Effect of anthelmintic treatment on the performance of awassi sheep in Iraq

Summary Studies are reported on the effect of anthelmintic treatment on the body weight gain and wool growth of ewes with subclinical helminth infections. The parasites involved wereFasciola gigantica andOstertagia spp., together with someHaemonchus contortus,Trichostrongylus spp., andDictyocaulus filaria.In 1 group, 5 sheep, which were treated twice with tetramisole at an interval of 4 weeks to remove gastro-intestinal nematodes and lungworms, showed an increase of 41% in weight gain and 3·2% in wool growth compared with an untreated group.Another group, which was treated with both tetramisole and rafoxanide to remove nematode and fluke infections, had a 143% increase in weight gain and 81% in wool growth compared with the control.

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Efectos Del Tratamiento Con Antihelminticos En La Productividad De Ovejas Awassi En Irak

Resumen Se describen los resultados de estudios sobre los efectos del tratamiento con antihelmínticos de infecciones subclínicas en ovejas Awassi, en relación con el aumento de peso y crecimiento de lana. Los parásitos involucrados fueronFasciola gigantica yOstertagia spp., junto conTrichostrongylus spp. yDictyocaulus filaria.En 1 grupo, 5 ovejas que recibieron doble tratamiento con tetramisole a intervalos de 4 semanas contra nemátodos gastro-intestinales y parásitos pulmonares, tuvieron un incremento del 41% en peso y 3·2% en crecimiento de lana, sobre el grupo control sin tratamiento.Otro grupo en el cual los animales se trataron con tetramisole y rafoxanide contra nemátodos y fasciola, tuvieron un incremeto del 143% en peso y 81% en crecimiento de lana, sobre el grupo control.

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Effets De Traitements Anthelminthiques Sur Les Performances Du Mouton Awassi En Irak

Résumé Les études ont porté sur les effets de divers traitements anthelminthiques au plan du gain de poids et de la production de larves chez des brebis atteintes d'infections subcliniques.Les parasites concernés étaientFasciola gigantica etOstertagia spp. associés avec quelquesHaemonchus contortus,Trichostronglyus spp., etDictyocaulus filaria.Dans un premier groupe, 5 brebis qui ont été traitées à deux reprises avec du tétramisole, à un intervalle de quatre semaines, contre des nématodes gastro-intestinaux et des helminthes pulmonaires ont accusé un gain de poids de 41 p. 100 et de 3,2 p. 100 pour la laine par rapport à ceux du groupe non traité.Un autre groupe qui a été traité à la fois avec du tétramisole et du rafoxanide contre les nématodes et les douves a accusé une augmentation de poids de l'ordre de 143 p. 100 et de 81 p. 100 en ce qui concerne la laine en comparaison avec des animaux témoins.

     

Comparative Anthelmintic Activity of Strategic Sustained Low-level Administration of Albendazole in Feed Pellets Compared to Single Doses of Closantel and Tetramisole against Natural Ovine Parasitic Gastroenteritis

The strategic use of single therapeutic doses of closantel, tetramisole or sustained low-level administration of albendazole in feed pellets in controlling naturally acquired parasitic gastroenteritis in sheep was investigated on a farm in semi-arid Rajasthan, India. A total of 303 5- to 6-month-old sheep were divided into three groups. Two groups were dosed with single therapeutic doses of closantel and tetramisole and the third group was given a low-level medication with albendazole through feed pellets for 30 days. Faecal egg counts revealed significantly lower counts (p<0.001) in the group treated with closantel compared to the other two groups. The faecal egg counts in the group receiving sustained low-level albendazole rose after withdrawal of the medication but remained significantly lower than those in the group treated with tetramisole up to 7 weeks after treatment (p<0.05). On the other hand, in the group treated with tetramisole, the mean faecal egg count rose from 3 weeks after treatment and remained continuously higher than those in any other group up to 12 weeks after treatment. The closantel-treated group gained more body weight but the first six-monthly greasy fleece yield was greater in the group treated with medicated pellets. During the first 3 months of the experiment, three animals in the group treated with tetramisole died of parasitic gastroenteritis. Following sustained low-level administration of albendazole in feed pellets, the plasma disposition curve of both the sulphoxide and sulphone metabolites reached its plateau level by day 5 and remained almost constant thereafter. The comparative cost-effectiveness of the three treatment regimes during the first 3 months of treatment was best for the group treated with closantel followed by the group treated with medicated feed pellets.     

An evaluation of a modified preventive drenching programme on commercial sheep farms

The effectiveness of a commonly advocated five drench preventive drenching programme in lambs was assessed on nine farms in the Gisborne, Hawkes Bay and Wairarapa districts between December 1983 and March 1985. The productive performance of two groups of preventively drenched lambs was compared with lambs in which parasitism was suppressed by fortnightly drenching from weaning until mid-August 1984. One of the groups received the standard five drench programme commencing at weaning and finishing in March 1984. The other group received six additional 4-weekly drenches, with the last drench in mid-August 1984. All the other lambs on the farms were drenched according to the five drench programme. The availability of infective larvae on pasture and the build-up of parasitic infection in the lambs was monitored. The effects of the different drenching programmes on liveweight and faecal egg counts was followed until March 1985, when the animals were 18 months old. Between March and July 1984 on all nine farms there was a significant depression of growth rates of the standard five drench group when compared with the suppression-drenched group (P<0.01). The mean liveweight difference from December 1983 to July 1984 for all farms was 4.0 kg (P<0.05). Hogget wool weights were significantly depressed (mean difference 0.37 kg, P<0.05). Faecal egg counts rose steadily after the completion of the five drench programme in March, exceeding 1000 eggs per gram on seven farms and 4000 eggs per gram on three of these farms. Trichostrongylus spp. was the major constituent of the winter parasite increase except on one farm when Cooperia spp. succeeded a previous Haemonchus dominance. Two farms had major build-ups of Haemonchus spp., one in early May, the other in June. Six farms salvage-drenched the standard five drench groups. The lambs in the standard drench groups on these farms recovered about half the bodyweight difference between August and March. The mean weight gains to July and wool weights of the modified drench programme groups were reduced slightly compared with the suppression-drenched group (mean liveweight difference 1.4 kg; mean wool weight difference 0.15 kg). No major rises in faecal egg counts occurred. Herbage larval counts exceeded 1000 larvae/kg at some stage on seven farms and, of these, the counts exceeded 4000 larvae/kg on three farms.     

Depression of productivity in sheep infected with Fasciola hepatica

The productivity of 24 Corriedale weaner wethers in eight groups of 3, artificially infected with a range of fluke burdens, was studied by measuring body weight change, midside patch wool growth, fleece weights and feed digestibility over a period of 24 weeks.Data from bodyweight and patch wool measurement and feed digestibility were analysed by regression procedures. All parasitised groups exhibited a reduction in growth rate, patch wool growth and fleece weight, when compared with the control groups. Reduction in feed conversion efficiency was detected in groups having mean burdens of 45, 67 and 117 flukes. Because groups with mean burdens of 230 or more flukes had reduced feed intake, and sheep in these groups died, the feed conversion information from these groups cannot be considered unequivocal.The group mean liveweight changes, patch wool growth and fleece weights were closely related to the mean number of flukes in the respective group. Prediction equations for wool growth rate and body weight gain in fluke infected sheep are presented.     

The impact of natural helminth infections and supplementary protein on growth performance of free-range chickens on smallholder farms in El Sauce, Nicaragua

Three on-farm studies were conducted in Nicaragua during three consecutive years (1999–2001) to assess the impact of natural helminth infections on growth performance of free-range chickens aged 3–4 months. On all participating farms, half of the chickens were treated regularly with anthelmintics (Trifén avícola – a combined formulation of piperazine, phenothiazine and dichlorophen – or albendazole) to express the growth potential of non-infected birds, whereas the other half served as non-treated controls. In 1999, treated chickens had a 39% higher weight gain compared to the control group 6 weeks after the first treatment on 15 farms. In 2000 and 2001, treated chickens had similar weight gain as the control group 10 weeks after the first treatment on 7 farms and 12 farms, respectively. The main reason for the very-different weight gain figures seems to be the weather conditions. In 1999, the study site experienced a rainy season with precipitation far above average, whereas in 2000 and 2001 the rainy seasons had precipitations far below average. Based on these findings, routine use of anthelmintics in the study area would only be recommended in wet years when production losses due to helminth infections seem to be pronounced.

In 2001, the study set-up included an assessment of the effect of protein supplementation (soybean) on growth on six farms. Supplemented chickens (treated and non-treated with anthelmintics) had 17% higher weight gain than non-supplemented. Protein supplementation affected neither worm burdens nor faecal egg counts for any of the studied helminths.

The post-mortem examinations showed that Trifén reduced burdens of Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum, and cestodes (efficacies of 100, 100 and 67%, respectively). Albendazole reduced burdens of H. gallinarum (efficacy of 100%). Efficacies against other helminths were difficult to assess due to low worm burdens. Chickens treated with albendazole had lower Ascaridia and Heterakis faecal egg counts than non-treated chickens.     

Multiple anthelmintic resistance on a goat farm in Hawassa (southern Ethiopia)

A study was conducted to determine the presence of anthelmintic resistance on Hawassa University goat farm in southern Ethiopia. The 180 goats were stratified by age and sex and randomly assigned to treatment groups (albendazole, tetramisole and ivermectin and untreated control). Each treatment group included 15 goats and treatments were administered according to weight of each goat with 7.5 mg/kg bw albendazole, 22.5 mg/kg bw tetramisole and 0.2 mg/kg bw ivermectin dose rates recommended by scientists. Faecal samples were collected on day 0 before treatment, and again on day 12 post treatment. Efficacy of all the drugs was assessed on day 12 post treatment by faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). Multiple anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus spp. against albendazole, tetramisole and ivermectin was recorded in all age categories of the goats. Likewise, Trichostrongylus/Teladorsagia spp. showed resistance against ivermectin. Coprocultures from all pre- and post-treatments revealed the predominance of Haemonchus spp. Resistance against anthelmintics is attributed to the high frequency of treatment and low dosage of treatment practices on the farm. Large scale studies, however, are needed to assess the current status of anthelmintic resistance against the most commonly used anthelmintics in different agroecology, species of animals and management systems in Ethiopia.     

Propetamphos pour-on formulation for the control of lice on sheep: effect of lice on weight gain and wool production

Infestation of sheep with the biting louse Damalinia ovis is a potentially serious problem which can effect the quality and quantity of wool produced and may reduce weight gains. In this trial treated sheep produced 34 per cent more wool than louse-infested controls and the wool from the treated sheep was of a better quality. The mean liveweight gain in the treated groups was 18 per cent more than that in the untreated group. Treatment with a pour-on formulation of propetamphos at 25 to 50 mg kg-1 gave more than 99 per cent control of lice and protected against reinfestation for four months.     

空怀期云南半细毛羊钙需要量研究

本研究旨在探讨日粮钙水平对空怀期云南半细毛羊各营养成分消化代谢的影响，为云南半细毛羊钙需要量的标准制定提供数据支撑。试验选取50只空怀期体况健康、体重接近、经产两胎的云南半细毛羊，随机分成5组，分别饲喂5种不同钙含量日粮（0.48%，0.67%，0.82%，1.00%和1.13%）。试验分为预试期（14 d）和正试期（30 d），在正式期第7天从每个试验组中随机选取5只羊，放入代谢笼进行为期7 d的消化代谢试验。试验结果表明，随着日粮钙含量的升高，空怀期云南半细毛羊的干物质采食量总体呈先下降后升高趋势（P>0.05）。各养分的表观消化率没有受到日粮钙含量的影响（P>0.05）。空怀期云南半细毛羊日粮钙水平越高，粪钙的排出量越大（P<0.05），排泄钙量也越大（P<0.05）。通过回归分析，由不同钙水平日粮对平均日增重的线性关系得出，空怀期云南半细毛羊的钙维持需要量为7.93 g/d（R²=0.5827）。摄入钙与沉积钙之间的线性回归分析表明，空怀期云南半细毛羊沉积钙最大值为3.64 g/d。综上所述，空怀期云南半细毛羊日粮钙水平的提高，对干物质采食量有一定的影响，而对各养分的表观消化率没有显著影响。空怀期云南半细毛羊粪钙和排泄钙随着日粮钙水平的提升而升高。不同日粮钙水平下空怀期云南半细毛羊摄入钙与日增重的相关性不大。     

Study on Calcium Requirement of Non-Pregnan Yunnan Semi-fine Wool Sheep

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary calcium levels on nutrient digestion and metabolism of Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep during the empty pregnant period,and to provide basis for formulating the standard of calcium requirement of Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep.Fifty Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep with healthy body condition,close body weight and 2 births were randomly allocated to 5 groups,which were groupsⅠ (0.44% calcium),Ⅱ (0.67% calcium),Ⅲ (0.82% calcium),Ⅳ (1.00% calcium) and Ⅴ (1.13% calcium).The experiment was divided into pre-trial period (14 days) and formal period (30 days).On the 7th day of the formal period,five sheep were randomly selected from each experimental group and placed in separate metabolic cages for digestive and metabolic tests.The experimental results showed that:With the increase of dietary calcium content,the dry matter intake of Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep in empty pregnant period decreased at first and then increasing (P>0.05).The higher the dietary calcium level of Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep in empty pregnant period,the greater the excretion of fecal calcium (P<0.05),and the greater the excretion of calcium (P<0.05).Regression analysis showed that the calcium maintenance requirement of Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep in empty pregnant period was 7.93 g/d and R²=0.5827 according to the linear relationship between different calcium levels of diets and average daily gain.Linear regression analysis between calcium intake and deposited calcium showed that the maximum deposited calcium of Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep during empty pregnant period was 3.64 g/d.In conclusion,the increase of dietary calcium level of Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep during empty pregnant period had a certain effect on dry matter intake,but had no significant effect on the apparent digestibility of each nutrient.Fecal calcium and excreted calcium of Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep in empty pregnant period increased with the increase of dietary calcium level.Under different dietary calcium levels,the calcium intake level had little correlation with the daily gain of Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep in empty pregnant period.     

Effect of a controlled-release albendazole capsule on parasitism and productivity of sheep

The efficacy of intraruminal albendazole (ABZ) capsules (Proftril-Captec®) and the effect of treatment on productivity were studied in 300 ewes infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and the trematode Dicrocoelium dendritimcum, Coprological tests revealed that treated animals remained negative for 10 weeks after the administration of capsules. Contamination of pasture with nematode larvae was significantly reduced during the whole experiment. Necropsy of 14 animals (seven treated and seven untreated) showed 96.9–99.2% efficacy against the nematodes Nematodirus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Cooperia spp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Trichuris ovis, while efficacy was 88.5% against D. dendriticum. During the 6 month pasture season (May–October 1989), treated ewes produced on average 2.56 kg cheese and 0.6 kg wool per ewe more than untreated controls. Our study confirms the reliability of the ABZ slow-release capsules over 90 days and the positive effect of treatment on nematode contamination of pasture and ewe productivity.     

不同乳酸菌发酵乳对高血脂症大鼠肠道菌群的影响

试验旨在探究不同乳酸菌发酵乳对高血脂模型大鼠血脂与肠道菌群的调节作用。将体重为(120±10)g的 40 只 SD 雄性大鼠随机分为空白对照组(C 组)、高脂模型组(M 组)、L. rhamnosus LV108 发酵乳组(LV组)及混合乳酸菌(LV108 发酵乳∶grx08 发酵乳∶grx12 发酵乳=2∶1∶1)发酵乳组(H 组),每组 10 只,建模后干预(1 mL/100 g,1×108 CFU/mL)4 周,测定大鼠血脂及大鼠粪样细菌 16S rDNA 的 V3-V4 区,并对大鼠肠道微生物和血清血脂水平的相关性进行分析。结果表明:LV 组和 H 组大鼠血清中甘油三酯、总胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著降低,体重增长被抑制;LV 组和 H 组中大鼠肠道菌群的丰度及多样性显著提高,且 H 组大鼠肠道菌群的丰度高于 LV 组(P<0.05);LV 组和 H 组大鼠粪便中 Lactobacillus spp.、S24-7 spp 和 Treponema spp.等菌属显著升高,Peptostreptococcus spp.、Clostridium spp.、Turicibacter spp、Escherichia spp.及 Desulfovibrio spp.等菌属显著降低。结果提示,L. rhamnosus LV108发酵乳及混合乳酸菌发酵乳均能改善大鼠血脂水平并恢复大鼠肠道菌群的多样性及菌群构成。     

隔栏补饲时间对杜湖杂交羔羊生长性能、羊毛品质和血清生化指标的影响

试验通过研究不同隔栏补饲时间对杜湖杂交羔羊生长性能、羊毛品质和生化指标的影响，以确定最佳的羔羊隔栏补饲时间。选取体重均匀、体况相近的健康公羔180只，分为3组，每组60只，15日龄时开始隔栏补饲，40日龄时结束，Ⅰ组每日隔栏补饲时间为6 h，Ⅱ组从6 h过渡至10 h，Ⅲ组从6 h过渡至12 h。试验开始和结束当天晨饲前对羔羊称重测定其生长性能指标，试验结束当天采集毛样和血样测定羔羊羊毛品质及血清生化等相关指标。结果表明，随着隔栏补饲时间的延长，羔羊表现出平均日增重逐渐增大、采食量下降、料重比减小的趋势，但组间差异不显著（P>0.05）。羔羊体侧部羊毛中有髓毛与无髓毛的比例在不同组间差异显著（P<0.05），有髓毛占比Ⅰ组>Ⅱ组>Ⅲ组，无髓毛占比Ⅲ组>Ⅱ组>Ⅰ组，无髓毛比例随隔栏补饲时间的延长而增加，其他羊毛指标组间差异不显著（P>0.05）。Ⅱ和Ⅲ组羔羊血清甘油三酯含量显著高于Ⅰ组（P<0.05），Ⅰ和Ⅱ组羔羊血清白蛋白含量显著高于Ⅲ组（P<0.05），Ⅱ组肌酐含量显著高于Ⅲ组（P<0.05），Ⅱ组肌酸激酶活性显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅲ组（P<0.05）。综合分析，羔羊15~40日龄与母羊逐渐隔离，随着羔羊隔栏补饲时间的延长，其生长性能得到了提高。隔栏补饲时间最长的Ⅲ组，其平均日增重、料重比及羊毛品质均优于其他组。     

法国夏洛莱羊与中国美利奴羊(新疆型)杂交对其杂交后代生产性能影响的研究

试验旨在研究法国夏洛莱羊与中国美利奴羊（新疆型）杂交对其杂交后代生产性能的影响。本试验以法国夏洛莱羊为父本、中国美利奴羊（新疆型）为母本进行杂交试验,通过杂交试验初步研究对其杂交1代（F1）、回交1代（B1）体增重及毛品质的影响。结果表明,3月龄时,夏洛莱羊×中国美利奴羊（新疆型）F1代体重分别比B1代（试验2组）和中国美利奴羊（新疆型）提高2.8%（P>0.05）和46.5%（P<0.01）;6月龄时,体重分别提高4.0%（P<0.01）和28.6%（P<0.01）;3月龄、6月龄时B1代（试验2组）的体重分别比中国美利奴羊（新疆型）（对照组）提高42.5%（P<0.01）、23.7%（P<0.01）。在产毛量方面,夏洛莱羊×中国美利奴羊（新疆型）F1代的产毛量与B1代差异不显著（P>0.05）,但与中国美利奴羊（新疆型）相比,夏洛莱羊×中国美利奴羊（新疆型）F1代、B1代的产毛量分别极显著降低了20.4%（P<0.01）和20.1%（P<0.01）;从增重和产毛总的经济效益来看,与中国美利奴羊（新疆型）相比,夏洛莱羊×中国美利奴羊（新疆型）F1代和B1代总的经济收益分别提高了14.80%、10.88%。因此,法国夏洛莱羊与中国美利奴羊（新疆型）杂交可用于杂交优势生产羊肉,但不宜用于羊毛的生产。     

The efficacy of an oral treatment with paromomycin against an experimental infection with Giardia in calves

A controlled and blinded study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a treatment with paromomycin sulphate against an experimental Giardia infection in calves. Animals were infected with 10(5)Giardia cysts of cattle origin and were either treated 11 days later with 25, 50 or 75 mg paromomycin/(kg body weight per day) during 5 consecutive days or not treated (control group). Efficacy was evaluated based on reduction in cyst excretion. Furthermore weight gain and diarrhea scores were monitored. In the group treated with 75 mg/kg per day there was a 100% reduction in cyst excretion until 9 days after the start of the treatment (D9) and a very high reduction (> or =98%) until D13. There was a high reduction (> or =93%) until D9 and D13 in the groups treated with 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. The cumulative cyst excretion on D13 was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the groups treated with 75 and 50 mg/kg compared to the control group. Although there was a trend towards higher weight gain and less diarrhea in the treated groups, differences between groups were not significant. No adverse reactions to the paromomycin treatment were recorded. Furthermore, the need for reliable parameters for evaluation of treatments against protozoal infections is emphasised.     

Effects of helminth infection on the pre-weaning production of ewes and lambs: comparison between safe and contaminated pasture

Comparison was made of the performances of cross-bred ewes and their lambs on pastures of low helminth infectivity ("safe" pastures) or contaminated pastures and at high or low stocking rates. Ewes grazing the safe, but not the contaminated, pastures were given a single pre-lambing drench. The largest difference in parasite infection between treatments was the level of exposure of sheep to Trichostrongylus spp, which was negligible on the safe pastures. The effects of parasite control on lamb growth were significant only in twins during the last 2 months before weaning. However, 22% of lambs on contaminated plots became soiled in the breech area and 38% were flystruck, compared with 8% and 10% respectively for lambs on the safe pastures. Ewe bodyweight gains were greater at low than at high stocking rate and were not affected by the parasite control treatments; differences in breech soiling and fly strike were similar to those in the lambs. Most importantly the parasite treatment produced a highly significant effect on ewe fleece weight at weaning. Ewes drenched and lambing on the safe pastures produced an extra 0.43 kg of wool, calculated to represent an increase of at least 40% during this period at the low-level of parasitic infection.     

饲粮中添加发酵苹果渣对肉羊生产性能和血清指标的影响研究

试验研究在肉羊上使用发酵苹果渣饲料的效果。对照组饲喂精料,试验组饲喂羊只的精料中分别添加5%、10%、15%、20%发酵苹果渣饲料。结果显示,试验组与对照组平均日增重及料重比差异显著(P<0.05),添加15%发酵苹果渣组肉羊日增重最显著;在日粮中添加发酵苹果渣能够显著的提高肉羊血清中胰岛素、生长素、T3和IL-6的含量;在日粮中添加15%发酵苹果渣可降低尿素氮含量、提高血液中葡萄糖含量。试验结果表明,在肉羊精料中加入15%发酵苹果渣饲料可明显提高平均日增重,降低了料重比,促进肉羊生长。     

Effect of Light Controlling and Ventilation Design on Cashmere Growth and Ammonia Concentration of Cashmere Goat

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of light controlling and ventilation design on cashmere growth and ammonia concentration of cashmere goat,which would provide theoretical basis for high efficient and ecological feeding of cashmere goat during the cashmere non-growing period.A total of 56 non-pregnant Shaanbei White cashmere goat with similar age,weight and parity were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups.Group I was received natural light,group Ⅱ was received controlling (illumination at 09:30 to 16:30,and light control at 16:30 to 09:30 of next day),and group Ⅲ was received same light condition except for additional 15% concentrate feed supplemented.Different ventilation schemes of goat house under the light-controlled condition were set and cashmere wool growth traits and barn NH₃ concentrations were determined.The results showed that illumination condition had no significant effects on body weight of Shaanbei White cashmere goat (P>0.05),but average daily gain of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲwere slightly higher than group Ⅰ.Compared with group Ⅰ,the fluff mixtures weight of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01),the fluff ratio were significantly increased (P<0.05),and the weight of cashmere wool,which were increased by 68.40% and 78.78%,respectively,were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01).Less illumination resulted in longer cashmere fiber stretched length,while it caused an increasing fiber fineness of cashmere by increasing illumination.No significant differences were observed between groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ (P>0.05).Under light-controlled conditions,using four mechanical ventilators during non-light controlled time (09:30 to 16:30) could significantly reduce the concentration of NH₃ (P<0.05).The results indicated that light controlling could increase cashmere production during the cashmere non-growing period of cashmere goat,however,less nutrients intake should be done to prevent the increasing of fiber diameter.Proper ventilation and clearance rate should be considered to keep air quality and goat health according to feeding density and house space.     

光照控制、通风设计对绒山羊绒毛生长和圈舍氨气浓度的影响

本试验通过人为控制光照,探讨光照控制和通风设计对绒山羊在非产绒期绒毛生长和羊舍氨气（NH₃）浓度的影响,为非产绒期绒山羊高效生态养殖提供理论依据。选取年龄、体重、胎次相近的56只3~4岁陕北白绒山羊空怀母羊作为试验动物,随机分为3组。Ⅰ组为对照组,采用自然光照,试验羊12只;Ⅱ组为试验组,采用控制光照,试验羊22只;Ⅲ组在同等控制光照条件下,粗饲料饲喂量相同,精料水平饲喂量增加15%,试验羊22只。对照组采用完全自然光照;试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组每日进行光照7 h（09：30~16：30）,其余17 h（16：30~次日09：30）进入光控舍内进行光控处理,并设置不同的通风换气方案,测定试验羊绒毛生长性状和羊舍NH₃浓度。结果显示,与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组试验羊末重和日增重差异均不显著（P>0.05）,平均日增重略高于Ⅰ组（P>0.05）。与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组可极显著增加绒毛混合重（P<0.01）、显著提高绒毛比（P<0.05）、极显著增加绒重（P<0.01）,分别较Ⅰ组提高了68.40%和78.78%。Ⅱ、Ⅲ组绒毛混合重、绒毛比及绒重差异均不显著（P>0.05）。光照控制组可极显著增加绒纤维伸直长度（P<0.01）,但在控制光照条件下增加精料摄入量对绒纤维伸直长度无显著影响（P>0.05）。与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组显著增加了绒纤维细度（P<0.05）,但对绒纤维断裂强度无显著影响（P>0.05）。在每日清粪的基础上,在白天非光控时间（09：30~16：30）同时开启4个风机,可有效降低光控羊舍内NH₃浓度。结果提示,在绒山羊非产绒期,通过光照控制可增加羊绒产量,但应适当降低日粮中营养素浓度,以保证绒纤维品质。同时,应根据圈舍空间大小,选择合适的风机数量和功率及清粪间隔,以保障圈舍内空气质量和试验羊健康。     

石榴果皮对蛋仔公鸡生长性能影响

以石榴果皮为材料,选用体重相近1日龄海兰白健康的蛋仔公鸡144只,采用单因素试验设计,随机分成4个组,分别为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组,每组3个重复,每个重复12只。各组都饲喂基础日粮,将石榴果皮熬成煎剂于仔鸡饮水中添加,第Ⅰ组添加0.5%石榴皮煎剂,第Ⅱ组添加1.0%石榴皮煎剂,第Ⅲ组添加1.5%石榴皮煎剂,第Ⅳ组只饲喂基础日粮。试验的预试期3 d,正试期42 d,从而研究石榴果皮对蛋仔公鸡生长性能的影响。测量日采食量、平均体重、日增重和料重比、翅长(去羽)、小腿直径。结果表明:不同剂量的石榴皮添加剂都能不同程度地提高蛋仔公鸡的平均体重、日增重(P<0.05),降低了蛋仔公鸡的料重比(P<0.05),其中以添加1.0%的效果最佳;石榴皮对蛋仔公鸡的翅长(去羽)、小腿直径影响不显著(P>0.05)。     

Comparison of conventional and organic management conditions on growth performance, carcass characteristics and haematological parameters in Karacabey Merino and Kivircik breeds

Growth performance, carcass characteristics, post-slaughtering and haematological parameters of Kivircik and Karacabey Merino male lambs in conventional and organic management systems were compared. The animals which were weaned at 7 weeks of age were divided into Kivircik conventional, Kivircik organic (KO), Karacabey Merino conventional and Karacabey Merino organic (MO) groups containing 12 lambs each. Fattening was ended when lambs attained 35 kg of live weight. The time to attain the determined fattening weight was significantly different among the groups, and Merino lambs having higher live weight gain were earlier than Kivircik lambs (p?相似文献