Methodology of generation and characteristics of simple sequence repeat DNA markers in avocado (Persea americana M.)

Summary Generation of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) DNA markers was based on the construction of genomic DNA library of avocado (Persea americana M.). The library was screened with the four dinucleotide probes (AG), (AT), (GC) and (CA). Positive clones were sequenced to validate the presence of simple sequence repeats (SSR) and to generate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers based on the sequences flanking the simple sequence repeat. Twenty six different pairs of primers which yield a PCR product in the initial screening were synthesized. The SSR A1E11 was found to have eleven alleles while A3F8 has eight alleles. The SSRs in avocado were found to be inherited in a Mendelian fashion.Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel. No. 1335-E, 1994 series.     

Extraction of Cotton Fiber DNA and Its Application in Traceability

[Objective] To address the questions of lacking monitoring system for origins of varieties, this study explored a DNA extraction method suitable for cotton fiber, aiming to establish an identification system that uses cotton fiber DNA as a medium to trace the authenticity and cultivar of cotton varieties. [Method] By improving and optimizing the extraction method, the DNAs of cotton fibers at different days post anthesis and lint from different years were extracted and used as templates for routine polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. 13 pairs of simple sequence repeat(SSR) primers were selected for SSR-PCR amplification using the DNA of Lu 1127, Shikang 126 and Ruiza 816. [Result] The DNA extraction method can extract cotton fiber DNAs of different developmental stages and different years. With the development of fiber, although the extracted DNA content is reduced, it can still meet the needs of downstream experiments. The extracted cotton fiber DNAs can be subjected to conventional PCR amplification, the PCR amplified bands were clear; 13 pairs of cotton SSR primers were used for SSR-PCR amplification of cotton fiber DNAs of Lu 1127, Shikang 126 and Ruiza 816, and a clear polymorphic band could be amplified and easily distinguished. [Conclusion] This extraction method is suitable for extracting genomic DNA of cotton fiber, and is satisfied with conventional PCR amplification with SSR markers. It is confirmed that the cotton fiber DNA molecular markers are feasible for tracing the source of cotton varieties, and it is expected to provide technical support for ensuring the safety of cotton industry.     

Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Australian rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties

Summary The genetic relationships between rice varieties were analysed by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with arbitrary oligonucleotide primers in the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. PCR with 22 arbitrary primers applied to 37 varieties produced 144 useful markers, of which 67% were polymorphic. Thus, with selected primers sufficient polymorphism could be detected to allow identification of individual varieties. Visual examination of electrophoresis gels and analysis of banding patterns confirmed that commercial Australian and USA lines and their relatives were very closely related, with similarity indices of 88–97%. Three varieties originating from more distant geographical centres were easily distinguished, producing variety-specific amplification profiles and expressing a lower similarity index of 80% to all other varieties tested. PCR offers a potentially simple, rapid and reliable method for rice genotype identification and recognition of lines that could contribute genetic diversity to new commercial varieties.Abbreviations PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction - RAPD Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA     

黔东南地方玉米品种SSR分子标记指纹图谱构建

利用SSR分子标记技术研究了黔东南地方玉米品种,筛选出48对引物,共检测出309个等位基因变异,每对引物检测出3～12个,平均为6.44个。每个位点的SSR多态信息量(PIC)变化为0.37～0.88,平均为0.70,标记索引系数平均为4.68。21个材料间的遗传相似性系数变化为0.57～0.90,平均为0.68。利用4对多态信息量高的引物建立了21个地方品种的DNA指纹图谱。     

甜菜品种SSR指纹图谱的构建及遗传多样性分析

筛选出20对多态性高、带型清晰、重复性好的SSR标记引物对供试甜菜品种进行PCR扩增,根据扩增产物构建SSR指纹图谱,并分析其遗传多样性。结果显示,共检测出112个等位基因,平均每对引物5.6个,利用获得的等位基因计算遗传距离,107个品种的遗传距离变化范围在0.065~0.467之间,平均遗传距离0.298。Shannon’s多样性指数变异范围0.78~2.90;PIC值介于0.08~0.83;Nei’s指数介于0.39~1.87。利用类平均法（UPGMA）进行聚类分析,可将107个甜菜品种分为2个类群。类群Ⅰ29个品种,类群Ⅱ78个品种。类群Ⅰ和Ⅱ又可分为多个亚群。结果表明,每个甜菜品种有区别于其他品种唯一的数字指纹,说明用于试验的20对SSR标记适用于甜菜品种真实性的鉴定,同时甜菜品种指纹图谱库的构建也为甜菜品种鉴定提供技术基础。     

Occurrence of microsatellites in spinach sequences from computer databases and development of polymorphic SSR markers

Microsatellites are valuable tools as molecular markers in plant breeding. To establish genetic linkage maps or for population studies, information about the occurrence and usability of microsatellite markers in different species is necessary. Sequences of spinach Spinacia oleracea from computer databases were therefore searched for the presence of microsatellites. Sixty simple sequence repeats were found in 237 spinach sequences with a total of 349.4 kb DNA. After removing duplicated sequences, 50 different microsatellites with various motifs remained. Differences between nuclear and chloroplast DNA were not in the number of microsatellites but in their type and length. Chloroplast sequences from spinach contain only short strings of A and AT repeats, whereas nuclear sequences show a wider variety of motifs. Flanking primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis were designed for 13 of these microsatellites and tested with two different varieties of spinach. Twelve primer pairs gave amplification products and seven of these showed polymorphisms in the variety ‘Wiremona’ but only one in the variety ‘Monatol’. These markers may be used for linkage analysis or population studies in spinach.     

Ceratotropis亚属基于SSR标记和ITS序列的分类与进化分析

利用SSR分子标记和ITS序列分析研究Ceratotropis亚属已鉴定的93份种质以及Vigna亚属的2份地方种和Glycine属的1份野生种,共8个种及亚种的96份材料的遗传差异。初步筛选出分布于11个连锁群(linkage group, LG)的74对小豆引物及14对黒吉豆引物和第9连锁群的5对绿豆引物,得到分辨力强的27对引物,平均PIC值为0.4914;UPGMA聚类分析,在DICE系数0.021处,将95份参试材料(除HAI_103)划分为两大类,第I类包括Ceratotropis组所有种质和3个“过渡”种质,第II类包括Angulares组所有种质;且小豆引物通用性最高：23对小豆引物的转移能力达88%以上。对参试材料中的28份典型种质进行ITS测序分析,比较序列间Kimura进化距离发现,V. minima和 V. umbellata种间距离最小(0~0.005),V. radiata种内分化程度最高;利用MEGA4.0构建最大简约树(maximum parsimony, MP)和邻接树(neighbor-joining, NJ),将参试种质划分为3大类,这与形态学和SSR标记分类一致。     

基于琼脂糖凝胶电泳的小麦SSR扩增体系优化

以小麦基因组DNA为试验材料,探索SSR扩增反应中5种反应组分(模板DNA、dNTPs、引物、Mg~(2+)和Taq DNA聚合酶)对SSR扩增结果的影响.研究发现,引物、Mg~(2+)和Taq DNA聚合酶对PCR扩增结果的影响最显著,其次是模板DNA,dNTP对PCR扩增结果的影响不明显.此外,借助该优化的SSR反应体系,对小麦7B染色体上的多对SSR引物进行了多态性筛选.试验结果表明,优化的SSR扩增体系结合高浓度琼脂糖凝胶能够对显性或差异显著的共显性标记进行高效分离.     

小麦区试品系DUS测试的分子标记

为了确定测试小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)区试品系特异性、一致性、稳定性(DUS)的分子标记,采用156个来自我国不同麦区的品种对SSR、EST-SSR和AFLP-SCAR标记的1334对引物进行筛选,根据在染色体上分布均匀、多态性信息指数较高、带型清晰、不同等位变异的带型易于区分及PCR产物稳定的原则,筛选出105对小麦品种DUS测试的分子标记引物,包括63对SSR引物、21对EST-SSR引物和21对AFLP-SCAR引物,可以检测122个位点的754个等位变异,平均每条染色体上被检测位点5.8个,平均每个位点包含7.2个等位变异。根据DUS测试的需求、引物的染色体分布、PIC值大小和带型特点,将105对引物分为21对核心引物、29对一级备用引物和55对二级备用引物。核心引物分辨力较高,可以完成约80%品系的特异性检测,约95%品系的种子纯度检测和约60%品系的一致性、稳定性检测;备用引物用于确定品系DNA位点纯合率和相似品种(品系)之间的遗传相似系数,以判断DNA指纹相同或相似的品种(品系)之间的相似性和特异性,评价核心标记中具有非纯位点的品系的DNA位点纯合度,同时完成核心引物未能完成的少数品系的种子纯度检测。通过在2006-2007、2007-2008、2008-2009年度对464个冬小麦区试品系DUS测试中的应用,证明105对引物具有很好的代表性和实用性,可以完成90%以上参试品系的DUS检测。     

3种PCR程序扩增甜菜SSR及InDel标记的比较

本研究旨在扩增出条带清晰、非特异性条带少的SSR/InDel标记产物。选择来自6个国家的12份不同基因型甜菜品种,利用SSR及InDel两种标记方法,Touch-down PCR、梯度PCR及常规固定退火温度PCR三种反应程序扩增产物。通过比较扩增产物的多态性、稳定性、清晰度选择适合两种分子标记方法的PCR反应程序。结果表明:Touch-down PCR法可以通过一次反应即顺利扩增出带型清晰,无无效带,扩增效果稳定的样本产物。梯度PCR法扩增结果不稳定,有非特异性条带出现并且弥散现象严重。固定退火温度PCR扩增结果因引物不同而差异较大,同时伴有弥散现象。Touch-down PCR扩增产物特异性,稳定性均高于梯度PCR及固定退火温度PCR,且较梯度PCR法省略了摸索最适退火温度的过程。因此,推荐使用Touch-down PCR程序进行甜菜SSR与InDel分子标记法研究。     

SSR标记在甜瓜中的研究进展

SSR（simple sequence repeat）标记是建立在PCR基础上的一种新型DNA分子标记。由于SSR具有丰富的多态性,随机分布于甜瓜的整个基因组中,并表现为共显性,所以它是进行甜瓜遗传研究的理想工具。本文就SSR标记在甜瓜遗传多样性分析,构建遗传连锁图谱、标记和定位目的基因及标记辅助选择等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

小豆SSR引物在绿豆基因组中的通用性分析

分析了187对小豆SSR引物在绿豆基因组中的可转移性,以期为绿豆分子遗传育种研究提供分析工具.结果表明,约75%的小豆SSR引物可在绿豆中有效扩增,但不同小豆连锁群SSR引物的可转移率存在差异.多态性分析发现80对引物中有28对在60份绿豆种质中可以检测到多态性,等位变异数从2～7不等,平均为2.9,PIC指数从0.02～0.69,平均为0.36.UPGMA聚类及主坐标分析表明,尽管同一省份的种质不能紧密聚在一起,但大多在聚类图上成簇状分布,说明相同来源的绿豆种质具有相似的遗传背景;此外,国外及我国边远地区的绿豆种质在遗传背景上与内部省份间存在明显差异.这些多态性SSR不仅可以有效用于绿豆分子遗传学研究,还可以用于不同来源绿豆种质资源的辅助鉴别.     

Genetic diversity of the black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] gene pool as revealed by SSR markers

In this study, 520 cultivated and 14 wild accessions of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) were assessed for diversity using 22 SSR markers. Totally, 199 alleles were detected with a mean of 9.05 alleles per locus. Wild black gram showed higher gene diversity than cultivated black gram. Gene diversity of cultivated accessions among regions was comparable, while allelic richness of South Asia was higher than that of other regions. 78.67% of the wild gene diversity presented in cultivated accessions, indicating that the domestication bottleneck effect in black gram is relatively low. Genetic distance analysis revealed that cultivated black gram was more closely related to wild black gram from South Asia than that from Southeast Asia. STRUCTURE, principal coordinate and neighbor-joining analyses consistently revealed that 534 black gram accessions were grouped into three major subpopulations. The analyses also revealed that cultivated black gram from South Asia was genetically distinct from that from West Asia. Comparison by SSR analysis with other closely related Vigna species, including mungbean, azuki bean, and rice bean, revealed that level of gene diversity of black gram is comparable to that of mungbean and rice bean but lower than that of azuki bean.     

利用SSR标记技术鉴定玉米品种真实性的研究

从20对SSR基本引物中筛选出核心引物,并对辽宁省主推玉米品种进行真实性研究。利用SSR标记技术,选取均匀覆盖玉米染色体组的20对SSR引物对玉米品种进行PCR扩增分析。依据带型清晰与否、稳定性等筛选出14对核心引物用于辽宁省主推玉米品种的真实性鉴定,其中以引物bnlg161k8的多态性最好,且仅采用bnlg161k8、bnlg2305k4及umc1705w1三对引物即可以对实验中所选玉米品种进行真实性鉴定。bnlg161k8、bnlg2305k4及umc1705w1这三对引物可作为玉米品种真实性鉴定的首选引物,既节约成本,又提高效率。     

芝麻SSR检测体系的优化与应用

为了建立一套适用于芝麻SSR标记检测的技术体系,以5个芝麻新品种为试验材料,选用35对SSR引物,从反应体系、反应程序、电泳、银染4个环节进行优化。结果表明：反应总体积为10 μL,优化后的基本成分及用量分别为25 mmol/L Mg2+ 1.2 μL,10 mmol/L dNTPs 0.3 μL,5 U/μL Taq酶0.3 μL,50 ng/μL Primer 0.9 μL,10×Buffer 0.7 μL,25 ng/μL DNA模板2.5 μL,ddH2O 4.1 μL。反应程序为：94℃ 3 min;94℃ 1 min,60℃ 30 s,72℃ 45 s,10个循环;94℃ 30 s,57℃ 30 s,72℃ 45 s,30个循环;72℃ 5 min。PCR产物用6%变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,硝酸银快速染色检测效果良好。筛选出多态性较强的SSR引物24对,用这些引物对20个品种进行扩增,初步分析了SSR标记应用于芝麻DNA指纹分析的潜力。     

SSR、SFP、InDel和ILP标记在不同抗瘟性水稻品种中的应用比较

利用SSR、SFP、InDel和ILP标记对水稻品种进行通用性分析,明确其PCR扩增的有效性和多态性,以期为分子标记辅助选择的应用效果评价奠定基础。结果表明:选用1678对标记对TY和CO39进行PCR扩增,有扩增产物的标记为1578对,扩增产物率为94.04%,其中,两亲本间共检测到133对多态标记,多态检出率为10.34%。4种分子标记间比较发现,SSR标记具有数量多、染色体覆盖度广等特点,而ILP标记的多态检出率最高,达28.90%,分别是SSR、SFP和In Del标记的2.79、4.77、1.47倍。因此,在水稻育种实践中,将SSR和ILP标记结合用于基因型筛选,可以提高选择效率,加快育种进程。     

辣椒杂交种纯度快速鉴定体系建立与应用分析

为了解决辣椒杂交种快速鉴定的问题,有必要建立辣椒杂交种的室内纯度鉴定体系,以兴蔬种业的32个品种的父本、母本和F1共96份为试验材料,利用150对SSR引物对96份材料进行了PCR扩增,寻找扩增差异。扩增结果发现,150对引物中51对能扩增出清晰条带,19对多态性较好,5对引物能够区别兴蔬种业32个品种的父本、母本及其F1。SSR分子标记能够快速准确地鉴定辣椒杂交种纯度与田间鉴定结果一致且成本低廉。     

百棉系列棉花自交系品种（系）SSR指纹图谱构建

 利用20对SSR核心引物构建了百棉系列棉花自交系品种（系）的DNA指纹图谱。20对引物分属棉花15条染色体,共检测到116个等位基因,平均5.8个;PIC值和MI值分别平均为0.718和4.384。引物组合NAU1028/NAU5104、NAU4903/NAU3110/NAU1043、NAU0905/NAU1255、NAU3839/NAU4024、NAU5104/NA U4024、NAU2121/NAU5104和NAU1043/NAU3254/NAU4024可分别将百棉1号、百棉2号、百棉13号、百棉5号、百棉011、百棉19号和百棉985与其他所有材料区分开。构建了百棉系列棉花自交系品种（系）的SSR数字指纹代码。对棉花指纹图谱构建的供试材料和核心引物进行了分析和讨论。     

41份非洲和湖北蚕豆种质资源SSR遗传多样性分析

为研究蚕豆的遗传多样性,选用50对引物,对41份非洲和湖北蚕豆种质资源进行SSR遗传多样性分析。引物的PIC值介于0.28~0.91之间,平均值为0.68,50对引物共获得扩增DNA条带249条,多态性条带(等位基因)为246条。利用NTSYS软件对41份非洲和湖北蚕豆种质SSR数据进行聚类分析。在D-0.6957处将41份种质资源分为三大类群。第Ⅰ类(13个品种)为埃及和埃塞尔比亚的材料;第Ⅱ类(12个品种)主要为苏丹的材料;第Ⅲ类(16个品种)包括所有湖北地区的材料。通过Structure群体结构分析结果与聚类分析结果高度吻合。本研究结果可为蚕豆种质资源的收集和利用以及进一步开发利用SSR标记提供参考。     

Development of a molecular CAPS marker for the self-incompatibility locus in Brassica napus and identification of different S alleles

Using primers annealing to S locus sequences the cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) method was applied to develop a marker and to characterize different alleles at the self‐incompatibility locus in Brassica napus. A segregating F₂ population from a cross of a self‐incompatible (SI) and a self‐compatible parent, as well as seven SI lines representing four different S alleles were used. Several primers specific to the S locus in B. oleracea and B. campestris, chosen from the literature, allow polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of genomic DNA. However, only one primer pair amplified a single specific and reproducible PCR fragment of the expected length in B. napus. Digestion with restriction endonucleases revealed polymorphisms for two CAPS markers absolutely linked to the S locus. Using the codominant marker efMboI it was possible to discriminate all three F₂ genotypes. With this marker and an additional marker using another primer pair it was possible to distinguish between three of the four different S alleles and five of the seven SI lines, respectively.