保水剂在干热河谷造林中的应用研究

为探索保水剂在干热河谷区造林中的使用效果,进行了施用不同种类、不同用量保水剂的川滇桤木、墨西哥柏的温室育苗缺水模拟实验和元谋、易门典型干热河谷区的台湾相思、印楝田间造林试验。温室实验表明,应用保水剂使苗木根际土壤的含水量高出对照9.1%~39.2%,使苗木生长天数延长0.2~108.8天,耐旱天数延长2.2~100.6天。田间造林试验表明,在干热河谷的造林中应用保水剂,使新植树苗根际土壤的含水量高出对照0.7%~15.4%,且根际土壤含水量随保水剂用量的增加而增加;使造林成活率和保存率提高1.1%~72.4%,苗木的成活率和保存率也随保水剂用量的增加而增加;并使苗木株高、地径、冠幅和叶片数的生长获得显著提高,其提高程度仍随保水剂用量的增加而增长。     

Effects of brassinolide on the survival,growth and drought resistance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Robinia pseudoacacia</Emphasis> seedlings under water-stress

We conducted field and pot experiments to investigate the effects of brassinolide on 1-year-old Robinia pseudoacacia L. seedlings. In the field experiment, seedling roots were soaked in brassinolide solutions containing 0–0.4 mg/l pure brassinolide before planting. Survival and growth of the seedlings were determined 8 months later. The results showed that soaking roots in brassinolide prior to planting significantly increased the survival and growth of seedlings. The best results were in the 0.2 mg/l brassinolide treatment. In the pot experiment, roots were soaked in 0–0.4 mg/l brassinolide before planting followed by a foliar application of brassinolide when the seedlings leafed out. After the seedlings were established, the soil water content in the pots was regulated to simulate drought conditions and various physiological parameters were measured. The results showed that treatment with 0.2 mg/l brassinolide decreased the transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of seedlings growing under moderate or severe water stress compared to untreated seedlings. Leaf water content, predawn water potential, soluble sugar content, free proline content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities were all greater in water-stressed seedlings in the 0.2 mg/l brassinolide treatment compared to the control. The results indicate that the application of brassinolide can ameliorate the effects of water stress and enhance drought resistance of Robinia seedlings. Treatment of seedlings with brassinolide may be a useful management tool for afforestation projects in arid and semiarid areas.     

生态植树机发展综述

分析了机械化植树造林的必要性,介绍了传统植树机的发展概况及一种新型植树造林机械———生态植树机。这种植树机松土时对土壤的扰动小,这也意谓着种植时其养份损失较小、对土壤破坏程度也小,同时可以大幅度降低能耗、提高植树效益。由于有无机土与腐殖质的混合,使树苗有更高的成活率和生长率。生态植树机对生态的破坏是传统开沟植树机的1/7,其能耗是传统开沟植树机的1/2。     

不同水分管理对楸树苗木速生期生长及生理的影响

以贵州主要阔叶造林树种楸树为研究对象,采用人工控制土壤含水量的盆栽试验方法,研究楸树苗木速生期不同水分管理对幼苗苗高、地径、根系生长、生物量分配以及生理质量指标的影响。结果表明:速生期楸树幼苗最适宜的土壤含水量为100%田间持水量,一般应保持在80%~100%田间持水量之间,低于80%田间持水量,会使楸树幼苗的苗高与地径生长、根系发育、生物量积累都受到严重的限制,苗木生理质量指标叶绿素含量、根系活跃吸收面积和叶片相对含水量明显降低,而叶片质膜透性增加,细胞膜受到严重伤害;在40%田间持水量时,幼苗因干旱而死亡。     

The influence of hydrogel soil amendment on the survival and growth of newly transplanted Pinus patula seedlings

Hydrogel amendments have been used to improve seedling survival and establishment particularly in dry environments. However, their effect on survival and growth of newly transplanted seedlings under varying water stress conditions is poorly known. In this regard, we examined the effects of Aqua Matrix Forestry~?, a potassium-based water-absorbent polymer, on the survival and early growth of Pinus patula seedlings planted in early-,mid-and late-dry season in the eastern highlands of Zimbabwe. The late-dry season was hotter and received more rainfall than the early-and mid-dry season. Hydrogel increased seedling survival by 34 and 22% in the mid-and late-dry season, respectively. Also, hydrogel-treated seedlings were significantly taller than untreated seedlings(P \ 0.001). The height to root collar diameter ratio of hydrogel-treated seedlings was greater than that of untreated seedlings only in the mid-dry season. In conclusion, increase in survival and early growth of hydrogel-treated seedlings suggests that hydrogels can be used to extend planting beyond the rainy season to include the dry months, a feat previously unattainable due to high seedling mortality. Further, these findings reflect similar findings with other hydrogels, suggesting that improved seedling survival and plant performance may be a general consequence of hydrogel amendments.     

苏打盐碱土区小果白刺造林效果的研究

在松嫩平原苏打盐碱地上进行小果白刺造林试验,结果表明：在pH值为9．0-11．0的重盐碱地,当年造林成活率平均为83．1％,4a生造林保存率为78．2％;以pH值9．5—10．0的林地表现最好,平均成活率与保存率分别为90．3％和87．3％。每株施腐熟农家肥1．0kg,4a生平均单株结果量为3．60kg,是对照结果量的3．60倍;不同造林密度的覆盖率有一定差异,初植密度为1m×2m的4a生林地的覆盖率可达到90％。     

渭北主要造林树种细根生长及分布与土壤密度关系

采用野外样地调查和盆栽试验的方法 ,研究了土壤密度对渭北主要造林树种细根生长及分布特征的影响。结果表明 ,在 0～ 10 0cm的深度内 ,不论是阴坡还是阳坡 ,油松林地的土壤密度均表现出随土层的加深逐渐增大的趋势 ;刺槐林地的土壤密度大于油松林地 ,且各土层间的差异不大。油松林地各土层土壤密度与不同径级根系长度存在显著的负相关关系。盆栽基质密度对不同树种苗木根系的生长和发育的影响虽各异 ,但在基质密度和孔隙度适中的条件下均生长良好 ,生物量达到最大。盆栽基质的密度对刺槐和油松根系的生长和发育的影响最显著 ;侧柏和山杏的细根生长发育受土壤密度的影响较小 ,其根系生物量在不同密度的基质中没有明显变化。     

不同保水剂处理对容器苗生长及土壤水分影响的研究

在有限水分条件下,对容器苗的生长率、存活期、叶片和土壤水分动态变化进行研究,结果表明:保水剂能提高土壤田间持水量;在停止供水后,有保水剂处理的土壤含水量下降缓慢,土壤含水量始终随着保水剂用量的增加而增加;有保水剂处理的容器苗叶片相对含水量下降延迟,容器苗生长受到抑制的时间延后。     

First-year survival and height-growth of red ceiba following various site preparation techniques on vertic soils in northern Colombia

If growth of red ceiba, Bombacopsis Quinata (Jacq.) Dugand, is to be increased in plantations established on Vertisols, site preparation techniques must be identified to overcome the soil management difficulties of these soils. This research was conducted to identify specific site preparation techniques appropriate for Vertisols that increase survival and height growth of red ceiba. The effects of subsoiling within the row (prior to planting) to depths of 40 and 60 cm, subsoiling between the rows, and additions of organic mill waste on red ceiba survival and height growth, soil water content, bulk density, and penetrometer resistance were investigated. The soil was a very fine, montmorillonitic, isohyper-thermic Entic Chromustert. No difference in survival due to subsoiling was found, but the additions of mill waste significantly decreased survival after 1 year (94.7%) compared to the control subplot (98.7%). Height was increased by subsoiling to the 40-cm depth (92.3 cm) and to the 60-cm depth (97.4 cm) over no subsoiling (80.7 cm). Trees on the subplots receiving mill waste were significantly lower in height (83 cm) compared to the control subplots (93.1 cm) and the subsoiling between the planting rows subplots (94.2 cm). Survival was most highly correlated with bulk density at the 50-cm depth within the planting row (r=–0.44) and height with soil water content at the 30-cm depth within the planting row (r=–0.56). Subsoiling affected height more than survival. Subsoiling to 40 cm is the most cost-effective treatment. Mill waste addition did not improve height or survival, possibly due to harmful decomposition by-products.     

Some Effects of Soil Water Tables on the Growth of Sitka Spruce in Northern Ireland

Soil water tables and the rooting depth of trees were studiedin two areas of gleyed soils in Lisnaskea Forest, Co. Fermanagh,where growth of Sitka spruce is far from uniform. On both areas,poor tree growth is associated with high water tables and shallowrooting. Soils under good trees had a sandy-tertured horizonassociated with rotten rock fragments. This horizon could improvedrainage conditions and must have been present before planting.It is therefore considered that high soil water tables are acause rather than a consequence of poor tree growth.     

Influence of fly ash mixtures on early tree growth and physicochemical properties of soil in semi-arid tropical Alfisols

The beneficial effects of planting mixtures comprising of fly ash at the rate of 66%, 33% and 17% by soil volume were assessed for the early growth of two economic tree species, teak (Tectona grandis) and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) in rainfed Semi-Arid Tropical (SAT) Alfisols in India. Measurements of tree growth were made at six monthly intervals over a 3-year period. Fly ash at 66% by soil volume of the planting pit significantly increased the diameter of teak at breast height (dbh). In leucaena, application of fly ash at 17% by soil volume was found to be effective in increasing dbh during most of the study period. Changes in soil physicochemical properties (bulk density, water retention at 0.033 and 1.5 MPa, profile moisture content, pH, soluble salt content and organic carbon) were simultaneously studied. Among these soil properties, plant available water (PAW) and organic carbon (OC) contents explained variations in diameter at breast height (dbh) in teak during most of the sampling period, while none of the soil properties significantly explained dbh in leucaena. The highest dose of fly ash applied (66% by volume) decreased bulk density (BD) and increased PAW in teak and to an extent in leucaena during the first 2 years of tree growth. Higher profile moisture content was noted in pits treated with 66% fly ash during the dry period of November (after the end of seasonal rainfall which occurred from June to October) during the first and second year after application. An erratum to this article can be found at     

荒漠化重度地区造林试验研究

通过对荒漠化重度地区进行不同树种、不同苗木类型、不同整地方式的造林对比试验,结果表明:选择抗旱性强的树种,采取小型整地,带土坨和营养钵苗造林可获得较高成活率和保存率,是促证造林成功的重要因素。     

干旱胁迫下保水剂对石楠苗生理生化的影响

摘要：在干旱胁迫下,对盆栽石楠苗的存活期、生长率、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、光合生理特性进行分析。结果表明,在有限水分条件下,施用保水剂延长苗木存活期3.5~38.5d;苗木生长受到抑制的时间延后0~28d;苗木的叶片中可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸开始积累时间延后,积累量减少;施用保水剂,苗木的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度分别提高了5.6~168.9%、28.6~2342.6%、0~4700%;在本实验中,保水剂用量越大,减缓水分胁迫的能力越强。     

Incorporation of slow-release fertilisers into nursery media

Field application of fertilisers is frequently ineffective in supplying limiting nutrients during establishment of plantation trees in highly weathered soils in the humid tropics. An alternative strategy for more effective delivery of nutrients to establishing trees was investigated in a field experiment on Kolombangara in the Solomon Islands. Under routine operational nursery conditions, cuttings of Gmelina arborea and seeds of Acacia mangium were planted into a coir (composted coconut husks) potting medium to which a range of rates of slow-release fertilisers had been applied. The growth performance of this nursery stock was then measured during the first 14 months following planting in the field. Incorporation of slow release fertilisers into the nursery medium significantly improved the growth of both species in the field, with more than 100% increases in volume index associated with the highest rates of slow release fertiliser application. This strong nutrient response during tree establishment was in sharp contrast to the absence of any effect from much higher rates of surface applied fertilisers that had been observed in previous field experiments on this same soil type. The placement of the slow release fertilisers within the immediate proximity of roots of the establishing trees, and the subsequent effects of this in increasing their abilities to compete with regrowth vegetation for site nutrient resources probably accounted for the high effectiveness of this fertiliser strategy in enhancing tree growth.     

Improvement of nitrogen fixation in Acacia mangium through inoculation with rhizobium

Acacia mangium, a N₂‐fixing tree legume, has become a major plantation tree species in the tropical humid and sub-humid zones. In addition to being a major pulp-wood producer, the tree has a good potential to restore soil fertility as a fallow species in agroforestry systems, and as a fuel species. In this paper, we report an overview of the results from several rhizobium inoculation field trials in different edaphic and ecological conditions, conducted by the CIRAD-Forêt (The Forest Program of Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) in partnership with national research organizations of various countries of the humid and sub-humid lowlands of West Africa and Cook Islands. Rhizobium inoculation had a positive effect on tree growth up to 39 months after tree planting. Immunological identification of the Bradyrhizobium strains present in the nodules confirmed the persistence of the more efficient introduced strains up to 42 months after transfer of the inoculated trees to the field. In Côte d'Ivoire, nitrogen derived from atmospheric N₂ fixed symbiotically by A. mangium was 50% in the whole trial and up to 90% in plots with less fertile soils when the trees were inoculated with an efficient strain.     

Relation between Growth and Vertical Distribution of Fine Roots and Soil Density in the Weibei Loess Plateau

The influence of woodland soil bulk density on the growth and distribution of fine root system of main planting tree species in the Weibei Loess Plateau was investigated by means of pot culture and field survey. Results indicated that in the woodland of Pinus tabulaeformis, soil bulk density increased with the depth at different sites, while in the woodland of Robinia pseudoacacia, soil bulk density was higher than that in P. tabulaeformis, and there was no clear difference across the profile. Further analysis implied that there existed negative correlations between soil bulk density and fine root length in the woodland of P. tabulaeformis. Results from pot culture indicated that although the effects of pot culture media on the fine root growth and development of different tree species seedlings were different, all treated seedlings grew better in the soil matter with medium bulk density and porosity and with the biggest biomass. Bulk density of pot culture media had clear effects on the growth and development of P. tabulaeformis and R. pseudoacacia seedling roots, especially on the former, whereas it had little effect on that of Platycladus orientalis and Prunus armeniaca var. ansu, whose fine root biomass changed little in different pot culture media. Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2004, 40(5) (in Chinese)     

The influence of hydrogel soil amendment on the survival and growth of newly transplanted <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus patula</Emphasis> seedlings

Hydrogel amendments have been used to improve seedling survival and establishment particularly in dry environments. However, their effect on survival and growth of newly transplanted seedlings under varying water stress conditions is poorly known. In this regard, we examined the effects of Aqua Matrix Forestry^®, a potassium-based water-absorbent polymer, on the survival and early growth of Pinus patula seedlings planted in early-, mid- and late-dry season in the eastern highlands of Zimbabwe. The late-dry season was hotter and received more rainfall than the early- and mid-dry season. Hydrogel increased seedling survival by 34 and 22% in the mid- and late-dry season, respectively. Also, hydrogel-treated seedlings were significantly taller than untreated seedlings (P < 0.001). The height to root collar diameter ratio of hydrogel-treated seedlings was greater than that of untreated seedlings only in the mid-dry season. In conclusion, increase in survival and early growth of hydrogel-treated seedlings suggests that hydrogels can be used to extend planting beyond the rainy season to include the dry months, a feat previously unattainable due to high seedling mortality. Further, these findings reflect similar findings with other hydrogels, suggesting that improved seedling survival and plant performance may be a general consequence of hydrogel amendments.     

Water harvesting in a ‘runoff-catchment’ agroforestry system in the dry lands of Ethiopia

A major production constraint in arid and semiarid areas of Ethiopia is a lack of water for crop growth. Run off water can be harvested by channeling it into micro- catchments (MC) where it slowly infiltrates into the soil. The increased moisture provides more plant growth in these dry lands. An experiment using MC was conducted in eastern Ethiopia to study the growth of four multipurpose tree species intercropped with grass. Trees and grass were grown in 25 m² and 100 m² MC. Plant height, root collar diameter, and mortality rate of trees were determined 12 months after planting. Dry matter yield of grasses and trees were measured and nutrient analysis of plant tissues was determined. In a separate experiment the biomass of trees was determined after 2.5 years of continuous growth without grass competition. Soil moisture, organic matter, texture and bulk density of the soils were also determined. Mean tree height was 10% greater in the 100 m² than in the 25 m² MC. Root collar diameter and survival rate showed similar increase with 13% and 7.8% respectively. Acacia saligna and Leucaena leucocephala showed better growth in both plot sizes than the indigenous Acacia seyal and Acacia tortilis. The dry matter yield of grass (Panicum maximum) was over 12 tons/ha and 8 tons/ha in the 100 m2 and 25 m2 plots respectively. Soil moisture content was greater in MC than in control plots with no water harvesting structures with 31% and 24% during the wet and dry seasons respectively. The use of water harvesting can improve fodder production and carrying capacity of the dry lands of Ethiopia.     

Nutrient Management for Eucalypt Plantations in South China

Eucalypts are very popular for revegetation in many parts of south China because of their capacity to tolerate degraded sites and unfertile soils,and their fast growth potential to coppice. This paper reviews a decade of field trials in china, undertaken as part of several bilateral researchprograms in plantation forestry, concerning the use of fertilizers, harvest residue management and inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi. One of the key questions addressed is whether the productivity of plantation eucalypts in south China can be increased to the world average by nutrient management across a rotation.     

Intensive,site-specific silviculture: Manipulating resource availability at establishment for improved stand productivity. A review of South African research

An important window of opportunity to increase and sustain productivity in short-rotation plantations is the period from felling through re-establishment to canopy closure. This paper explores the effects, interactions and response mechanisms of intensive silvicultural practices on plantation productivity and sustainability, using five South African case studies (a–e). (a) Land preparation trials showed that complete surface cultivation by ploughing had a significant beneficial effect when afforestation is done for the first time in grasslands, improving basal area growth by 11–52% over pitting only. However, similar treatments have not resulted in significant growth responses under re-establishment conditions. (b) Stand growth suppression resulting chiefly from soil compaction during mechanised harvesting operations is strongly related to soil type, soil textural class and residue management options. Volume growth reduction in short-rotation eucalypt crops ranged from 25% on compaction sensitive loamy soils to less than 2% in resistant sandy soils. (c) The response mechanism whereby vegetation management improves stand productivity is a reduction in both inter-specific and intra-genotypic competition for resources, as well as a decrease in stand variability. Operationally, the most important criteria in a vegetation management programme relate to the timing of control operations across diverse site conditions. In local trials, the primary factors controlling the time taken for competition-induced tree growth suppression to occur were related to altitude, slash burning and the interaction between these factors, which facilitated the development of regional vegetation management strategies. (d) Empirical fertilizer trials in short-rotation hardwood stands have shown significant improvements in final productivity (commonly 20–90 m³ ha⁻¹ in eucalypts and 30–50 m³ ha⁻¹ in Acacia), as well as wood density (15–30 kg m⁻³ for eucalypts) following improvements in early nutrition. Improved nutrition was achieved through fertilization at planting or indirectly through residue management. The response mechanism is primarily due to early canopy development and associated increases in light capture, coupled with a more modest increase in canopy quantum efficiency and above-ground carbon allocation on a dry site. On sites with abundant water supply, increased quantum efficiency is likely to be the dominant response mechanism. (e) A series of operational gains trials tested the interactive effect of genetic tree improvement, site–genotype interaction, stand density and vegetation management + fertilization on eucalypt stand growth across five sites. There were no significant interactions between factors, but importantly, the results were additive, emphasizing the need to optimise each practice in the value chain to achieve maximum productivity.