《林业研究》（英文）2004年第15卷第3期中文摘要

本文利用体内法测定了喜树幼苗不同器官以及不同叶位叶片的硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)，同时观察了喜树幼苗不同叶位叶片的NRA的H变化规律，并考查了NRA与叶面积及比叶重的相关性。结果表明，与根、茎及茎尖中的NRA相比，叶片中的NRA最高。不同叶位叶片的NRA有明显的筹异，在所测定的10个不同叶位的叶片中，上数第4～6片叶片的     

不同光环境下喜树与四川大头茶幼苗的表型可塑性

研究不同光环境对常绿阔叶林中喜树和四川大头茶幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:1)落叶阔叶树种喜树幼苗通过提高自遮荫程度、增大叶悬挂角、增加根生物量比和减小比叶面积适应旷地环境,在旷地中具有最大的相对生长速率,而常绿阔叶树种四川大头茶幼苗没有表现出对旷地光环境的良好适应;2)四川大头茶幼苗在林窗中通过增加叶片数、提高单叶面积、比叶面积和叶生物量比接受更多光能,相对于旷地和林下具有较快的高度生长,喜树幼苗比四川大头茶幼苗在林窗中具有更大的单叶面积、叶柄长度、总叶面积和总叶面积增长率;3)在3-8月,喜树在林窗中的株高增加约35.3 cm,约为四川大头茶(约6.6 cm)的5.3倍,喜树在林窗中具有明显的光资源竞争优势,表现出比常绿阔叶树种四川大头茶更高的相对生长速率,这就是喜树存在于常绿阔叶林的一个重要原因;4)郁闭林下的光资源有限,2个树种幼苗都不能在林下良好生长;5)喜树幼苗叶性状在不同光环境的可塑性指数远大于四川大头茶,这是喜树能够在常绿阔叶林中存在的另一重要原因.     

叶面肥对油茶优良无性系幼苗生长的影响

通过对盆栽油茶幼苗喷施几种叶面肥试验,分析了其对1年生油茶幼苗苗高、地径、比叶重、叶绿素含量及叶绿素a/b的影响.结果表明:不同叶面肥对油茶幼苗生长的影响各不相同.1.5%尿素能显著提高幼苗的苗高;0.1%磷酸二氢钾+0.2%硼肥能显著促进地径增长;0.15%红A硼能显著提高油茶叶片的叶绿素含量与比叶重;不同配方叶面肥均能显著提高油茶叶片比叶重.叶面肥的合理选择及施用能促进油茶幼苗的生长,在油茶优质苗木生产中具有广阔的市场前景.     

丛枝菌根对喜树幼苗的生长效应

2005年2月精选喜树种子培养无菌根幼苗,生长90天以后分别接种3种丛枝菌根真菌,即蜜色无梗囊霉(Acaulospora mellea)、透光球囊霉(Glomus diaphanum)和弯丝硬囊霉(Sclerocystis sinuosa),探讨了菌根真菌对喜树幼苗株高、生物量以及氮、磷吸收的影响。结果表明,丛枝菌根的形成显著促进了菌根幼苗的高生长和生物量的积累,对喜树幼苗氮素营养的吸收影响不大,但却有利于喜树幼苗对磷素营养的吸收。从植株高度和生物量来看,菌根幼苗优于无菌根幼苗,蜜色无梗囊霉菌根幼苗尤为突出,分别达到无菌根幼苗(CK)的1.2和1.6倍,差异显著。丛枝菌根的形成对喜树幼苗氮素营养的吸收影响不大。从全株的氮含量来看,菌根幼苗与无菌根幼苗相近,只有在根、茎和叶片中Am菌根幼苗的氮含量才有明显变化,而透光球囊霉和弯丝硬囊霉菌根幼苗与无菌根幼苗之间则没有显著差异。丛枝菌根的形成总体上促进了喜树幼苗对磷素营养的吸收,并且主要体现在根的磷含量上。与无菌根幼苗比,所有菌根幼苗根的氮、磷分配比例增加,而茎和叶片的氮、磷分配比例减少。图2表2参13。     

不同施磷水平对喜树幼苗生长及喜树碱积累的影响

采用盆栽施肥的方法,研究了不同施磷水平(对照0 kg P·hm-2、低磷42 kg P·hm-2、中磷84 kg P·hm-2、高磷168 kg P·hm-2)对喜树当年实生幼苗生长及次生代谢物喜树碱积累的影响。结果表明:随着施磷水平的增加,喜树幼苗的苗高及叶、茎、根的干物质量均增加,且各施磷水平幼苗叶、茎、根的干物质量差异显著(p<0.05)。在不同磷素水平下,幼苗叶、根、茎中的喜树碱含量均在低磷水平时出现最大值,并且低磷水平与对照间喜树碱含量差异显著(p<0.05)。随着磷用量的增加,喜树全株及叶、茎的喜树碱总量持续增加,但喜树全株和叶在高磷与中磷水平间差异不显著。根中喜树碱总量在不同磷素水平差异显著,在中磷水平最高。由结果可知:磷可以促进喜树幼苗中喜树碱的合成,适当的低磷胁迫可以增加喜树幼苗中喜树碱含量。培育喜树碱原料林时,适宜的施磷水平应为中磷水平,幼苗喜树碱总量主要取决于喜树生物量的积累。     

杨树叶面积和光合速率差异研究

通过对4种杨树树体不同功能叶片(不同部位、不同方位、不同叶位)叶面积和光合速率差异进行的研究,结果表明:杨树不同方向叶片,光合速率差异表现为南>东>西>北,叶片面积及规律相同。同一枝条上不同部位叶片的光合速率的最大值均出现在中间部位。同一枝上叶面积均呈现波浪形变化。4种杨树在同一时间内测定的不同叶位叶片叶面积呈现出倒一叶<倒二叶<倒三叶的规律。     

秸秆醋液对油茶幼苗生长的影响

通过油茶幼苗的盆栽实验,研究了喷施不同浓度的秸秆醋液对1年生油茶幼苗的苗高、地径、比叶重以及叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明：施用秸秆酢液后,对油茶地径、比叶重、叶绿素含量有明显的促进作用,其中以秸秆醋液稀释300倍处理效果最好。总体说,适宜浓度的秸秆醋液能促进油茶幼苗的生长,在油茶优质苗木生产中具有广阔的应用前景。     

农林秸秆醋液对烤烟生长的影响

研究喷施不同浓度的农林秸秆醋液对烤烟生长的影响。结果表明：施用农林秸秆醋液后,对烟草茎粗、比叶重、叶面积有明显的促进作用,其中以农林秸秆醋液稀释300倍处理效果最好。总体说,适宜浓度的农林秸秆醋液能促进烟草的生长,在烟草生产中具有广阔的应用前景。     

南北样带温带区栎属树种幼苗功能性状的变异研究

植物功能性状由生境条件和遗传因素共同决定,田间控制实验能够揭示植物功能性状在种内和种间的变异程度.采集南北样带温带区8个地点6种栎属树种的种子,通过田间栽培试验,以均一环境下1年生幼苗为对象,研究比较种内及种间比叶重、单位叶面积光合速率、单位叶重量光合速率、总干物质含量和根冠比5种功能性状的变化差异,并且分析幼苗功能性状与种子性状的关系.结果发现:栎属树种种间幼苗的功能性状变异系数高于种内,并且种内功能性状的差异较小,种间差异性较大,而比叶重和叶片光合速率无论在种间还是种内,其变异率都较小;总干物质量和根冠比与种子质量显著相关,随种子质量增加幼苗的总干物质量和根冠比呈现增加的趋势,比叶重和叶片光合速率与种子质量的相关性较小.     

3种楸树1年生苗木叶片光合速率和光合功能的垂直梯度变化

对楸树、灰楸、滇楸3个树种1年生嫁接苗的净光合速率、叶面积和比叶重的垂直变化进行了测定,以探讨光合速率与苗木生长的关系。结果表明,楸树、灰楸、滇楸的净光合速率、叶面积和比叶重的垂直变化趋势基本相似,但树种之间的波动幅度上存在着差异,灰楸的总体光合速率较低,滇楸前期叶面积增加速度明显大于楸树和灰楸,而后期下降趋势明显低于楸树和灰楸,且下部叶片能维持较高的光合速率,最末叶序的比叶重都比刚展叶时的比叶重高。苗高生长量与除比叶重外的4个指标呈极显著正相关,光合指标与5个指标都呈极显著正相关。     

Nitrate reductase activity and its diurnal variation rhythm for Camptotheca acuminata seedlings

Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in different plant organs and leaves in different positions of Camptotheca acuminata seedlings was determined by an In vivo assay, the diurnal variation rhythm of NRA in leaves of different positions was observed,and the correlations between leaf NRA, leaf area and lamina mass per unit area (LMA) were also examined. The results showed that NRA in the leaf was significantly highest, compared with that in other organs such as roots, stems and leaves. In this experiment, the 10 leaves were selected from the apex to the base of the seedlings in order. The different NRA occurred obviously in leaves of different positions of C. acuminata seedlings from the apex to the base, and NRA was higher in the 4th-6th leaves.The diurnal change rhythm of leaf NRA showed a one peak curve, and maximum NRA value appeared at about midday (at 12:30 or so). No obvious correlations between NRA and leaf area or lamina mass per unit area were observed. This study offered scientific foundation for the further research on nitrogen metabolism of C. acuminata.     

Ontogenetic transition of leaf physiology and anatomy from seedlings to mature trees of a rain forest pioneer tree, Macaranga gigantea

In a field study, we compared anatomy and diurnal gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in sunlit mature leaves of Macaranga gigantea (Reichb. f. and Zoll.) Muell. seedlings, saplings, an adult tree and suckers originating from stumps. We tested the hypothesis that the pattern of resource use shifts across various life stages with ontogenetic changes in leaf anatomy and physiology. Among leaves of different developmental stages, seedling leaves were the smallest and thinnest, whereas adult tree leaves were the largest and thickest, and the air space within the lamina was largest in seedling leaves and smallest in adult tree leaves. Photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE) was higher in seedling and sapling leaves than in adult tree leaves. Mean PNUE in seedling leaves was 1.6 times that in adult tree leaves. Nevertheless, among the developmental stages, net photosynthetic rate (Pn) per unit leaf area was lowest in seedling leaves because they have the lowest nitrogen (N) content per unit leaf area. In situ water vapor stomatal conductance (g(s) at a given leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit was highest in sapling leaves, suggesting that they have a high hydraulic efficiency per unit leaf area. Among developmental stages, intrinsic water-use efficiency (Pn/g(s)) and photochemical capacity of photosystem II were lowest in seedling leaves. Sapling leaves had the highest N concentration and Pn per unit dry mass and the highest g(s), indicating that the gradual transition from the seedling stage to the sapling stage is accompanied by an accumulation of N in plant bodies and the development of hydraulic systems to counteract unfavorable environmental stresses. The properties of adult tree leaves (low PNUE, high carbon:N ratio, small and dense cells and thick lamina) indicate that, during the transition from the sapling stage to the adult tree stage, the priority of resource use in leaves gradually shifts from enhancement of photosynthetic performance to defense against herbivory and mechanical damage. Leaf morphology and physiology were coordinated with the differences in resource use at each life stage.     

Influence of photosynthetic photon flux density on growth and transpiration in seedlings of Fagus sylvatica

Beech seedlings (Fagus sylvatica L.) were grown in various combinations of three photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD, 0.7, 7.3 or 14.5 mol m(-2) day(-1)) for two years in a controlled environmental chamber. Dry mass of leaves, stem and roots, leaf area and number of leaves, and unit leaf rate were affected by both previous-year and current-year PPFD. Number of shoots and length of the main shoot were affected by previous-year PPFD but not by current-year PPFD. Number of leaves per shoot did not change with PPFD, whereas leaf dry mass/leaf area ratio was mainly affected by current-year PPFD. During the first 10 days that newly emerged seedlings were grown at a PPFD of 0.7 or 14.5 mol m(-2) day(-1), transpiration rate per unit leaf area declined. Thereafter, transpiration increased to a constant new rate. Transpiration rate per seedling was closely related to leaf area but the relationship changed with time. In two-year-old seedlings grown at various PPFD combinations of 0.7, 7.3 and 14.5 mol m(-2) day(-1) during Years 1 and 2, leaf area and transpiration rate per seedling were closely correlated at Weeks 7 and 11 after bud burst. Weak correlations were found between root dry mass and transpiration rate per seedling. During Year 2, transpiration rate per leaf area was higher at a particular PPFD in seedlings grown at a previous-year PPFD of 0.7 mol m(-2) day(-1) than in seedlings grown at a previous-year PPFD of 14.5 mol m(-2) day(-1). After transfer of two-year-old seedlings at the end of the experiment to a new PPFD (7.3 or 14.5 mol m(-2) day(-1)) for one day, transpiration rates per leaf area, measured at the new PPFD, were correlated with leaf area and root dry mass, irrespective of former PPFD treatment.     

喜树种源苗期性状遗传变异研究

在浙江湖州对来自广东、云南、福建等10个省的10个喜树种源进行种源试验,对1年生喜树苗期性状分析研究,结果表明：喜树种群内存在丰富的遗传变异,10个参试种源在苗高、地径、各器官生物量及叶片喜树碱含量、单株叶片喜树碱含量等指标上都存在显著或极显著的差异,其广义遗传力为0．527～0．989,这些差异主要受遗传因素制约;利用单株叶片喜树碱产量性状对药材喜树种源进行选择,初步筛选出江西南昌种源作为叶用优良种源,其单株叶片喜树碱产量超过对照浙江临安种源119．39％,单位面积喜树碱产量的遗传增益可望达到105．42％,能取得较理想的结果。     

Acclimation of tropical tree species to hurricane disturbance: ontogenetic differences

We investigated acclimation responses of seedlings and saplings of the pioneer species Cecropia schreberiana Miq. and three non-pioneer species, Dacryodes excelsa Vahl, Prestoea acuminata (Willdenow) H.E. Moore var. montana (Graham) Henderson and Galeano, and Sloanea berteriana Choisy ex DC, following a hurricane disturbance in a lower montane wet forest in Puerto Rico. Measurements were made, shortly after passage of the hurricane, on leaves expanded before the hurricane (pre-hurricane leaves) and, at a later time, on recently matured leaves that developed after the hurricane (post-hurricane leaves) from both seedlings and saplings at sites that were severely damaged by the hurricane (disturbed sites) and at sites with little disturbance (undisturbed sites). Pre-hurricane leaves of the non-pioneer species had relatively low light-saturated photosynthetic rates (A(max)) and stomatal conductance (g(s)); neither A(max) nor g(s) responded greatly to the increase in irradiance that resulted from the disturbance, and there were few significant differences between seedlings and saplings. Pre-hurricane leaves of plants at undisturbed sites had low dark respiration rates per unit area (R(d)) and light compensation points (LCP), whereas pre-hurricane leaves of plants at disturbed sites had significantly higher R(d) and LCP. Post-hurricane leaves of plants at disturbed sites had significantly higher A(max) and R(d) than plants at undisturbed sites. Compared with seedlings, saplings had higher A(max) and R(d) and showed greater acclimation to the increase in irradiance that followed the disturbance. Post-hurricane leaves of the non-pioneer species had significantly lower A(max) and were less responsive to changes in irradiance than the pioneer species C. schreberiana. Variation in A(max) across light environments and stages was strongly related to differences in leaf mass per unit area (LMA), especially in the non-pioneer species. As indicated by V(cmax) or J(max) per unit nitrogen, light acclimation of A(max) was determined by leaf morphology (LMA) for the non-pioneer species and by both leaf morphology and leaf biochemistry for C. schreberiana. Ontogenetic changes in A(max) were attributable to changes in leaf morphology. The ontogenetic component of variation in A(max) across light environments and stages differed among species, ranging from 36 to 59% for the non-pioneer species (D. excelsa, 59.3%; P. acuminata var. montana, 44.7%; and S. berteriana, 36.3%) compared with only 17% in the pioneer species C. schreberiana.     

Photosynthetic light response of flooded cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda) seedlings grown in two light regimes

Two-year-old cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) seedlings raised in full or partial (27%) sunlight were flooded for 30 days to study the effects of light availability and root inundation on photosynthetic light response. Compared with seedlings receiving full sunlight, seedlings receiving partial sunlight developed leaves with 90% greater blade area, 26% less mass per unit volume, and 35% lower nitrogen (N) concentration per unit area, leading to a 15% reduction in leaf photosynthetic capacity when carbon exchange rates were based on blade area. However, when carbon exchange rates were based on leaf mass, leaves acclimated to partial sunlight exhibited a 15% greater photosynthetic capacity realized primarily through an increased initial slope of the photosynthetic light response (A/PPFD) curve and increased net photosynthesis at leaf saturation (Amax). Short-term flooding increased leaf mass per unit area more than 19%, reduced foliar N concentrations per unit dry mass by 19%, and initiated reductions in Amax and apparent quantum yield (phi) of seedlings in both light regimes. Greatest impairment of Amax (56% area basis, 65% mass basis) and phi (40%) were observed in leaves receiving full sunlight, and the declines were concomitant with a 35% decrease in chlorophyll concentration. Flooding also depressed instantaneous photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PPNUE) such that Amax decreased 54%, and the initial slope of PPNUE/PPFD curves decreased 33 and 50% for leaves acclimated to partial and full sunlight, respectively. The A/PPFD patterns indicated that the magnitude of flood-induced inhibition of the photosynthetic mechanism of cherrybark oak seedlings is determined partly by the light environment.     

Leaf physiological versus morphological acclimation to high-light exposure at different stages of foliar development in oak

We investigated light acclimation in seedlings of the temperate oak Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and the co-occurring sub-Mediterranean oak Quercus pyrenaica Willd. Seedlings were raised in a greenhouse for 1 year in either 70 (HL) or 5.3% (LL) of ambient irradiance of full sunlight, and, in the following year, subsets of the LL-grown seedlings were transferred to HL either before leaf flushing (LL-HLBF plants) or after full leaf expansion (LL-HLAF plants). Gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, nitrogen fractions in photosynthetic components and leaf anatomy were examined in leaves of all seedlings 5 months after plants were moved from LL to HL. Differences between species in the acclimation of LL-grown plants to HL were minor. For LL-grown plants in HL, area-based photosynthetic capacity, maximum rate of carboxylation, maximum rate of electron transport and the effective photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II were comparable to those for plants grown solely in HL. A rapid change in nitrogen distribution among photosynthetic components was observed in LL-HLAF plants, which had the highest photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency. Increases in mesophyll thickness and dry mass per unit area governed leaf acclimation in LL-HLBF plants, which tended to have less nitrogen in photosynthetic components and a lower assimilation potential per unit of leaf mass or nitrogen than LL-HLAF plants. The data indicate that the phenological state of seedlings modified the acclimatory response of leaf attributes to increased irradiance. Morphological adaptation of leaves of LL-HLBF plants enhanced photosynthetic capacity per unit leaf area, but not per unit leaf dry mass, whereas substantial redistribution of nitrogen among photosynthetic components in leaves of LL-HLAF plants enhanced both mass- and area-based photosynthetic capacity.     

Ontogenetic changes in stomatal and biochemical limitations to photosynthesis of two co-occurring Mediterranean oaks differing in leaf life span

A quantitative analysis was applied to the stomatal and biochemical limitations to light-saturated net photosynthesis under optimal field conditions in mature trees and seedlings of the co-occurring evergreen oak, Quercus ilex L., and the deciduous oak, Q. faginea Lam. Stomatal limitation to photosynthesis, maximal Rubisco activity and electron transport rate were determined from assimilation versus intercellular leaf carbon dioxide concentration response curves of leaves that were subsequently analyzed for nitrogen (N) concentration, mass per unit area, thickness and percent internal air space. In both species, seedlings had a lower leaf mass per unit area, thickness and leaf N concentration than mature trees. The root system of seedlings during their third year after planting was dominated by a taproot. A lower leaf N concentration of seedlings was associated with lower maximal Rubisco activity and electron transport rate and with assimilation rates similar to or lower than those of mature trees, despite the higher stomatal conductances and potential photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiencies of seedlings. Consequently, stomatal limitation to photosynthesis increased with tree age in both species. In both seedlings and mature trees, a lower assimilation rate in Q. ilex than in Q. faginea was associated with lower stomatal conductance, N allocation to photosynthetic functions, maximal Rubisco activity and electron transport rate, and potential photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency but greater leaf thickness and leaf mass per unit area. Tree-age-related changes differed quantitatively between species, and the characteristics of the two species were more similar in seedlings than in mature trees. Despite higher stomatal conductances, seedlings are more N limited than adult trees, which contributes to lower biochemical efficiency.     

Three-dimensional lamina architecture alters light-harvesting efficiency in Fagus: a leaf-scale analysis

Modification of foliage exposition and morphology by seasonal average integrated quantum flux density (Qint) was investigated in the canopies of the shade-tolerant late-successional deciduous tree species Fagus orientalis Lipsky and Fagus sylvatica L. Because the leaves were not entirely flat anywhere in the canopy, the leaf lamina was considered to be three-dimensional and characterized by the cross-sectional angle between the leaf halves (theta). Both branch and lamina inclination angles with respect to the horizontal scaled positively with irradiance in the canopy, allowing light to penetrate to deeper canopy horizons. Lamina cross-sectional angle varied from 170 degrees in the most shaded leaves to 90-100 degrees in leaves in the top of the canopy. Thus, the degree of leaf rolling increased with increasing Qint, further reducing the light-interception efficiency of the upper-canopy leaves. Simulations of the dependence of foliage light-interception efficiency on theta demonstrated that decreases in theta primarily reduce the interception efficiency of direct irradiance, but that diffuse irradiance was equally efficiently intercepted over the entire range of theta values in our study. Despite strong alteration in foliage light-harvesting capacity within the canopy and greater transmittance of the upper crown compared with the lower canopy, mean incident irradiances varied more than 20-fold within the canopy, indicating inherent limitations in light partitioning within the canopy. This extensive canopy light gradient was paralleled by plastic changes in foliar structure and chemistry. Leaf dry mass per unit area varied 3-4-fold between the canopy top and bottom, providing an important means of scaling foliage nitrogen contents and photosynthetic capacity per unit area with Qint. Although leaf structure versus light relationships were qualitatively similar in all cases, there were important tree-to-tree and species-to-species variations, as well as evidence of differences in investments in structural compounds within the leaf lamina, possibly in response to contrasting leaf water availability in different trees.     

Leaf optical properties in Venezuelan cloud forest trees

Leaf optical properties and related leaf characteristics were compared for thirteen cloud forest tree species differing in successional status. Sun leaves were sampled for the eight pioneer species and sun and shade leaves were sampled for the five climax species. Sun leaves had a slightly higher absorptance than shade leaves, although differences were small. Sun leaves had a higher leaf mass per unit area (LMA) and a lower chlorophyll concentration per unit leaf mass, resulting in similar chlorophyll concentrations per unit leaf area and hence similar light harvesting capacities as shade leaves. However, shade leaves realized a higher efficiency of absorptance per unit leaf biomass than sun leaves. There were few differences in leaf characteristics of sun leaves between the climax and pioneer species. Absorptance values of cloud forest species were comparable with values reported for rain forest and more seasonal forest species. Intraspecific variation in leaf absorptance was largely the result of variation in LMA, whereas interspecific variation in leaf absorptance was largely a result of variation in chlorophyll concentration per unit leaf area.