日本国家油料检定中心专家高桥重幸访问农业部油料及制品质量监督检验测试中心

受日本国际协力事业团 (ＪＩＣＡ)派遣 ,日本国家油料检定协会 (横滨 )品质分析专家高桥重幸先生于2 0 0 2年 4月 9日～ 17日再次访问了农业部油料及制品质量监督检验测试中心 ,这是湖北省油菜籽生产技术开发现地实证调查项目实施以来高桥先生第二次访华。双方就 2 0 0 1年度油菜籽品质比对检测结果及 2 0 0 2年度比对检测计划等方面进行了交流 ,并达成比对检测协议和备忘录。中日专家交流了 2 0 0 1年油菜籽品质比对检测结果与检测技术 ,双方对 2 0 0 1年度进行的油菜籽硫甙、芥酸、含油量等品质指标的比对检测结果均表示满意。芥酸和硫甙…     

傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术测定完整油菜籽中芥酸和硫甙含量

利用傅里叶变换漫反射近红外光谱技术和大量代表性油菜籽标准样品建立完整油菜籽中芥酸、硫甙测定模型,内部交叉法和外部检验集样品对模型验证结果表明:芥酸、硫甙模型复相关系数分别为0.9618和0.9785,内部验证均方差(RMSECV)分别为1.97和5.16.用所建模型对油菜籽样品芥酸、硫甙测定结果与国家和国际标准方法测定结果基本一致,建立的近红外分析模型能够满足油菜育种中对初级世代材料芥酸、硫甙含量的快速测定筛选要求.     

一种国产近红外仪分析油菜籽三种主要品质参数研究

利用中国农业科学院油料作物研究所研制的NYDL-3000智能型多参数粮油品质速测仪分析了油菜籽含油量、硫甙和芥酸含量,测定结果与传统化学方法进行了比较,其中含油量结果与PC-120核磁共振仪和MATRIX-I傅立叶变换近红外光谱仪做验证。内部交叉验证结果显示：含油量、硫甙和芥酸含量的决定系数R2分别为0.954 3、0.985 3和0.982 3,均方差分别为0.0469 、0.419 8和0.160 4,T检验显示三种品质参数交叉验证集的近红外光谱法（NYDL-3000）预测值和化学值差异均不显著。外部检验结果表明：硫甙含量、含油量两种方法测定值的相关系数分别为0.837 6和0.951 7,平均绝对误差分别为7.54％和0.02％,均在平均绝对误差允许的范围之内;成对数据双尾t检验表明,近红外光谱法和化学法两者结果差异不显著。芥酸分析中,NYDL-3000将342份样品中3份低芥酸材料判定为高芥酸,近红外光谱法和化学法两者结果符合率达99.12%。含油量的测定结果显示：NYDL-3000和PC-120、MATRIX-I结果的相关系数分别为0.956 6和0.901 5,平均绝对误差分别为0.78％和3.06％。研究结果表明,利用NYDL-3000智能型多参数粮油品质速测仪所建立的品质模型可以满足油菜育种对早代材料芥酸、硫甙含量和含油量的快速测定要求。     

油菜芥酸硫甙定量速测仪研制及应用

基于硫代葡萄糖甙与特异外源酶和显色剂反应生成有色产物与菜籽硫甙含量的关系以及芥酸形成浊度与芥酸含量的相关关系,研制了NYDL-2000油菜芥酸硫甙定量速测仪,芥酸测量范围0.5%～8.0%,硫甙测量范围10.0～60.0μmol/g。芥酸和硫甙的速测结果误差分别为±0.5%和±4.0μmol/g,符合国家标准和国际标准。在农技推广及粮油生产基点现场应用结果表明,具有测定快速、操作简单、测试费用低等特点。     

油料所两项科研成果荣获2004年度国家科技进步二等奖

近日，从国家科技奖励大会凯旋而归的中国农业科学院油料研究所研究员李云昌、李培武双双捧回了由国家领导人亲自颁发的烫金荣誉证书。他们分别主持完成的“高产优质抗(耐)病广适性油菜新品种中油杂2号的选育与应用”和“双低油菜芥酸硫甙定量速测技术及仪器的研制与应用”两项科研成果获得了2004年度国家科技进步奖二等奖。这也是油料研究所继2001年同期获得两项国家奖励后又一次登上了国家领奖台。     

油菜籽中脂肪酸、硫甙含量快速测定联用法初探

用反相纸层析法定性分析油菜籽中的芥酸,在油菜品质育种中得到了广泛的应用,是公认的成熟方法。用来快速测定硫甙的方法,目前国外用得较多的是葡萄糖试纸法,而国内多采用氯化钯目视比色法。由于油菜品质育种的分析测定工作量大以及品质测定和筛选的时间有限,必须在短时间内准确地完成大量化学分析工作,提高分析工作的效率。为此,进行了纸层析法与葡萄糖试纸法和氯化钯目视比色法联用的探索试验。     

油菜品质分析与信息优化管理的应用

为了充分利用油菜品质分析数据信息,利用信息优化处理原理,研究对近红外光谱技术测定油菜籽芥酸硫甙品质数据进行信息优化处理和管理的应用,促进优质油菜新品种的选育.     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜产量和品质性状的综合选择

以甘蓝型黄籽油菜为试验材料,研究芥酸和硫甙含量的变化对于油分和产量的影响,结果表明:黄籽油菜单株产量和产量构成因素的关系与黑籽油菜相似,含油量和产量呈正相关,硫甙含量与油份呈负相关,芥酸和硫甙含量与产量的相关一般不显著,但低芥育种可能使油份降低,低硫育种可能导致产量下降,而双低材料表现比低芥、低硫材料均好。多元回归分析证明,三个主要品质性状(含油量、芥酸和硫甙含量)的综合作用,不会限制产量的提高。本文还就甘蓝型黄籽油菜的育种程序和方法进行了讨论。     

微波和脱皮处理菜籽对油中活性成分的影响

以高、中、低芥酸和硫甙含量菜籽为原料,微波和脱皮预处理后分别冷榨制油。结果表明,同一品种菜籽不同处理方式对基本品质并无影响,但油中植物甾醇和维生素E含量均存在明显差异,且含量大小依次为低芥酸低硫甙菜籽＞中芥酸中硫甙菜籽＞高芥酸高硫甙菜籽。利用SPSS (统计产品与服务解决方案,Statistical Product and Service Solutions)方差分析,探讨4种不同处理方式与3种不同原料对菜籽油中维生素E和植物甾醇的影响。结果表明,不同处理方式对双低菜籽油中α、γ维生素E和△5-燕麦甾醇影响差异显著,对菜籽甾醇、菜油甾醇和β-谷甾醇影响不显著;同一种处理方式下,不同原料对维生素E和植物甾醇都存在显著差异。微波处理后油中维生素E和植物甾醇含量最高,且低芥酸低硫甙菜籽更适宜通过微波处理提高油的品质。     

油菜芥酸硫甙速测技术及速测仪研制通过成果鉴定

湖北省科学技术厅主持的“双低油菜芥酸、硫甙速测技术及速测仪技术鉴定会”于 2 0 0 0年 5月 2 0日在武昌召开。参加鉴定会的主要单位有湖北省政府办公厅、湖北省计委、湖北省农业厅科教处和粮油处、中国农业科学院、华中农业大学、中国仪器仪表学会农业仪器分会、农业部食品质检中心、北京蔬菜研究中心、湖北省种子管理站、湖北大学、湖北浠水县农业局、湖北省油料所等。油菜芥酸、硫甙速测技术及速测仪研制是湖北省“九五”重大科技发展计划项目“双低油菜产业化技术研究与开发”重要课题之一 ,由湖北省油料作物研究所承担 ,中国农业科学…     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Cytoplasmic substitution inSolanum. II. Tuber characteristics of reciprocal backcross progeny

Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC₂ and BC₃ substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC₂ and BC₂ substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than cytoplasmic factors. Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.