White rust of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ipomoea</Emphasis> caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">A. ipomoeae-hardwickii</Emphasis> and their host specificity

In some areas of Japan, yellow spots with white pustules on leaves, stems, petioles, peduncles and calyces were found on Ipomoea nil, I. triloba, I. lacunosa and I. hederacea var. integriuscula. We demonstrated that the diseases on I. nil, I. triloba and I. lacunosa were caused by host-specific strains of Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae and defined three forma speciales of the fungus, respectively, for the three Ipomoea species: “f. sp. nile”, “f. sp. trilobae” and “f. sp. lacunosae”. Because the diseases were new to Japan, we coined the Japanese name “shirosabi-byo”, which means white rust. We also showed that the disease on I. hederacea var. integriuscula was caused by A. ipomoeae-hardwickii. We named this new disease “white rust (shirosabi-byo in Japanese)”.     

Control of morningglory species using Fusarium solani and its extracts

Abstract

Natural products of an isolate of Fusarium solani App. & Wr. NRRL 18883 grown on rice medium were discovered to be phytotoxic to morningglory. This isolate was evaluated for biocontrol potential on morningglory species including ivyleaf [Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.], multicoloured (I. tricolor Cav.), paimleaf (I. wrightii Gray), pitted (I. lacunosa L.), purple moonflower (I. turbinata Lag.), red (I. coccinea L.), sharppod (I. cordatotriloba Dennstedt), smallflower (Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb], and tall [I. purpurea (L.) Roth] morningglory. When sprayed at a concentration of 10 g fungus‐infested rice per 50 ml of water, this isolate caused phytotoxic damage including necrosis, chlorosis, growth inhibition, and mortality. Deleterious effects were recorded in all species, ranging from necrotic spots to death, depending on the species. Mortality ranged from 0% at 3 weeks for purple moonflower to 89% for smallflower morningglory. Soil‐drench application (10–20 ml fungal material per 150 g soil) caused wilting and death. Root lengths of 7‐ and 10‐day‐old plants were reduced between 19 and 89% by soil‐drench application and 17–84% by spray application. Whole plant length reduction of 7‐ and 10‐day‐old plants ranged from 0 to 96%, and 39 to 96% for soil‐drench and spray applications, respectively. Testing of F. solani on weed and crop species showed that most broadleaved species were sensitive but monocotyledons were immune. Tests of the phytotoxic extract for known phytotoxins such as common trichothecene (deoxynivalenol) and non‐trichothecene compounds (fusaric acid, moniliformin, fumonisins) were negative. This is the first report of the use of F. solani against morningglory.     

Ipomoea coccinea L. (Convolvulaceae): a new introduced alien plant species in Turkey

This study reports the first record of Ipomoea coccinea L. [(Convolvulaceae), red morning glory] from Turkey. The literature review revealed that this taxon has not been recorded yet for the flora of Turkey. The species was mainly observed on the embankments along the Arde?en‐Çaml?hem?in road during 2016. It was again recorded during 2019 with a certain extension of the invaded area and a significant increase in population density. I. coccinea was observed in disturbed areas along roads, on the edges of tea plantations, in abandoned fields and in other waste lands. The rapid spread of the species in a short period of time suggests that it could become troublesome in future, if not managed. Therefore effective management strategies must be developed to halt its further spread. Modelling and risk assessment studies are needed to predict the potential spread and possible risks of the species to different ecosystems.     

Effect of tillage and soyabean on Ipomoea lacunosa and Senna obtusifolia emergence

Field experiments were conducted in Pendleton, South Carolina, USA, in 2004 and 2005 to determine the influence of spring tillage and no spring tillage with and without soyabean on Ipomoea lacunosa and Senna obtusifolia emergence. Ipomoea lacunosa emergence was observed from 20 April to 12 November 2004 and 19 April to 7 November 2005, with peak emergence occurring from May to early August. Ipomoea lacunosa emergence patterns were impacted minimally by soyabean and total emergence were similar with and without a soyabean canopy. Tillage generally promoted I. lacunosa emergence, reducing the time needed to achieve 25%, 50%, and 75% emergence. Senna obtusifolia emergence was observed from 26 April to 12 November 2004 and 18 April to 13 November 2005. Tillage shortened the time to 25% of total emergence by 8 to 25 days. Following soyabean canopy formation, S. obtusifolia emergence was generally negatively impacted by soyabean, but some emergence still occurred under the canopy. Peak periods of S. obtusifolia emergence occurred from early May to early October. Overall, I. lacunosa and S. obtusifolia emergence periods were similar, with both species exhibiting continual emergence from spring to early autumn. Continual emergence of I. lacunosa and S. obtusifolia beneath a soyabean canopy contributes to the difficulty in managing these weeds. The study demonstrates that an appropriate combination of sowing soyabean in late May, minimising tillage and sowing at a rate to maximise crop canopy closure will contribute significantly to management of these two important weed species.     

Absorption,translocation and metabolism of aminocyclopyrachlor in young plants of Ipomoea purpurea and Ipomoea triloba

Members of the Convolvulaceae family are known to be sensitive to aminocyclopyrachlor, although little is known about the absorption, translocation and metabolism of the herbicide in these species of weed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the absorption, translocation and metabolism of ¹⁴C‐aminocyclopyrachlor in young plants of Ipomoea purpurea and Ipomoea triloba. Assessments were performed at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment (HAT) for the study of absorption and translocation. Metabolism was assessed at three time points (3, 24 and 72 HAT). In terms of absorption, was observed a difference between species at the 3 and 48 HAT time points, where I. purpurea had a higher absorption of ¹⁴C‐aminocyclopyrachlor. No differences were observed between species at any other time points. Of the total absorbed herbicide, 90.9% for I. purpurea and 91.8% for I. triloba were detected on the treated leaf. I. purpurea presented higher translocation to the leaf above the treated leaf, while I. triloba showed higher translocation to the lower leaves and roots. No increase in absorption of ¹⁴C‐aminocyclopyrachlor was observed above 24 HAT for I. purpurea and above 6 HAT for I. triloba, and translocation was low (<1%) for both species in all plant parts. This suggests that post‐emergence application of aminocyclopyrachlor cannot be effective for the control of I. purpurea and I. triloba and alternative approaches are required. Nevertheless, no ¹⁴C‐aminocyclopyrachlor metabolites were observed in the studied plants, which indicated sensitivity in I. purpurea and I. triloba to the herbicide.     

The influence of temperature and acid scarification duration on Ipomoea obscura Hassk. seed germination

Germination of seed of Ipomoea obscura Hassk. (small white morning glory) was enhanced when seed coats were pricked with a needle or scarified by cone H₂ SO₄. When seed were incubated in moist paper towels, they germinated best following 75 min exposure to acid. Seed planted in a potting mixture of sandy clay loam, ground sphagnum moss, and sand germinated best after 90 min in acid. I. obscura seed germination was highest at 15°C, but germination at temperatures up to 35°C was not significantly lower after 144 h incubation. Influence de la température et de la durée de la scarification acide sur la germination des semences d'Ipomoea obscura Hassk. La germination des semences d'Ipomoea obscura Hassk. (petit liseron blanc) a été augmentée lorsque l'enveloppe des semences a été piquée avec une aiguille ou scarifiée par l'acide sulfurique concentré. Lorsque les semences ont été mises à germer dans des feuilles de papier spongieux humidifié, la meilleure germination a été obtenue après 75 minutes de traitement acide. Les semences plantées dans un mélange de limon argilo-sableux, de sphagnum et de sable ont atteint leur meilleure germination après 90 minutes de traitement acide. La germination des semences de /. obscura a été maximale à 15°C, mais la germination à des températures allant jusqu’à 35°C n'a pas été significativement inférieure après 144 heures d'incubation. Einfluss von Temperatur and Behandlungsdauer mil Söure auf die Keimung der Samen von Ipomoea obscura Hassk. Die Samenkeimung von Ipomoea obscura Hassk. wurde verbes-sert, wenn die Samenschale mit einer Nadel angestochen Oder die Samen mit konz. Schwefelsäure behandelt wurden. Wenn die Samen in feuchte Papierhandtücher inkubiert wurden, keimten sie am besten, wenn sie vorher 75 Minuten mit Säure behandelt worden waren. Eine gute Keimung in Topferde, bestehend aus sandigem Lehm, Sphagnum-Moos und Sand, wurde nach 90-minütiger Säurebehandlung erzielt. Die Samenkeimung von I. obscura war bei 15°C am besten. Bei einer Inkubationsdauer von 144 Stunden waren die Keimraten bei Temperaturen bis zu 35° C nicht signifikant geringer.     

Interaction between timings and doses of quindorac in rice

Quinclorac (3,7-dichloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid) is a new herbicide in United States rice production. Field studies were conducted in 1990 and 1991 in Mississippi to determine the influence of application timings and rates on weed control efficacy and rice yield. Control of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. (barnyard-grass), Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex A. W. Hill (hemp sesbania) and Ipomoea wrightii Gray (palmleaf morning glory) were greatest with early post-emergence application. Efficacy of pre-emergence application depends strongly on soil moisture, with significantly reduced weed control resulting when applied to dry soil. Weed control with pre-emergence application to moist soil was comparable with early post-emergence application at higher rates of quinclorac. Pre-plant and incorporated quinclorac controlled weeds effectively. Control of E. crus-galli, S. exaltata and I. wrightii ranged from 73 to 99%, 75 to 99%, and 92 to 99% at 28 days after treatment, respectively. Rice yield generally reflected weed control. No rice injury was observed for any treatment. Results indicate that early post-emergence application of quinclorac is the best time for using reduced rates and field conditions at application should be considered with these rates pre-emergence.     

Reproductive traits,flowering phenology and seed bank dynamics in Retama raetam (Fabaceae) in a hyper-arid environment

This study explores the effects of year and location on reproductive traits and flowering phenology in Retama raetam populations growing in a hyper-arid environment. Besides year, season, and location, variations in the soil seed bank were also evaluated. Germination percentage of seeds buried in soil at two different depths for one year was determined. I hypothesized that changes in water availability between years and locations would lead to variations in reproductive traits, flowering phenology, and the seed bank of R. raetam. The study was conducted at a midstream and an upstream location during 2013 and 2014 in Wadi Rishrash in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Flower, fruit, and seed production were significantly higher in the midstream location than the upstream location and in 2014 than in 2013. Flowering onset and duration did not differ significantly between locations. Flowering occurred earlier in 2014 than in 2013 at both locations, and the flowering period was longer in 2014 than in 2013. The size of the seed bank was greater at the midstream than at the upstream location, and in summer than in spring season. Germination of seeds decreased with burial depth, but increased with burial duration. Larger individuals produced more seeds and flowered earlier than smaller plants. The size of plant was also positively correlated with flowering duration. The location and temporal variations in all these traits may be related to environmental differences between locations and differences in annual precipitation.     

Allelopathy and the active metabolites of the endophytic fungus,Alternaria J46, from Platycladus orientalis

The endophytic fungus, Alternaria J46, was isolated from the stem of the medicinal plant, Platycladus orientalis. A suspension of Alternaria J46 mycelial segments and the culture filtrates of the fungi exhibited marked seed germination inhibition against the monocot wheat, large crabgrass, bromegrass, rice and barnyardgrass and weak inhibition against the dicot redroot pigweed and morning glory, but it was safe for use on soybean, rape, cucumber, tomato, lettuce and radish crops. It is possible to use J46 culture filtrates in order to prevent monocot weeds in dicot cropland. Three active metabolites were isolated from an extract of the fungus cultures and elucidated as 3‐acetyl‐5‐sec‐butyltetramic acid (1, tenuazonic acid), 3‐acetyl‐5‐iso‐butyltetramic acid (2, vivotoxin II) and cyclo‐(L‐leucyl‐L‐proline) (3). Among these three compounds, compounds 1 and 2 showed significant phytotoxic effects on the seed germination of large crabgrass, while compound 3 exhibited weak activity, and all were safe for lettuce at 100 μg mL^?1. Accordingly, compounds 1 and 2 were the main active metabolites that were responsible for endophytic fungus Alternaria J46's strong seed germination inhibition against monocotyledons.     

Seed retention of ten common weed species at oat harvest reveals the potential for harvest weed seed control

We assessed the seed production and shedding pattern of 10 common weed species in two oat fields in Denmark. The aim was to evaluate the possibility of harvesting retained seeds on weeds at crop harvest by a combine harvester based on estimation of weed seed retention. Before flowering, ten plants of each weed species were selected and surrounded by a seed trap comprising of a porous net. When the plants started shedding seeds, the seeds were collected from the traps and counted weekly until oat harvest. Just before oat harvest, the retained seeds on the plants were counted and the ratio of harvestable seeds and shed seeds during the growing season was determined. The seed production and shedding patterns varied between the 2 years. Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa-pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest. Silene noctiflora was classified as a good target for harvest weed seed control; C. bursa-pastoris, C. album, G. molle, P. maculosa, S. arvensis and V. arvensis were classified as intermediate targets; and A. arvensis, P. aviculare and V. persica were classified as poor targets.     

Morphological and physiological variability in black nightshade (Solanum spp.)

Plants from two black nightshade (Solanum spp.) seed sources were compared for differences in morphology at seedling and mature plant stages, flowering and physiological responses to pre-germination seed treatment, growth responses to temperature, and response to herbicides. Differences in the morphology of the two Solanum spp. were evident from seedling to maturity. The plants grown from the Michigan (MI) seed source had a deep purple abaxial leaf surface at the three to four-leaf stage, a yellow anther column, and toothed proximal half in the mature leaf, whereas the plants grown from the California (CA) seed source had no unusual abaxial coloration or toothed proximal margin and had a dark brown anther column. Differences in response to herbicides were seen between plants grown from the two seed sources following pre-plant-incorporated, pre-emergence, and post-emergence herbicide applications. The plants from the MI seed source were up to five times more susceptible to chloramben, applied pre-plant-incorporated at 1.68 kg ha^?1, and to ethalfluralin, applied preemergence at 1.12 kg ha^?1, than plants from the CA seed source. Plants from both seed sources have been described as Solanum nigrum L. The plants from MI have been identified elsewhere as Solanum ptycanthum Dun. and those from CA as Solanum scabrum Mill. This identification could resolve conflicting reports among researchers regarding chemical control measures.     

Canopy height‐to‐row spacing ratio as a simple and practical onsite index to determine the time for terminating Ipomoea coccinea control in the Japanese soybean‐growing systems

In order to determine the time for terminating Ipomoea coccinea control in Japanese soybean‐growing systems, the relationship between the relative photosynthetic photon flux density at the emergence time of I. coccinea seedlings and their fate in competition with a Japanese determinate soybean cultivar, “Hatayutaka”, was investigated. A 2 year field study was conducted, in which I. coccinea was seeded at 0, 5 and 7 weeks after seeding of the soybean in 2010 and once per week between 0 and 7 weeks after seeding in 2011, while soybean was seeded in six plots at three different seeding times and two different row‐spacing arrangements with the same intrarow spacing. The results showed that the I. coccinea seedlings that emerged at a relative photosynthetic photon flux density of <49% grew weak or died. At this value, the canopy height‐to‐row spacing ratio of soybean was very stable, regardless of the row spacing, in both study years. This ratio was also stable when tested on 11 different soybean cultivars that covered all cultivation areas of Japan and had various growth speeds during the early growing period. A canopy height‐to‐row spacing ratio of 1.0 could be a simple and practical onsite index for determining the time to terminate I. coccinea control in Japanese soybean‐growing systems.     

Weed communities in intensified cereal-based cropping systems of the northern Guinea savanna

The dynamics of weed populations were ana lysed in intensified cereal-based cropping sys tems of the northern Guinea savanna in Nigeria, A total of four common weed associations were identified through cluster analysis. Five factors describing soil fertility conditions and field his tory best differentiated the weed communities according to a discriminant model. The analysis shows that maize-based cropping systems with a high frequency of cereal cropping and a low fre quency of noncereal cropping tended to be domi nated by weeds such as Commelina spp. and Kyllinga squamulata. As soil fertility declined, Vernonia spp. and Eclipta prostrata became more important. Increased frequency of noncereal crops in mixed cropping with cereals was associ ated with reduced incidence of weeds such as Leucas martinicensis, Oldenlandia corymbosa, Spermacoce verticillata, Litdwigia hyssopifolia, Celosia laxa, and,Ipomoea spp. Further diversifi cation of cereal-based systems to obtain a re duced frequency of cereals is likely to increase the incidence of Dactvloctenium aegyptium in crop fields. The information provides guidance for technology development and transfer on weed control for intensifying systems in the northern Guinea savanna of Africa.     

Weed Problems and Weed Control in the Commonwealth Caribbean

Abstract

The effect of weeds on crops is discussed, with particular reference to the Commonwealth Caribbean. The most serious weeds in the region are Cyperus rotundas, Cynodon dactylon, Commelina spp., Parthenium hysterophorus, Portulaca oleracea, Cleome spp. and Amaranthus spp. Serious weeds include Eleusine indica, Echinochloa colonum, Euphorbia spp., Brachiaria mutica, Paspalum conjugatum, Sporobolus indicus and Ipomoea tiliaceae. Brief notes are given for these species and also for the locally serious weeds, Rottboellia exaltata, Digitaria sanguinalis, Mimosa pudica, Scleria reflexa, Cenchrus echinatus. Control measures include macheting, hand weeding, flooding, mulching and short-term fallows. Herbicides are used especially by larger vegetable growers and in sugarcane and citrus groves. Paraquat is the most widely used. Other chemicals used in specific situations are listed. Knapsack sprayers are the commonest application method but granular and c.d.a. application is likely to increase. Weed control research in the Commonwealth Caribbean is also briefly reviewed.     

Influence of nitrogen on competition between cereals and their natural weed populations

The effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and density of natural weed populations in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated in the absence of herbicide. An increased level of applied nitrogen did not enhance: weed germination, tended to decrease the total weed biomass and had a differential effect upon the biomass of individual weed species in both wheat and barky. In competition with barley, Chenopodium album L. and Lamium spp. had lower nitrogen optima than the crop, while Urtica urens L. had a higher nitrogen optimum. In competition with wheat, Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Lamium spp. and Veronica spp. had lower nitrogen optima than the crop. The systematic changes in nitrogen effect with time were analysed by fitting orthogonal polynomials to the growth and density curves. The methodology could be recommended for other studies in which time or other systematic factors are included, as it supplies information which a traditional analysis of variance cannot provide. Since seed production is positively correlated with biomass, so nitrogen level affects seed production and, hence, the seed pool and future weed population, suggesting that fertilizer usage can be exploited in an integrated programme of crop: weed management. A trend towards lower N fertilizer application owing to concerns about the environment willfavour most of the weed species investigated in these experiments and change the composition of weed populations.     

Epidemiology of dark leaf spot caused by Alternaria brassicicola and A. brassicae in organic seed production of cauliflower

In organic seed production of Brassica vegetables, infections by Alternaria brassicicola and A. brassicae can cause severe losses of yield and seed quality. Four field experiments with or without artificial inoculation with A. brassicicola were conducted in organically managed seed‐production crops of cauliflower cv. Opaal RZ in 2005 and 2006 in the Netherlands. The development of A. brassicicola and A. brassicae on pod tissues and developing seeds was followed and seed quality was assessed. Alternaria brassicicola was externally present on 1·2% of the seeds 14 days after flowering and observed internally within 4 weeks after flowering. In both seasons, seed colonization by the pathogen increased slowly until maturation but sharply increased during maturation. A similar pattern was found for the colonization of pod tissues by A. brassicicola as quantified by TaqMan‐PCR. The incidence of A. brassicicola on mature seeds reached 70–90%. Internal colonization was found for 62–80% of the seeds. External and internal seed colonization by A. brassicae was much lower, with incidences below 3%. The quality of harvested seeds was generally low, with less than 80% of seeds able to germinate. Seed quality was not affected by warm water treatments. It was concluded that A. brassicicola and A. brassicae have the potential to infect pods and seeds soon after flowering. For the production of high quality seeds, producers must prevent such early infections. Therefore, new control measures are needed for use in organic cropping systems.     

Interference between velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) I. Growth

Three field experiments were conduced to evaluate the effect of Abutilon theophrasti on dry matter, branching and flowering node, and seed production of soybean. Low populations (2.4–4.7 plants m^?2) of the weed reduced soybean dry matter, flowering node and seed production. The effect was most pronounced on soybean seed yield, and less on flowering node and dry weight production. These effects were due to the presence of A. theophrasti with soybean, and not to changes in plant population. The effect on soybean branching node production was inconsistent between years.     

Comparison of growth,survivorship, seed production and shedding of eight weed species in a wheat crop in Western Australia

Development of integrated weed management strategies is dependent on a thorough knowledge of the demography of individual species. The current research established eight winter or summer weed species in a winter annual wheat cropping system at Wongan Hills, Western Australia, and investigated emergence of the first cohort of each species, survivorship, plant size, seed production and seed shedding over three years (2016–2019). The winter weeds Bromus diandrus and Lolium rigidum emerged at the same time as the wheat crop, and the initial cohort of marked plants had 100% survival to seed production in each year. By comparison, other winter weed species like Hordeum leporinum, Rumex hypogaeus, Sonchus oleraceus and Polygonum aviculare frequently emerged later than the crop and had a lower percentage of plants surviving to seed production. However, individual S. oleraceus and P. aviculare plants had the greatest seed production compared to other species. All winter weeds had variable patterns of seed shedding between years, with the exception of L. rigidum. Summer weed species emerged at the same time, but plants in the initial cohort of each species did not always survive to produce seed. The early emergence and high survivorship of B. diandrus indicates high competitive ability, but shedding commenced at a similar time to L. rigidum and harvest weed seed control may be a viable control method for this species.     

Spreading and penetration of herbicides dissolved in oil carriers*

Four non-phytotoxic paraffinic oils of increasing viscosities and boiling ranges were compared as carriers for 2,4-D, dinoseb and terbacil under glasshouse conditions. Terbacil and dinoseb activity was increased approximately ten-fold in the oil carriers (150 1/ha) v. water on ivyleaf morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). 2,4-D activity on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and sorghum was not increased by the oil carriers. The four oils showed similar effectiveness as herbicide carriers except that a trend existed towards increased herbicide activity in the medium to high viscosity, low volatile oils. ¹⁴C-chlorpropham was applied in a non-phytotoxic oil carrier to the leaves of morning glory, cucumber and sorghum. It moved externally on the upper but not on the lower leaf surface to the shoot apex of all plants, but internal herbicide transport was not evident. Similarly, greater surface movement and penetration of ¹⁴C-2,4-D occurred in sorghum, when applied in the same oil carrier v. water with surfactant, but herbicide translocation was not affected. The penetration and translocation pattern of ¹⁴C-2,4-D applied in four non-phytotoxic oil carriers of increasing viscosities were studied in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). All oil carriers, as compared to 2,4-D in water-surfactant greatly enhanced herbicide penetration through both upper and lower primary leaf surfaces and subsequent translocation. The extent of oil carrier movement on the leaf surface did not determine the distance of subsequent herbicide translocation which was the same for all four oil carriers, but did influence amount of the herbicide translocated. Approximately the same quantity of ¹⁴C was absorbed through both upper and lower leaf surfaces for both ¹⁴C-chlorpropham and ¹⁴C-2,4-D in oil carriers, indicating that stomatal penetration is not a factor in determining rate of oil entry into leaves. This work indicates the importance of measuring oil carrier mobility on the leaf surface, when studying the effects of such carriers on herbicide penetration and translocation. Etalement et penetration d'herbicides dissous dans des supports huileux. Quatre huiles paraffiniques non toxiques ayant des viscosityés et des zones d'ébullition croissantes ont été comparées, en serre, comme supports pour le 2,4-D, le dinosébe et le terbacile. L'activité du terbacile et du dinosébe a été approxi-mativement multipliée par dix dans les supports huileux (150 1/ha) par rapport au support hydrique, sur le liseron (Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.), le concombre (Cucumis sativus L.) et le sorgho (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). L'activité du 2,4-D sur le haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) et le sorgho n'a pas été accrue par les supports huileux. Les quatre huiles ont manifeste une efficacité analogue en tant que supports pour les herbicides; toutefois, l'activitd herbicide tend à s'accroître entre les viscosityés moyennes et fortes, pour des huiles à basse volatilityé. Le chlorprophame-¹⁴C a été appliqué dans un support huileux non phytotoxique sur les feuilles de liseron, de concombre et de sorgho. II migre extérieurement sur la face foliaire supérieure mais pas sur la face inférieure vers l'apex des tiges de toutes ces plantes; cependant la migration en surface et une pénétration plus importantes du 2,4-D-¹⁴C se sont manifestoes dans le sorgho lorsque I'herbicide a été appliqué dans le meme support huileux, en comparaison avec le support eau plus agent tensio-actif, mais la migration interne de I'herbicide n'a pas été affectée. Le mode de pénétration et de migration du 2,4-D-¹⁴C appliqué dans quatre supports huileux non phytotoxiques, de viscosités croissantes, a étéétudié chez le haricot (Phaselous vulgaris L.). Tous les supports huileux, par comparaison avec l'eau plus un agent tensio-actif, ont hjrtement augmenté la pénétration du 2,4-D à travers les faces supérieure et inférieure de la feuille, ainsi que sa migration ultérieure. L'étendue du déplacement du support huileux sur la surface foliaire n'a pas déterminé la distance de la migration ultérieure de I'herbicide, laquelle fut identique pour les quatre huiles, mais elle a influencé la quantité d'herbicide transportée. Une quantité approximativement identique de ¹⁴C a été absorbie á travers les faces supérieure et inférieure de la feuille pour le chlorprophame ¹⁴C et le 2,4-D-¹⁴C dans les supports huileux, ce qui montre que la pénétration par les stomates n'est pas un facteur déterminant de la dose de pénétration de I'huile dans les feuilles. Ce travail met en évidence l'importance de la mesure de la mobilité du support huileux sur la surface foliaire lorsqu'on étudie les elTets de tels supports sur la pénétration et la migration de I'herbicide. Verteilung und Penetration von in öl gekosten Herbiziden Vier nicht phytotoxische Paraffinöle unterschiedlicher Viskos-ität und von verschiedenem Siedebereich wurden als Träger für 2,4-D, Dinoseb und Terbacil unter Gewächshausbeding-ungen miteinander verglichen. Die Wirkung von Terbacil und Dinoseb mit den Ölen als Träger (150 1/ha) gegenüber Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq., Cucumis sativus L. und Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. war, verglichen mit Wasser als Trager, um etwa zehnmal besser. Die Wirkung von 2,4-D auf Phaseolus vulgaris L. und Sorghum wurde durch die Ole nicht verbessert. Die vier Öle wirkten als TrSgersubstanz fur die Herbizide etwa gleich gut. Es bestand aber eine Beziehung derart, dass Öle mit mittlerer bis hoher Viskositat und geringer Fluchtigkeit eine verbesserte Herbizidaktivitat bewirkten. ¹⁴C-Chlorpropham wurde in einem nicht phytotoxischen Öl auf die Blätter von Ipomoea, Cucumis und Sorghum appliziert. Es breitete sich bei alien Pflanzen auf der Blatto-berseite, nicht jedoch auf der Biattunterseite, bis zum Sprossapex aus. Ein Transport des Herbizids in der Pflanze wurde nicht beobachtet. Ahnlich war es mit ¹⁴C-2,4-D bei Sorghum: verglichen mit Wasser plus Surfactant bewirkte das gleiche Öl eine grössere Flächenausbreitung und eine verbesserte Penetration; die Translokation des Herbizids wurde jedoch nicht beeinflusst. Die Penetration und Translokation von ¹⁴C-2,4-D, appliziert in vier nicht phytotoxischen Oien mit unterschiedlicher Viskosität, wurde an Phaseolus untersucht. Im Yerg-leich zu 2,4-D in Wasser plus Surfactant bewirkten alle Ole eine wesentlich verbesserte Penetration und Translokation des Herbizids. Die mit Öl bedeckte Blattoberflache hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Translokationsstrecke des Herbizids. Diese Distanz der Herbizidtranslokation war bei alien Ölen gleich gross. Die Menge an transloziertem 2,4-D war jedoch unterschiedlich gross. Von dem in den verschiedenen Ölen gelösten ¹⁴C-Chlor-propham und ¹⁴C-2,4-D wurde ungefahr die gleiche Menge an ¹⁴C sowohl durch die Blattober- wie auch durch die Biattunterseite absorbiert, was darauf hinweist, dass die Penetration des Öls in das Blatt nicht durch die Aufnahmer-ate über die Stomata bestimmt wird. Diese Arbeit weist auf die Bedeutung von Untersuchungen hin, die sich mit der Messung der Beweglichkeit von Öl-Trägerstoffen auf der Blattfläche beschäftigen, wenn die Wirkung solcher Träger auf die Penetration und Translokation von Herbiziden untersucht werden soll.     

Control of seed-borne pathogens on legumes by microbial and other alternative seed treatments

Greenhouse trials were carried out in order to test the efficacy of different seed treatments as alternatives to chemicals against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum cause of anthracnose on bean and Ascochyta spp. cause of Ascochyta blights on pea, respectively. Resistance inducers, commercially formulated microorganisms, non-formulated selected strains of different microorganisms (fungi, bacteria and yeasts) and plant extracts were applied as dry or liquid seed treatments on naturally infested seeds. Seedling emergence and disease incidence and/or severity were recorded. Almost all seed treatments turned out to be ineffective in controlling the Ascochyta infections, which is in line with the literature stating that these pathogens are difficult to control. The only alternative treatments that gave some control of Ascochyta spp. were thyme oil and a strain of Clonostachys rosea. The resistance inducers tested successfully controlled infections of bean by C. lindemuthianum. Among the formulated microorganisms, Bacillus subtilis-based formulations provided the best protection from anthracnose. Some strains of Pseudomonas putida, a disease-suppressive, saprophytic strain of Fusarium oxysporum and the mustard powder-based product Tillecur also proved to be effective against bean anthracnose. However, among the resistance inducers as well as among the other groups, certain agents caused a significant reduction of plant emergence. Different alternative seed treatments can therefore be used for the control of C. lindemuthianum on bean, while on pea only thyme oil and a strain of Clonostachys rosea showed some effectiveness against Ascochyta spp.