoa causing pod losses of up to 63% and the death of up to 10% of trees annually on Kar Kar Island. Papua New Guinea. Trials were conducted on commercial cocoa plantations to compare the effectiveness of potassium phosphonate when applied as trunk injections, trunk paints and foliar sprays, and trunk injections of Aliette CA and of Ridomil 250EC, with conventional Ridomil-based spray programmes. The results show that, in trials conducted over 5 years, injections of potassium phosphonate give the highest healthy pod yield and lowest incidence of Phytophthora pod rot and stem canker when compared with Ridomil-based spray programmes or trunk injections of Ridomil 250EC or Aliette CA. The increase in ripe healthy pod yields was due to both pod rot and stem canker control. The level of control is independent of the seasonal timing of injection. Optimum control was achieved with annual injections of 15 g a. i. per tree, and varied with tree size and disease severity. Injections of phosphonate will, under the range of conditions found in our trials. provide the most cost-effective control of Phytophthora diseases.