奶牛常见卵巢疾病性不孕的B型超声波影像学研究

为了研究奶牛常见卵巢疾病性不孕的B型超声波影像规律,试验应用便携式实时B型超声波诊断仪,采用直肠探查法对新疆生产建设兵团农七师和农八师地区部分奶牛场长期不发情或屡配不孕奶牛(共45头)的卵巢形态结构进行探查。通过临床症状、直肠检查结合不孕奶牛异常卵巢的B型超声波声像图,对不孕奶牛行了临床诊断。结果表明:B型超声波作为最直观的手段,可以为奶牛卵巢疾病性不孕的辅助诊断提供有效依据,说明应用实时B型超声波辅助诊断奶牛卵巢疾病性不孕有良好的应用前景。     

牛早期妊娠诊断新技术

<正>1超声波诊断法主要有A型超声波诊断仪、多普勒(Doppler)超声诊断仪(D型仪)和B型超声波诊断仪。用A型超声波诊断仪对奶牛妊娠60天以后才能做出诊断。在20世纪70年代A超技术曾备受青睐,目前已很少应用。D型超声波诊断仪可通过测定     

兽用B超在母猪妊娠诊断中的应用

超声波诊断是20世纪60年代发展起来的检测技术,在畜牧兽医领域的应用目前已经发展到了具有二维图像的B型超声诊断仪（B超）。B型超声是断层扫描的,是一种成熟的高科技诊断技术,能对活体实时影像观察早孕的子宫、胚囊、胚胎发育、测定猪的背膘厚度及眼肌面积,是科研和日常生产中十分有用的检测工具。     

B超在养猪生产中的应用及益处

超声波诊断是20世纪60年代发展起来的检测技术,在畜牧兽医领域的应用,目前已由A型、D型发展到了具有二维图像的B型。B型超声诊断仪即B超,采用的是辉度调制型,以光点的亮暗反映回声信号的强弱。B超能反映机体内部脏器和组织的动态变化、外形与毗邻关系,以及软组织的内部回声、结构、     

B超技术在湖羊早期妊娠诊断的应用

<正>B型超声波诊断法最早应用于人类的医学研究,目前已经成熟应用在人类多数疾病的诊断。在畜牧业,B超技术以其效果直观清晰、操作简单快捷、应激少等优点,也引起了许多动物生产行业的重视,在猪、牛、羊生产中逐渐开始应用,尤其在动物早期妊娠诊断方面。     

兽用B超在母猪妊娠诊断中的应用

<正>超声波诊断是20世纪60年代发展起来的检测技术,在畜牧兽医领域的应用目前已经发展到了具有二维图像的B型超声诊断仪(B超)。B型超声是断层扫描的,是一种成熟的高科技诊断技术,能对活体实时影像观察早孕的子宫、胚囊、胚胎发育、测定猪的背膘厚度及眼肌面积,是科研和日常生产中十分有用的检测工具。1985年有研究将其用于检测母猪妊娠,认为这是一种能够快速和高度准确检测母猪怀孕     

兽用B超仪的应用专题——B超在养猪生产中的应用

超声波诊断是60年代发展起来的一种检测技术，在畜牧兽医领域的应用，目前已由A型，D型发展到了具有二维图像的B型。B型超声诊断仪即B超，采用的是辉度调制型，以光点的亮暗反映回声信号的强弱。B超能反映机体内部脏器和组织的动态变化、外形与毗邻关系，以及软组织的内部回声、结构、血管与其它管道的分布情况，因此B超又称为实时超声断层显像诊断仪。现简单介绍B超在养猪生产中的应用。     

B超在犬妊娠实时监测中的应用

犬妊娠的B型超声诊断,是现代超声诊断技术在犬繁殖上应用比较广泛,效果较好的方法之一。B型超声诊断仪通过探头发出和接受超声波,将超声回声信号以光点明暗显示出来,回声信号强,光点就亮;回声信号弱,光点就暗,由点到面构成一幅被扫描部位组织或脏器的     

A型超声波对马骡肺脏及胸膜疾病的诊断研究

应用A型超声波诊断马骡肺脏及胸膜疾病,目前尚无专题报道。我们在1973年掌握对肺脏的探测技术和确定肺界的基础上,近两年又对24例马骡肺脏和胸膜疾病进行了超声波诊断研究,取得了比较满意的结果,兹介绍如下。     

B超在奶牛繁育中的应用

B超是超声波影像诊断技术之一,是利用超声波的物理学特性和动物体组织结构的声学特点而建立的一种物理学检查方法,能够准确地探测机体不同组织器官。这项技术在家畜繁殖学中的应用始于20世纪80年代,其最大优点在于它的非损伤性。即可在未损伤动物繁殖性能的情况下重复检查动物生殖道。这使其在奶牛繁殖领域中成为一种出色的临床诊断和研究手段,并已经为许多利用其他方式无法解决的有关牛生殖周期及其失调的问题提供了答案。还可将超声波用于妊娠诊断、观测卵巢及子宫变化、胎儿及胎膜发育、胎儿性别及胚胎早期死亡等。展示了超声波技术在动…     

Research applications of ultrasonic imaging in reproductive biology.

In the short time that transrectal ultrasonic imaging of the reproductive tract has been used as a research tool, many discoveries have resulted, some of which would otherwise have escaped detection for many years. Ultrasonography provides a wide array of morphologic information without invading or disturbing the tissues. Examinations can be done repeatedly over many days, or a dynamic event (e.g., ovulation) can be monitored in its entirety by continuous observation (e.g., 30 min). Inclusion of ultrasonic examinations in experimental protocols affords the opportunity to associate changing morphology with hormonal and other functional changes. If experimental testing is expected to involve changing morphology, ultrasonic imaging should be considered. End points can be measured or ranked and therefore data can be statistically analyzed for conventional hypothesis testing. The research potential of this technology and its adaptability for computer-assisted assessment go far beyond simplistic determination of ovulation, luteal formation, and pregnancy diagnosis. It is the authors' opinion that ultrasonic imaging is a revolutionary advance in reproductive research that is destined to rival the impact of other technologic breakthroughs, including radioimmunoassay.     

羊B超诊断技术研究概述

对B超在母羊早期妊娠诊断、母羊怀胎数判定和活体眼肌面积测定中的应用研究进行了综述。配种后30~45 d是通过直肠探头诊断母羊妊娠的最佳时期,25~40 d左右探查孕囊暗区的个数确定怀孕的胎数,是准确、快速的诊断方法。B超活体测定的羊眼肌面积与胴体瘦肉率为正相关,可通过B超测定眼肌面积估测胴体瘦肉率。     

PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASOUND APPLICATION IN ANIMALS*†

Diagnostic ultrasound, a non-invasive mode for imaging soft tissues, requires for its use an understanding of sound and sound-tissue interaction physics. Ultrasound frequencies from 1.0 to 10.0 MHz are created by electrical stimulation of piezoelectric crystals. These crystals are housed within transducers, which, when applied to the body surface with a coupling agent will produce sound waves, referred to as the sound beam, which are propagated through the soft tissues of the body. When the sound beam encounters tissue interfaces of differing acoustic impedance, a portion of the sound beam is reflected back to the transducer which also acts as a receiver. Echoes returning from soft tissue acoustic interfaces are converted to electrical impulses and displayed on an oscilloscope screen as a cross section of the tissue. Lower frequency sound beams penetrate further into soft tissue, but have poorer resolving capabilities, than higher frequency sound beams. A, B, and M-modes are the three basic forms of ultrasound used in soft tissue imaging. A-mode ultrasonic imaging is a one-dimensional display of echo amplitudes versus distance. B-mode ultrasonic imaging produces an accurate two-dimensional cross sectional image of soft tissues. M-mode ultrasonic imaging is an adaptation of B-mode to evaluate moving structures of the heart. Fluid-filled cystic structures have characteristic clear (anechoic) central areas with acoustic enhancement of the back wall of the cyst and deeper structures. Solid masses have echoes in their central portion with resultant poor accentuation of deeper structures. Application of ultrasound to animals requires hair removal since trapped air is a barrier to transmission of the sound beam. Gas-filled bowel and bone are effective barriers to ultrasonic imaging because of their large acoustic impedance differences compared to soft tissues. The position of the focal point of a focused transducer relative to tissue interfaces is important to accurately depict tissue character. For example, the focal point of the transducer should be superficial to the back wall when scanning cystic structures. When solid lesions, such as liver metastases, are scanned a focal point that lies deep to the lesion should be selected in order to accentuate sound beam attenuation. Time-gain compensation (TGC) settings are important to produce a balanced scan with equal echo production within like tissues throughout the depth of ultrasound tissue penetration. Initial TGC settings can be made from knowledge of the focal point of the particular transducer, but may have to be adjusted during scanning to produce a balanced image. Ultrasound is an attractive imaging modality in animals since it is noninvasive and presents no known hazard to the operator or patient.     

Application of ultrasound for genetic improvement.

Genetic improvement programs for livestock would be enhanced by the ability to accurately and easily measure body composition of live animals or to make measurements at anatomical reference points that can be used to accurately predict body composition. Advances in ultrasonic technology, such as real-time imagery and portable ultrasound units, have renewed interest among animal scientists working with genetic improvement programs and the livestock industry groups they serve. Ultrasound has been used for more than 30 yr and, for swine, has been demonstrated to improve significantly the accuracy of predicting body composition. However, many studies have shown less success in improving prediction of body composition from the use of ultrasonics to measure live beef cattle and sheep. The swine industry probably will be the first to benefit measurably from use of ultrasound technology in large-scale genetic improvement programs for carcass merit. Considerable research and development is needed before ultrasound technology can be effectively used in similar large-scale programs in the beef cattle and sheep industries.     

Technological,environmental and biological factors:referent variance values for infrared imaging of the bovine

Background:Despite its variety of potential applications,the wide implementation of infrared technology in cattle production faces technical,environmental and biological challenges similar to other indicators of metabolic state.Nine trials,divided into three classes(technological,environmental and biological factors) were conducted to illustrate the influence of these factors on body surface temperature assessed through infrared imaging.Results:Evaluation of technological factors indicated the following:measurements of body temperatures were strongly repeatable when taken within 10 s;appropriateness of differing infrared camera technologies was influenced by distance to the target;and results were consistent when analysis of thermographs was compared between judges.Evaluation of environmental factors illustrated that wind and debris caused decreases in body surface temperatures without affecting metabolic rate;additionally,body surface temperature increased due to sunlight but returned to baseline values within minutes of shade exposure.Examination/investigation/exploration of animal factors demonstrated that exercise caused an increase in body surface temperature and metabolic rate.Administration of sedative and anti-sedative caused changes on body surface temperature and metabolic rate,and during late pregnancy a foetal thermal imprint was visible through abdominal infrared imaging.Conclusion:The above factors should be considered in order to standardize operational procedures for taking thermographs,thereby optimizing the use of such technology in cattle operations.     

Technological,environmental and biological factors: referent variance values for infrared imaging of the bovine

Background

Despite its variety of potential applications, the wide implementation of infrared technology in cattle production faces technical, environmental and biological challenges similar to other indicators of metabolic state. Nine trials, divided into three classes (technological, environmental and biological factors) were conducted to illustrate the influence of these factors on body surface temperature assessed through infrared imaging.

Results

Evaluation of technological factors indicated the following: measurements of body temperatures were strongly repeatable when taken within 10 s; appropriateness of differing infrared camera technologies was influenced by distance to the target; and results were consistent when analysis of thermographs was compared between judges. Evaluation of environmental factors illustrated that wind and debris caused decreases in body surface temperatures without affecting metabolic rate; additionally, body surface temperature increased due to sunlight but returned to baseline values within minutes of shade exposure. Examination/investigation/exploration of animal factors demonstrated that exercise caused an increase in body surface temperature and metabolic rate. Administration of sedative and anti-sedative caused changes on body surface temperature and metabolic rate, and during late pregnancy a foetal thermal imprint was visible through abdominal infrared imaging.

Conclusion

The above factors should be considered in order to standardize operational procedures for taking thermographs, thereby optimizing the use of such technology in cattle operations.     

实验猕猴全身CT影像学观察

目的：应用CT技术对成年实验猕猴全身进行断层扫描,探讨CT技术对猕猴疾病的临床诊断意义,建立正常成年猴CT影像图谱,为CT技术在猕猴解剖学的研究、疾病的诊断及科学实验方面的应用,提供影像学的基础资料。方法：（1）选择实验猕猴10只,雌雄各半,年龄6～10岁,进行全身CT断层扫描。（2）试验猴全身麻醉后,置于CT诊断床上,取头前尾后仰卧位,采用平扫及增强扫描技术,进行容积数据采集,获取正常猕猴全身CT影像图片。（3）利用CT图像后处理技术对扫描获得的容积数据进行2D或3D图像重组处理。结果：（1）获得实验猕猴活体结构CT连续断层图像数据集。（2）从扫描和重建图像中精选具有解剖意义的图像,编辑建立实验猕猴CT影像图谱。文中展示4幅代表性扫描图片和5幅三维重建图像。（3）从比较解剖学的角度,阐述猕猴结构特点及与人类的区别。结论：（1）CT影像能够较好显示及分辨猕猴的组织器官结构,骨骼、大血管界面清晰;但软组织、神经、肌肉组织等显示不够清晰。（2）试验获得了正常成年猕猴全身的影像学基础资料,为CT技术在猕猴影像学研究、解剖学研究、疾病的临床诊断及科学实验方面的应用,提供了参考。（3）在猕猴CT影像学方面做了初步摸索,对猕猴进行CT扫描的技术参数选择及猕猴各器官组织定量统计数据的建立等有待进一步总结和完善。     

应用B超技术提高规模奶牛场繁殖性能的研究

本研究针对上海光明荷斯坦牧业有限公司三个千头规模牧场进行B超技术实际生产应用,对三个牧场不同年度有无使用B超技术的牧场分别进行配种后30d早孕诊断,提前检出空怀牛及时处理并再次参加配种使之怀孕,减少空怀饲养成本。通过B超技术应用并收集配种率、受胎率和繁殖率等数据资料进行检验分析和对比,在生产实践中取得了良好的效果。B超应用于三个牧场可促进成母牛实际配种率的提高,一、二、三场分别提高了21个百分点（P〈0.01）、21个百分点（P〈0.01）、19个百分点（P〈0.05）;促进成母牛月平均情期受胎率的提高,一、二、三场分别提高了3个百分点（P〉0.05）、6个百分点（P〈0.05）、3个百分点（P〉0.05）;促进成母牛年总繁殖率的提高,一、二、三场分别提高了5.1个百分点、7.6个百分点、7.1个百分点。B超应用于青年牛的早孕诊断与繁殖管理,效果不明显（P〉0.05）。在分析研究中,在南方夏季高温减少配种的条件下,应用B超使6～11月平均配种率提高了3.1个百分点,并由配种后30d使用B超早孕诊断与60d复检对比差异可知,60d直检空胎率相比较降低了25.65个百分点,30～60d之间的胚胎损失率为4.92%,这也反映该公司牧场牛群质量和饲养管理等整体状况良好。     

B-MODE GRAY-SCALE ULTRASOUND: IMAGING ARTIFACTS AND INTERPRETATION PRINCIPLES

The production and identification of gray-scale ultrasonic imaging artifacts and some basic principles of ultrasonic interpretation are reviewed, discussed, and demonstrated with canine ultrasonograms. Imaging artifacts produced by ultrasound matter interactions include:reverberations, shadowing, through transmission and refractive and reflective zones. Technical imaging artifacts discussed include: off-normal incidence defects, echo displacement, and improper time gain compensation settings. Interpretation principles to distinguish mass lesions, cystic structures, and calculi within abdominal parenchymal organs are presented.     

超声波辅助提取披针叶黄华碱的工艺优选研究

采用超声波辅助甲醇浸提法对披针叶黄华碱进行提取,并设计正交试验对提取工艺进行优化,筛选披针叶黄华碱的最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明,优选工艺为甲醇浓度70%、固液比（g/m L）1∶20、超声时间60 min、超声功率500 W和超声温度60℃,最高提取率达1.195%。超声波辅助甲醇浸提法是提取披针叶黄华碱的有效方法,提取工艺科学合理,可以作为披针叶黄华碱的最佳提取方法。