爆裂玉米的膨爆机理及影响因素(综述)

本文对有关爆裂玉米的膨爆机理、膨爆特性及影响膨爆的因素进行了综述．爆裂玉米的膨爆关键取决于籽粒内部高压的形成，果皮和胚乳的致密结构是籽粒内部高压形成的重要保证；适宜的水分含量是籽粒内部产生高压水汽的物质基础，而导致这种高压水汽产生的外部动力则来自于加热温度。此外，品种特性和籽粒性状等对爆裂玉米的膨爆特性也有一定的影响．     

球形花爆裂玉米爆花品质影响因子研究

以国产球形花爆裂玉米佳球105为试材,对影响爆花品质的多种因子进行研究。结果表明,含水量和成熟度是影响膨爆倍数、爆花率、花形及玉米花大小的主要因子,其中,膨爆倍数、花形对水分含量和成熟度反应最为敏感。在含水量13.4%～13.8%范围内膨爆倍数达到27.4～27.5倍,继续增加或降低水分含量则膨爆倍数下降;含水量在13.8%左右时玉米花最大、花形好且球形率较高,继续降低含水量时花形更加圆滑、美观但玉米花变小。成熟度与子粒体积、粒重、爆花率、膨爆倍数、球花率均呈正相关关系,同等重量的子粒,成熟度越高、子粒体积越小,粒重、爆花率、膨爆倍数、球花率越高。     

爆裂玉米种质资源的果穗性状和膨爆特性多样性及相关性分析

研究分析50份不同爆裂玉米种质材料的果穗性状及其膨爆特性。结果表明,果穗性状中秃尖长的变异系数为68.88%;果穗穗长、行数、行粒数、穗粗、百粒重呈正态分布,果穗秃尖长呈偏态分布。膨爆特性中膨爆倍数的变异系数为32.86%,膨爆倍数呈正态分布,膨爆率呈偏态分布,表明爆裂玉米种质材料间主要性状具有较为丰富的多样性。膨爆特性、果穗性状间的相关性分析表明,膨爆倍数与膨爆率呈显著正相关;膨爆倍数与穗长、穗行数、行粒数、穗粗呈正相关,与秃尖长、百粒重呈负相关;膨爆率与行粒数、穗粗呈显著正相关,与穗长、秃尖长、行数、百粒重呈正相关。     

不同普×爆后代群体膨爆特性的分离特征研究

对5个普通玉米自交系与4个爆裂玉米自交系组配的20个普×爆组合F₂,BC₁,BC₂3个世代的膨爆特性分析结果表明:F₂代膨爆特性较差,难以采用常规系谱法从中选育出优良的膨爆玉米自交系;通过回交可以快速恢复其优良的膨爆特性,但不同组合及同一组合不同世代间的膨爆特性存在较大差异.因此,要提高后代的选育效果,首先要选配适宜的普×爆组合,其次是要确定具体的回交世代。     

爆裂玉米膨爆性能影响因素的研究

1999－2000年详细研究了品种，籽粒含水量等诸因素对爆裂玉米膨爆性能的影响，不同品种的膨爆率和膨爆倍数差异很大，籽粒含水率在13－15％时膨爆性能较好；籽粒充分成熟，其膨爆性能才达到最佳状态，此外，花粉来源，胚乳组成，种皮的完好程度及膨胀温度和时间对爆裂玉米的膨爆性能都有很大影响。     

普×爆 F3家系的膨爆特性及其与穗粒性状的相关分析

在春播和夏播两种环境条件下,对普通玉米自交系与爆裂玉米自交系杂交组配的259个F3家系的膨爆特性及其与穗粒性状的相关分析结果表明:F3家系膨爆特性较差,采用常规系谱法从中选育出优良爆裂玉米自交系的几率较小;膨爆特性都是由多基因控制的数量性状;膨爆特性间呈极显著正相关,膨爆特性与穗粒性状间多呈显著或极显著负相关;膨化体积对膨化倍数的直接正向作用最大,百粒重的直接负向作用最大,爆花率通过膨化体积对膨化倍数的间接作用为最大正效应,穗粒重通过百粒重对膨化倍数的间接作用为最大负效应。     

普×爆组合不同选系方法选择效果研究

对普×爆(丹232×N04)组合F7、BC1S5和BC2S5后代选系的膨爆特性、穗粒和植株性状表现及其相关分析。结果表明:各类选系间所有性状均存在较大差异;普×爆组合的F1代与爆裂亲本回交可以较快恢复膨爆特性,同时显著改良穗粒性状;不同选系各性状间的相关性存在差异,在后代选择过程中应注意协调各类性状间的关系。     

普×爆F3家系的膨爆特性及其与穗粒性状的相关分析

在春播和夏播两种环境条件下，对普通玉米自交系与爆裂玉米自交系杂交组配的259个F₃家系的膨爆特性及其与穗粒性状的相关分析结果表明：F₃家系膨爆特性较差，采用常规系谱法从中选育出优良爆裂玉米自交系的几率较小；膨爆特性都是由多基因控制的数量性状；膨爆特性间呈极显著正相关，膨爆特性与穗粒性状间多呈显著或极显著负相关；膨化体积对膨化倍数的直接正向作用最大，百粒重的直接负向作用最大，爆花率通过膨化体积对膨化倍数的间接作用为最大正效应，穗粒重通过百粒重对膨化倍数的间接作用为最大负效应。     

普×爆后代3个膨爆特性的遗传分析

采用三倍体胚乳种子性状遗传模型及其分析方法对5个普通玉米自交系与4个爆裂玉米自交系间20个杂交组合8个世代进行研究。结果表明:3个膨爆特性指标同时受直接、母体和细胞质效应3种遗传体系控制,且以加性效应为主,非加性效应也起着非常重要的作用;普通玉米自交系会显著降低普×爆后代的膨爆特性,爆裂玉米自交系的作用相反,不同自交系的各类遗传效应不完全一致。     

爆裂玉米研究进展

本文综述爆裂玉米的生物学特性、膨爆机制、品质性状、遗传多样性、功能基因挖掘以及爆裂玉米产业发展等方面的研究,对今后我国爆裂玉米研究前景和方向进行展望。     

Effects of hybrid,environment, oil addition,and microwave wattage on popped popcorn morphology

The objective of this study was to understand what factors influence the formation of different shapes of popped popcorn through the development of statistical models. Microwave popcorn popping was conducted across a range of microwave wattages (750–1240 W) and oil additions (0–30%) using a set of three popcorn hybrids grown in three environments. After popping, expansion volume was measured and the relative proportion of different popped shapes was enumerated by visual characterization of popped flakes, namely: unilateral, bilateral, or multilaterally expanded. The percentage of flake morphologies varied from 1 to 24% unilateral, 20 to 55% bilateral, and 31 to 68% multilateral across all runs. The relative percentage of each shape was influenced by hybrid, growing location, corn:oil ratio, and microwave wattage. The proportion of unilateral flakes was positively correlated to oleic acid in the kernel and negatively correlated to kernel sphericity, while bilateral flakes were positively correlated to dietary fiber in the kernel. Expansion volume was positively correlated to occurrence of bilaterally expanded flakes and negatively correlated to unilateral shape. These data may support the development of new hybrids or varieties of popcorn that produce the most desirable amounts of popped shapes in order to optimize consumer liking or create differentiated products and market new usages for popcorn.     

水稻优质不育系沁香A的选育

沁香A是岳阳市农科所以岳4B为母本与郴优早1号杂交,F_3代选单株与岳4B回交,后代再与金23A测交并连续回交转育而成的水稻不育系,败育彻底,育性稳定,开花习性好,异交结实率高,易于繁殖制种,米质优良,米粒具爆米花香味,可恢复性好,配合力高,于2008年2月通过湖南省品种审定.     

爆裂玉米爆花品质检测方法研究

针对我国爆裂玉米产业的技术需求和品质检测中存在的问题,对爆裂玉米品质检测内容和测定方法做系统研究。结果表明,玉米粒体积测定,采用规格越小的量筒测定值误差越大,当量筒规格达到1 000 mL以上时测定值趋于稳定;玉米花体积检测,量筒规格越小,误差越大,当锥形量筒规格达到500 mL以上时测定值趋于稳定,直形量筒规格直至达到2 000 mL时仍存在较大差异;容重的测量,玉米相关标准《GB 1353-2018》规定用容重器测定容重,用直形量筒测定爆裂玉米容重与容重器测定结果没有较大差异;用量筒测定,既能保证测定结果的准确性又能对容重器不能测定的小量样品进行测定。引进容重指标后,可通过膨爆倍数与国际通用指标CC/g之间的关系,实现国内外不同技术指标之间的比较。     

The recycling of brewer's processing by-product into ready-to-eat snacks using extrusion technology

Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is the main by-product of the brewing industry. The incorporation of BSG into ready-to-eat expanded products and its effects on the textural and functional properties of extrudates have been studied. Dried and milled BSG at levels of 10–30% was added to the formulation mix made of wheat flour, corn starch and other ingredients. The results obtained from the analysis of the extrudates are discussed in terms of the interaction between the ingredients and effects of processing conditions. The samples were processed in a twin-screw extruder with a combination of parameters including constant feeding rate of 25 kg/h, process temperatures 80–120 °C and screw speeds of 150–350 rpm. Pressure, torque and material temperature during extrusion were recorded. The extrudate properties of nutritional and textural characteristics were measured. Image technique investigations provided useful information on internal structure of the extruded products, total cell area, and their contribution to the appearance and texture. It was found that addition of BSG significantly increased protein content, phytic acid and bulk density, decreased sectional expansion index, individual area and total area of the cells. The higher level of BSG resulted in cells with thicker walls with a rougher surface.     

Hybrid and environment effects on popcorn kernel physiochemical properties and their relationship to microwave popping performance

The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of hybrid and environment on physical and chemical characteristics of popcorn kernels that have shown importance in predicting end-use quality. Three popcorn hybrids grown in three different environments were tested for physiochemical attributes and popping performance. Hybrid had a significant effect on kernel sphericity, time-to-grind, dietary fiber, sugars, and starch. Environment effect alone affected total mineral content. Hybrid and environment main effects influenced test weight, tangential abrasive dehulling device index, thousand-kernel weight, total carbohydrates, and kernel protein content. Oil adherence to the bag averaged 15.8% and was proportional to oil amount added prior to microwave popping. Unpopped kernels averaged 11.4 ± 5.3%. Most unpopped kernels were observed to successfully pop when heated a second time in microwave tests. Expansion volume was 44.7 ± 3.7 and 47.3 ± 6.4 cm³/g, depending on the method of determination. Expansion volume was correlated (p < 0.05) with several kernel physiochemical parameters that were influenced by hybrid effect. Sphericity, thousand-weight, and total fat are physiochemical characteristics that appear to be good predictors (p < 0.05) of expansion volume.     

Estimation and classification of popping expansion capacity in popcorn breeding programs using NIR spectroscopy

One of the most important quality traits in popcorn breeding programs is the popping expansion (PE) capacity of the kernel, which is the ratio of the volume of the popcorn to the weight of the kernel. In this study, we evaluated whether near infrared spectroscopy (NIR spectroscopy) could be used as a tool in popcorn breeding programs to routinely predict and/or discriminate popcorn genotypes on the basis of their PE. Three generations (F₁, F₂, and F_2:3) were developed in three planting seasons by manual cross-pollination and self-pollination. A total of 376 ears from the F_2:3 generation were selected, shelled, and subjected to phenotypic analysis. Genetic variability was observed in the F₂ and F_2:3 generations, and their average PE value was 31.5 ± 6.7 mL g⁻¹. PE prediction models using partial least square (PLS) regression were developed, and the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) was 6.08 mL g⁻¹, while the coefficient of determination (R_C²) was 0.26. The model developed by principal component analysis with quadratic discriminant analysis (PCA-QDA) was the best for discriminating the kernels with low PE (≤30 mL g⁻¹) from those with high PE (>30 mL g⁻¹) with an accuracy of 78%, sensitivity of 81.2%, and specificity of 72.2%. Although NIR spectroscopy appears to be a promising non-destructive method for assessing the PE of intact popcorn kernels for narrow breeding populations, greater variability and larger sample sizes would help improve the robustness of the predictive and classificatory models.     

水分和氮肥对大穗型水稻籽粒灌浆结实的影响与生理分析

大穗型水稻具有较大的库容,增产潜力大。灌浆结实期的水分和氮肥运筹对水稻产量和品质形成起关键作用,研究此阶段水分和氮肥对大穗型水稻生理机制的影响,对于指导大穗型水稻的高产优质栽培具有现实意义。本文综述了有关大穗型水稻籽粒灌浆结实特点、水分和氮肥对大穗型水稻灌浆结实的影响及其生理机制的研究结果,并提出了一些目前大穗型水稻研究中存在的问题以及今后的研究方向。