石榴盆景栽培技术

石榴种类很多,可大致分两类：一类是供观赏的花卉石榴;另一类供食用的果石榴。供观赏的花卉石榴又分花石榴（主要观花,花后一般不结果）和果石榴（此种石榴先花后果,但花不如前者艳丽,以观果为主）。     

庭院石榴整形修剪技术

根据城镇建设美化、绿化的需求,石榴已成为庭院经济的主要部分.针对庭院石榴管理粗放、"花而不实"、经济效益不佳等诸多问题,立足庭院的环境条件和石榴生长发育特点,提出改善树体通风透光条件;因树修育,随枝作行;统筹兼顾,长远规划;以轻为主,养更结合;平衡树势,从属分明适度而合理的整形修剪理论和技术措施.     

甜樱桃的夏季修剪

甜樱桃的主要丰产树形有小冠疏层形、纺锤形、丛状形等。修剪应以夏季修剪为主,冬季修剪为辅。夏季修剪改善光照,剪口易愈合,矮化树体,稳定树势,增加枝叶量,促进花芽形成。     

李树的修剪特点

<正>李树未全面进入休眠状态时,不宜进行冬季修剪,到翌年1月中旬,树已进入深休眠时,是李树最佳修剪时期,冬季修剪可延长到翌年树萌芽前结束。早修剪影响枝条内养分积累,修剪时间晚了,部分养分则随修剪掉枝条流失。1刚开始挂果幼树李树春季发芽后生长很快,可连续生长2~3次,通过修剪既要扩大树冠;又要使幼龄树结果,李树是以短果枝和花束状果枝结果。因     

花灌木整形修剪技术在园林中的运用

随着社会进步和生态文明建设的需要,园林花灌木景观在人类追求美与生态和谐中具有不可替代的作用。花灌木观赏特性以观花为主,整形修剪要考虑花灌木的花芽着生位置、花期等开花习性,通过整形修剪技术使之生长发育良好,花团锦簇、花香袭人,观花景观效果突出。花灌木整形修剪技术影响园林景观效果,所以掌握正确的园林树木整形修剪技术很重要。阐述如何正确运用整形修剪技术对园林花灌木整形修剪,使花灌木在园林中发挥最佳观赏效果。     

幼龄枇杷定干高度对树形及丰产性能的影响

幼龄枇杷通过修剪形成的不同主干高度对树冠叶幕层形成、枝梢生长发育、冻害、产量的影响呈显著、极显著差异。分析了结果后影响新梢萌发量的主要因素及线性关系等。栽培时以低、中干为好，修剪一般以冬季修剪为主。     

不同修剪量对盛果期苹果树光合能力及果实品质的影响

以18 a生“红富士”苹果为试材,研究了轻修剪、轻修剪十夏剪、中修剪、中修剪十夏剪、重修剪等不同修剪量对盛果期苹果树树冠光照强度、光合能力、果实产量和品质的影响.结果表明:盛果期“红富士”苹果树适宜的修剪量为冬季中修剪十夏剪,能明显改善盛果期苹果树冠光照强度,提高叶片光合能力和果实产量与品质;随着修剪量增大,使夏季树冠上、中、下相对光照强度、叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度提高及胞间CO2含量降低幅度增大,单株产量、单果重、可溶性固形物含量、硬度、维生素C和花青苷含量增高及可滴定酸含量降低幅度也增大.     

4个枣品种幼树冬季修剪试验

2007—2010年在山东东营进行了冬枣等4个枣品种幼树冬季修剪试验。结果表明,与重剪和不修剪处理相比,冬季采用轻剪或中剪修剪可显著提高枣幼树的早期产量,大白铃和金丝新4号修剪后产量较高,冬枣和圆铃2号修剪后产量较低;冬季修剪采用重剪,可显著促进幼树生长,增加发枝量、枝长、枝径、二次枝数和冬芽数;综合比较,大白铃品种对修剪反应最为敏感,其次是金丝新4号和冬枣,圆铃2号对修剪反应最不敏感;4个枣树品种不同生长势枣头的修剪反应有较大的差异。     

苹果树的春季修剪

<正>1花前复剪复剪一般在萌芽后到开花前进行,是冬季修剪的继续和补充,也是冬剪后更细致的修剪。复剪的主要任务,一是对冬季漏剪的病虫枝、干枯枝、密生枝和细弱枝等予以疏除或回缩。二是对大年树花量进行调整。成花多的大年树,冬剪时留花量往往偏多,当发芽后能准确识别出花芽时进行必要的调整。首先对串花枝进行回缩,使留花量与枝条的承受能力相适应。     

脐橙花期复剪效果好

<正>赣南脐橙是江西的一大特色品牌,在国内外享有较高的知名度。因脐橙花量主要受上年挂果量多少和气候条件的影响,如修剪不当常出现大小年,故有必要进行花期复剪,且效果良好。具体操作方法如下:1修剪时间现花蕾至第2次生理落果结束。最佳时间在开花前结束。     

Einfluss der Schnittintensität auf Ertrag, Fruchtgröße und Pflückleistung bei Kulturheidelbeeren

From 1999 til 2003, the influence of pruning intensity on yield, fruit size, and picking efficiency was tested for the ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Bluetta’, ‘Patriot’, and ‘Spartan’ highbush blueberry varieties. The following procedures were compared: no pruning (control), little annual pruning in the late winter, little pruning every 2 years in the late winter, intensive annual pruning in the late winter, intensive pruning every 2 years in the late winter, and complete pruning down to the ground in the late winter before the first vegetation period of the trial. Each kind of pruning led to a decline in yield. Therefore the highest yield was produced by controls, and the lowest yield (40% of the control level) was shown with intensive annual pruning. Pruning also increased the size of the fruits. The smallest size was found for controls, the biggest with little annual pruning. Picking efficiency increased along with fruit size. Little annual pruning seems to be the best pruning method for highbush blueberries. This method indeed leads to a visible decrease in yield, but the positive effects on fruit size and picking efficiency compensate this inevitable disadvantage. So, from the economical point of view, there is a clear advantage for this variant. Both nonpruning and regular intensive pruning have to be avoided.     

不同整枝方式对贝贝南瓜生长、果实特性及产量的影响

为提高贝贝南瓜的种植水平和种植效益,筛选适宜的整枝方式,以不整枝栽培为对照,研究了单蔓、双蔓、三蔓整枝方式对贝贝南瓜的品质及产量的影响。结果表明：采用双蔓整枝、三蔓整枝方式比对照分别提早采收4、3 d,叶片浓绿,长势较好,病虫害发生较少,第1雌花节位低,分别在7.3、7.4节,坐果率分别为97.00%、95.83%,果型大小均匀,平均单果质量分别为0.40、0.38 kg。双蔓整枝方式667 m²产量可达2 502.06 kg,三蔓整枝方式次之,为2 467.5 kg,分别较对照显著提高58.2%、44.1%。生产中建议贝贝南瓜选择双蔓整枝方式为最佳,可促进南瓜早熟,提高坐果率,降低畸形果率,提高产量;三蔓枝可备选。     

甜椒植株摘叶处理对落花落果的影响

甜椒植株摘去 50 %叶片比不摘叶处理生物学产量大幅下降 ,落果率高。初果生长速率在相同节位和相同时期 ,摘叶和不摘叶间表现相似 ,初果坐果节位为 5和 7的生长速率最大 ,其第 10节位试验果落果率最高。无性器官与试验果的生长量之和与试验果落果率呈直线相关。     

修剪时期对核桃伤流及树体生长的影响

核桃树休眠期间修剪伤流严重,为了减少伤流,促进核桃树体生长,在秦岭山区以休眠期修剪为对照,在核桃落叶前、萌芽前及萌芽后进行修剪,监测不同修剪时期对枝条伤流量、剪口枯枝长度、萌芽率、成枝率、枝条生长状况及结果状况等的影响.结果表明:休眠期(对照)修剪的伤流量最大且持续时期最长,且极显著高于萌芽前修剪;与休眠期(对照)相比,3个修剪时期的剪口枯枝长度均显著或极显著减小;落叶前和休眠期(对照)修剪的萌芽率均较高,萌芽前修剪居中,萌芽后修剪的较低;萌芽前修剪的成枝率最高,极显著高于其他3个修剪时期;萌芽前修剪的雌花序数、雌花数、结果数、翌年结果母枝数均高于其他修剪时期,且1年生枝长势最好.综上,推荐秦岭山区核桃在萌芽前15d左右进行修剪,可减少伤流,提高核桃产量,促进枝条生长.     

覆草栽培对甜樱桃结实的影响

以红灯为试材,探讨了甜樱桃覆草栽培对其开花结实情况的影响。研究发现覆草栽培可有效地提高甜樱桃结果枝叶片数,使叶片营养水平显著提高,平均花芽数量提高1-2个;同时可使红灯樱桃坐果率提高25.04-28.01个百分点。平均单果重增加18%;果汁的可溶性固形物含量增加1.17个百分点,花期滞后3-5d。     

桃雌能花品种人工辅助授粉方法的研究

研究了2种人工辅助授粉方式对桃(Prunuspersica)雌能花品种结实率的影响。结果表明:(1)人工喷雾授粉和人工点授均能显著提高桃雌能花品种的结实率,2者差异不显著;(2)人工喷雾授粉时以花粉、蔗糖、蒸馏水的质量比为1∶37.5∶250结实率最高,可达38.39%;(3)人工喷雾授粉时满足产量要求结实率的花粉、蔗糖、蒸馏水最佳质量比为1∶75∶500,盛果期大树进行人工辅助授粉时,采1000个花蕾的花粉可喷洒18株树。     

Summer pruning effects in apple — a review

Summer pruning effects in apple have generally been attributed to improved light penetration and to reduced carbohydrate supply. However, the common basis to most of these effects seems to be the retardation of senescence, a process under hormonal control. Summer pruning causes a temporary loss of apical dominance except when thinning cuts are used. It also causes a temporary increase in cytokinin supply, presumably mainly by increased export from the roots. Both effects presumably result from reduced auxin availability.

Depending on its timing, the resulting rejuvenation may consist of mobilization and redistribution of nutrients and phytohormones, breaking of axillary buds, inhibition of flower induction, delayed fruit development and later induction of dormancy. The extent of pruning responses increases with the vigour of the tree, the earliness of pruning and its severity. Heading and stubbing are more effective in provoking these responses than thinning of shoots. In areas with a short season, summer pruning may not only delay, but also prevent, the onset of dormancy, with adverse effects on winter hardiness. The mostly positive influence of summer pruning on fruit colour by factors in addition to better light penetration is discussed. Summer pruning, where considered necessary, needs to be adjusted to local conditions and coordinated with other cultural practices.     

整枝方式及留果节位对秋大棚厚皮甜瓜产量的影响

在北京地区采用钢结构塑料大棚进行秋季厚皮甜瓜整枝方式及留果节位试验。结果表明:在产量、果实性状方面以双主14(双蔓单果,主蔓14节留果,侧蔓作营养枝)和单主15(单蔓单果,主蔓15节留果)的整枝留果方式表现最好,单主12(单蔓单果,主蔓12节留果)和单主9(单蔓单果,主蔓9节留果)次之,双蔓双果整枝方式不宜在生产中使用。     

Stärkeeinlagerung in die Blütenorgane beim Apfel vom Beginn der Blütenknospendifferenzierung bis zur Aufblüte

Starch as an important reserve carbohydrate plays in deciduous fruit species an important role in frost resistance of the wood during winter as well as of flowers during spring frosts. Also during development of flowers the deposition of starch, e.g. in the conducting tissue of the style and in pollen grains is evident. This starch accumulation in the reproductive flower parts seems to be important for fertilization and thus fruit set. The investigations presented should contribute to elucidate the dynamic of starch accumulation in the different organs of a flower bud in apple, from the beginning of bud differentiation until anthesis. The sampled buds were sectioned after embedding in plastic material. Starch accumulation was determined by image analysis. In the four apple cultivars ‘Boskoop’, ‘Elstar’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Pinova’ starch deposition could be observed already shortly after beginning of flower bud differentiation in July/August in the calyx, corolla, anthers and ovary. Until autumn, starch content increased considerably, it showed during winter some fluctuations according to flower organ, and decreased again towards the flowering season, presumately by conversion to sucrose, as shown in the wood in relation to frost resistance. This decrease seems to be related to the energy demand which is needed for flower development, fertilization and early fruit development.     

防护网对冬枣生长和果实品质的影响

以7 a生的冬枣(Zizyphus jujuba Mill.)为试材,采用不同时间覆网并辅之根剪措施,研究防护网对冬枣生长及果实品质的影响。结果表明:冬枣开花前搭覆防护网结合根剪显著抑制了冬枣的二次枝生长、枣吊数量、坐果率、花量及产量,并明显降低了果实中的维生素C和可溶性糖含量,但未造成果实农药残留。而坐果后覆网加根剪对二次枝、坐果率、产量的抑制效果较小,并对枣吊数量和花量无明显影响作用。虽然坐果后覆网果实中检测到了农药残留,但相比对照显著降低,未对果实品质带来不利影响。2种覆网方式均降低了冬枣的光合特性。综合分析认为,坐果后覆网与根剪相结合是提高果实品质的有效措施。