以壳聚糖分子为稳定剂的银纳米颗粒的水热法合成研究

[目的]研究一种以壳聚糖作为还原剂及稳定剂、通过一步水热合成法制备纳米银颗粒的新方法.[方法]用水热法合成以壳聚糖为稳定剂的银纳米颗粒,利用水热法产生的较高温度和较高压力的条件来制备稳定的银纳米颗粒,并考察颗粒的稳定性.[结果]制备的纳米银溶胶具有较好的稳定性,可在室温下长期保存.通过改变反应初始pH值,可调控其大小和形貌.在酸性条件下,测得纳米银颗粒带正电,这非常有利于将其应用在抗菌研究中.[结论]该方法具有环保、简便、产量高等特点,有望应用到以壳聚糖分子为稳定剂的其他金属纳米材料的合成研究中.     

纳米颗粒的土壤环境行为及其生态毒性研究进展

随着纳米科技的快速发展以及纳米产品的大量普及,纳米颗粒的土壤环境行为及其生态毒性逐渐成为国内外研究学者关注的热点。本文综述了近几年来纳米颗粒在土壤中的环境行为及生态毒性等方面的研究进展,揭示了纳米颗粒对土壤微生物的影响方式、对植物的致毒机制以及在食物链中的营养转移状况。本文将土壤、土壤微生物、植物、动物作为整体,系统地分析了纳米颗粒在环境中的迁移与变化状况及其对植物的致毒机制,并对此作出了分析和总结,指出未来纳米颗粒的研究方向。     

溶胶凝胶自燃烧法合成ZnS纳米颗粒及粒径控制

以硝酸锌、硫脲、乙二醇以及氨基乙酸等为原料,运用溶胶凝胶自燃烧法合成了尺寸和形貌均一性较好的ZnS多晶纳米颗粒.经X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、紫外-可见分光光度计等表征发现合成的ZnS纳米颗粒具有闪锌矿结构,其平均粒径为160nm且每个纳米颗粒均由约10nm的晶粒组成,且样品具有良好的光吸收性能,其能带带隙为3.46eV.还详细研究了前驱物中组分比例对ZnS纳米颗粒粒径分布的具体影响.研究表明前驱物中n(乙二醇)/n(氨基乙酸)是影响ZnS纳米颗粒粒径分布的主要因素.这一研究结果提供了一种基于自燃烧法的可靠的ZnS纳米颗粒合成工艺,并且实现了利用n(乙二醇)/n(氨基乙酸)独立优化纳米颗粒粒径均一性,有利于基于此工艺的功能材料设计和光电性能优化.     

油酸调制的γ-Fe2O3 磁性纳米颗粒的表征研究

使用化学诱导相变法(CIT法)并选用FeCl_2溶液作为处理液,在合成γ-Fe_2O_3基纳米颗粒的过程中,加入油酸作为表面活性剂,对γ-Fe_2O_3纳米颗粒进行了表面调制.使用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)、高分辨电子显微镜(HRTEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和X射线能谱仪(EDS)对所制备的纳米颗粒的形貌、磁化性质、晶体结构和化学成分进行了表征与分析.结果表明,该研究制备的纳米颗粒基本为球形单晶微粒;油酸有助于纳米颗粒外延生长,且当油酸加入量足够时,油酸可完全取代由CIT法所制备纳米颗粒表层的FeCl_3·6H_2O.     

双金属二氧化钛复合材料的制备及其在水处理中的应用

[目的]制备双金属纳米颗粒二氧化钛复合材料,提升二氧化钛光催化效率,并研究其作用机理。[方法]采用辐射合成法制备金铜双金属纳米颗粒胶体溶液,使其沉积到二氧化钛表面形成Au-Cu-TiO_2光催化复合材料,使用TEM、UV-Vis、DSR等手段对其进行表征,分别在紫外光和可见光下降解目标污染物罗丹明B和苯酚测试合成材料的光催化性质。[结果]Au/Cu摩尔比1∶3时,二氧化钛负载的双金属纳米颗粒最小,为3.8 nm,并具有最高的光催化效率。P25负载的Au-Cu合金纳米颗粒捕捉电子的效率很高,使紫外光下P25光催化活性提高。Au-Cu双金属纳米颗粒修饰的P25比Au纳米颗粒修饰的P25的催化活性高。[结论]Au-Cu双金属比Au纳米颗粒具有更高的光激发电子捕获能力,因此可提高TiO_2的光催化效率。     

碳纳米颗粒诱发植物毒性效应及其机理的研究进展

对碳纳米颗粒植物毒性的研究是推广碳纳米技术应用及规避其可能引起的生态风险的重要前提,在相关研究的基础上,结合国内外研究进展,从研究植物对碳纳米颗粒物的吸附、吸收入手,阐述了碳纳米颗粒物在植物体内的迁移,分析了碳纳米颗粒物对植物产生的毒性效应,进而概述了碳纳米颗粒物毒性效应的影响因素以及产生这些毒性作用的分子机理,提出了碳纳米颗粒物在植物毒理学方面的研究重点.     

盐单胞菌合成纳米钯催化污染物的还原

从浙江舟山盐场筛选出一株盐单胞菌Halomonas salina JX-1，能够合成金属钯纳米颗粒，并应用于催化六价铬Cr(VI)的还原及有机偶氮染料甲基橙（MO）的脱色。通过透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱分析（XPS）等分析证实合成了零价纳米钯颗粒。对钯纳米颗粒合成条件的优化实验的结果表明，在菌量OD₆₀₀=1.0、无氯化钠、以甲酸为电子供体时，细菌还原钯的速率最快。电子穿梭体核黄素可加快钯离子还原成钯纳米颗粒。纳米钯颗粒在24 h内对Cr(VI)的还原率高达99%，在1.5 h内对甲基橙的降解率也几乎达到100%。综上，Halomonas salina JX-1合成的纳米钯颗粒对Cr(VI)及甲基橙都有很高的催化活性。     

以天然淀粉为内核的硒纳米颗粒的研制及其应用

利用氧化还原体系把高价硒还原为具有生物活性的红色零价硒,以生物材料淀粉为内核,采用纳米制备技术,得到核壳型的淀粉硒纳米颗粒(St-Se0NP).用透射电子显微镜和Zeta-sizer电位分析仪对颗粒进行表征,发现所制备的颗粒具有核壳结构,平均粒径为50 nm左右,电性呈中性.淀粉硒纳米颗粒作为植物营养调节剂应用于巨峰葡萄植株,成熟葡萄果实中的硒含量比对照提高了5倍,糖份提高了30%,钙含量提高了40%,而酸含量则降低了30%,大大改善了葡萄的风味.研究还对硒纳米颗粒的作用机制进行了初步讨论,认为较普通硒化物,淀粉硒纳米颗粒在植物体内形成了缓释,提高了硒在植物体内的作用效果.     

一种新型银纳米颗粒的制备及其抑制烟草赤星病菌的机制

【目的】利用生物多糖合成银纳米颗粒,并解析其对烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria alternata)的抑制活性及机理,探索生物多糖合成银纳米颗粒的农业应用前景,为开发安全、高效的抗菌剂提供理论依据。【方法】采用海藻酸钠作为还原剂与表面活性剂在水浴锅中(65℃)一步合成银纳米颗粒(S-AgNPs)。利用透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、紫外分光光度计(UV-vis)、Zeta电位-粒径仪和X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)分别对S-AgNPs粒径、分散性、稳定性及化学组成进行表征分析。应用Nano Measure软件统计TEM与AFM图像中S-AgNPs的平均粒径。采用平板生长速率法探究S-AgNPs在PDA培养基中浓度为0.0625、0.125、0.25、0.5、1.0μg·mL-1时对赤星病菌菌丝生长的影响。赤星病菌在S-AgNPs浓度为1.0μg·mL-1的液态PDA培养基(PDB)中培养后,分别通过测定菌丝的鲜重与干重、SEM观察、电导率测定和考马斯亮蓝G250染色,分析S-AgNPs对菌丝生长量、形态、细胞膜通透性和菌丝可溶性蛋白含量的影响。用孢子悬浮液注射接种法测试S-AgNPs在离体烟草叶片上对赤星病的防治效果。最后通过测定S-AgNPs对鲫鱼生长的影响分析海藻酸钠合成的银纳米颗粒的安全性。【结果】S-AgNPs的TEM、SEM、AFM图像分析表明该方法所合成的S-AgNPs具有分散性好,粒径统一,稳定性强等特点,平均粒径为9.83 nm。生测结果显示S-AgNPs在1.0μg·mL-1时对烟草赤星病菌菌丝生长抑制率为83.9%。S-AgNPs处理组的菌丝鲜重与菌丝干重明显低于清水对照组,S-AgNPs可以明显破坏菌丝表面结构。进一步抑菌机制研究表明S-AgNPs主要通过抑制赤星病菌可溶性总蛋白合成而破坏其生物膜结构,降低生物膜保水能力,快速破坏菌丝细胞膜通透性,造成大量细胞质渗漏而抑制菌丝生长发育。最终,离体试验证实S-AgNPs能够有效地抑制烟草赤星病菌侵染烟草叶片,且S-AgNPs在有效浓度(1.0μg·mL-1)内对鲫鱼无明显毒害作用,不影响其正常生命活动。【结论】建立的方法能够稳定合成分散性好,粒径统一,稳定性强的银纳米颗粒。该银纳米颗粒对烟草赤星病菌具有较强的抑制作用,可有效防治烟草赤星病,具有潜在的田间应用前景。     

细菌生物合成纳米硒的研究进展

硒是人和动物必需的一种微量元素,但是高浓度硒盐会对有机体产生毒害作用,同时会污染环境。而细菌合成的纳米硒无毒、稳定,具有较高的生物活性,在纳米硒生产和硒污染治理等方面应用潜力巨大。本文主要综述了纳米硒的特征及应用,分析了碳氮源、氧气、温度、pH等一系列因素对细菌产生纳米硒过程的影响,阐述了细菌还原合成纳米硒的初步研究机理,并探讨了该研究未来的关注点,为生物纳米硒的广泛应用提供参考。     

Energy gaps in "metallic" single-walled carbon nanotubes

Metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes have been proposed to be good one-dimensional conductors. However, the finite curvature of the graphene sheet that forms the nanotubes and the broken symmetry due to the local environment may modify their electronic properties. We used low-temperature atomically resolved scanning tunneling microscopy to investigate zigzag and armchair nanotubes, both thought to be metallic. "Metallic" zigzag nanotubes were found to have energy gaps with magnitudes that depend inversely on the square of the tube radius, whereas isolated armchair tubes do not have energy gaps. Additionally, armchair nanotubes packed in bundles have pseudogaps, which exhibit an inverse dependence on tube radius. These observed energy gaps suggest that most "metallic" single-walled nanotubes are not true metals, and they have implications for our understanding of the electronic properties and potential applications of carbon nanotubes.     

Star formation in irregular galaxies

Irregular galaxies can be viewed as laboratories for studying the processes of star formation. This class of galaxy, unlike the more familiar spiral galaxies, forms stars without spiral arms and does so from a chemically less-evolved interstellar medium. In this article the problems associated with star formation in irregular galaxies are outlined and their relevance to our understanding of star formaton as a general astrophysical process is discussed.     

Adaptation of photosynthetic processes to stress

I have focused on examples of plant adaptations to environmental conditions that range from adjustments in the allocation of metabolic resources and modification of structural components to entirely separate mechanisms. The result of these modifications is more efficient performance under the stresses typically encountered in the plants' native habitats. Such adaptations, for reasons which are not entirely clear, often lead to poorer performance in other environmental conditions. This situation may be a fundamental basis for the tendency toward specialization among plants native to specific niches or habitats. The evolutionary mechanisms that have resulted in these specializations are very large-scale processes. It seems reasonable to suppose that the plants native to particular habitats are relatively efficient in terms of the limitations imposed by those habitats, and that the adaptive mechanisms these plants possess are, compared to those which have evolved in competing organisms, the most succesful biological means of coping with the environmental stresses encountered. I believe that we can learn from nature and utilize the adaptive mechanisms of these plants in agriculture to replace in part our present reliance on resources and energy to modify the environment for plant growth. By analogy with natural systems, improved resource utilization will require specialization and greater knowledge of the limitations of a particular environment and plant genotype. For example, the cultural conditions, plant architecture, and physiological responses necessary to achieve high water use efficiency from our crop species with C(4) photosynthesis probably differ from those required to achieve maximum total growth. Also, efforts to control water application to eliminate waste carry with them the risk that the crop could be injured by inadequate water. Thus, greater demands would be placed on the crop physiologist, the plant breeder, and the farmer. Planting and appropriate management of adapted crop genotypes could enable cultivation of many areas presently considered unusable because of environmental extremes or shortage of resources, and may lead to more efficient resource utilization on land already under cultivation. The costs or benefits of this cannot yet be estimated. However, I suspect that the greatest potential for application of such techniques will be in the developing rather than the developed regions of the world. The genetic and functional diversity of plants is a tremendous biological resource. The capacity of plants to adjust in the future to changing environmental conditions depends on this diversity and on evolutionary processes of nature. Wild plants may provide a source of genetic material to improve crop plants. Also, as advocated by McKell (22), wild plants can be utilized to a greater extent directly by man. Long-term research efforts and commitment to preserve natural habitats and their populations of wild plants will be required to maintain and more effectively utilize this resource.     

丛枝菌根真菌最新分类系统与物种多样性研究概况

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)是自然界分布最广泛的一类植物共生真菌,能够与大部分高等植物的根系形成共生关系.由于它们在农林、环境等领域的巨大应用潜力,国内外关于AMF物种多样性的研究一直受到较高的关注.然而,AMF专性共生的特征以及研究方法不够理想等因素长期阻碍了AMF物种多样性的研究进展.近年来,研究方法的改进与新技术的应用为AMF物种多样性的研究提供了极好的机遇.简述了AMF的最新分类系统及全球物种数量、AMF物种多样性影响因素以及AMF物种多样性研究方法三个方面的研究进展,并分析了今后在AMF物种多样性相关领域值得关注的研究方向.     

Nonphytotoxic copper oxide nanoparticles are powerful “nanoweapons” that trigger resistance in tobacco against the soil-borne fungal pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae

Investigations into the potential application of nanoparticles acting as nanofungicides in sustainable agriculture are rapidly expanding due to the high antimicrobial properties of these compounds, which do not risk inducing pathogen resistance to fungicides.  A detailed understanding of the impact of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi is yet to be obtained.  This study aimed to explore the in vitro antifungal activity and control efficacy of CuO NPs applied via irrigation with respect to tobacco black shank (TBS) disease caused by Phytophthora nicotianae.  The results revealed that CuO NPs greatly interfered with the reproductive growth process of this fungus, repressing hyphal growth, spore germination and sporangium production.  Additionally, morphological damage, intracellular ROS accumulation and increased SOD enzyme activity in hyphae were the antifungicidal mechanisms of these NPs.  In pot experiments, treatment with CuO NPs at 100 mg L^–1 significantly suppressed TBS development, compared with the effect on control plants, and the control efficacy reached 33.69% without inducing phytotoxicity.  Exposure to CuO NPs significantly activated a series of defense enzymes, and resistance genes in tobacco can further explain the mechanisms by which CuO NPs suppressed fungal infection.  The Cu content in both the leaves and roots of P. nicotianae-infested plants increased by 50.03 and 27.25%, respectively, after treatment with 100 mg L^–1 CuO NPs, compared with that of healthy plants.  In particular, a higher Cu content was observed in infected roots than in leaves.  Therefore, this study showed the potential of CuO NPs applied as nanofungicides and as nanoinducers of fungus resistance genes for the management of TBS through inhibition of pathogen infection and stimulation of plant defenses.     

二氧化钛纳米颗粒对大豆根部吸收芘的影响

为研究纳米颗粒（NPs）对植物根部吸收与累积多环芳烃（PAHs）的影响，分别选择TiO₂ NPs、芘作为NPs和PAHs的代表，对大豆植株根部进行不同的处理。结果表明：芘的存在使大豆根部钛含量增加了82.3%，但TiO₂ NPs的添加显著抑制了大豆根部对芘的吸收与累积，使大豆根部芘的累积量降低了97.1%；在芘的胁迫下，TiO₂ NPs的存在未能减轻大豆根部的脂质过氧化作用，对大豆根部的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性没有显著影响，而显著减少了大豆根部谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量。     

Genetically engineering plants for crop improvement

Dramatic progress has been made in the development of gene transfer systems for higher plants. The ability to introduce foreign genes into plant cells and tissues and to regenerate viable, fertile plants has allowed for explosive expansion of our understanding of plant biology and has provided an unparalleled opportunity to modify and improve crop plants. Genetic engineering of plants offers significant potential for seed, agrichemical, food processing, specialty chemical, and pharmaceutical industries to develop new products and manufacturing processes. The extent to which genetically engineered plants will have an impact on key industries will be determined both by continued technical progress and by issues such as regulatory approval, proprietary protection, and public perception.     

柠檬酸对纳米氧化铁诱导水稻根表铁膜形成及对水稻铁吸收转运的影响

本研究利用水培模拟实验探讨了柠檬酸对纳米氧化铁(NPs,γFe_2O_3)诱导水稻根表铁膜的影响,同时研究了其对铁(Fe)在植株体内吸收转运的影响。结果表明,低浓度柠檬酸包被和未包被处理NPs能够显著增加水稻根生物量,但对水稻地上部生物量影响不显著。NPs能够诱导根表铁膜形成,然而铁膜量随着柠檬酸浓度增加而下降,可能是由于柠檬酸降低NPs的Fe2+释放量造成的;但是2.10 mg·L~(-1)柠檬酸包被NPs能显著提高根表铁膜量。根表铁膜主要以无定型为主(除柠檬酸包被处理外),晶格态仅占铁膜总量的24.88%~48.12%;其中,由于根表铁膜的晶格构造与NPs类似,可能晶格态铁膜主要来源于NPs的直接吸附沉淀。柠檬酸的加入显著降低Fe在根表和根中累积,但是增加了Fe在地上部的累积;然而,柠檬酸包被NPs处理能够增加Fe在根表和植株地上部的累积,但降低Fe在根系中的累积。2.10 mg·L~(-1)柠檬酸(包被和未包被NPs处理)能够减弱Fe从根表向根内的转移,但是增强了Fe从根向地上部的转移。不同NPs处理条件下,Fe在水稻植株不同部位均存在富集现象,根表和地上部的富集系数显著高于根内。     

环境因子对两种纳米金属氧化物在水体中稳定性的影响

以纳米二氧化铈(Nano-Ce O2)及纳米二氧化钛(Nano-Ti O2)为主要实验材料,研究腐植酸(HA)、离子强度(IS)与p H对其在水体中稳定性的影响。结果表明:HA浓度升高(0~5 mg·L-1),两种纳米颗粒在水体中的稳定性均增强,其原因是吸附在纳米颗粒表面的HA使颗粒间产生巨大的空间位阻斥力与静电斥力,从而减弱了颗粒的凝聚;IS增加(1~50 mmol·L-1Na Cl),两种纳米材料稳定性均降低,颗粒凝聚后粒径变大,且HA的存在(5 mg·L-1)能显著减弱IS对其稳定性的影响,其原因是吸附在纳米颗粒表面的HA使颗粒间产生空间位阻斥力及静电斥力且这两种斥力占主导作用。实验p H范围内(6.01~10.02),随着p H的增加,纳米颗粒的稳定性增强,但当本体溶液中存在HA(5 mg·L-1),p H变化对纳米颗粒稳定性几乎不产生影响。此外,计算并运用XDLVO(extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek)理论进行预测分析的结果表明,XDLVO理论的预测与实验结果非常吻合。该研究结果有助于深入了解Nano-Ce O2及Nano-Ti O2在水体中的环境行为,并为进一步预测两者的生态环境风险提供理论依据。     

Models for material failure and deformation

Simple computer models have been used to investigate a variety of pattern formation processes associated with material failure and deformation. These models reproduce surprisingly well the characteristic morphologies observed in a wide range of real systems. They provide a sound basis for the development of more realistic models that can be used to develop a better understanding of the mechanical properties of real materials. The present algorithms are adequate for some purposes, but substantial improvements are needed if simulation results are to make a major contribution to our theoretical understanding of the asymptotic fractal scaling and universality properties of patterns generated by failure and deformation phenomena.