西双版纳国家级自然保护区亚洲象监测及食源地建设现状与建议

通过查阅大量资料、走访专家、实地勘察等多种形式,在了解西双版纳亚洲象分布情况和栖息地建设情况的基础上,深入分析研究保护区亚洲象监测和食物源基地建设的现状和存在的问题,并从政策、经费和技术等方面对亚洲象在监测及食源地建设相关工作中出现的困难和问题提出建议,为缓解人象矛盾和优化保护区管理工作提供参考依据。     

亚洲象食物源基地建设对缓解人象冲突的作用

西双版纳勐养自然保护区是我国野生亚洲象的主要栖息地之一,区内分布着120头左右的亚洲象。近年来由于亚洲象种群数量的增加和林内野象的食物相对减少,野生亚洲象损坏农作物、伤害人、畜的事件频繁发生。为缓解人象冲突矛盾,于2005年开展了野生亚洲象栖息地建设工作,目前已先后89次把亚洲象吸引到这一区域活动。经亚洲象在食物源基地内的活动及取食情况分析,其在食物源基地的活动与人类的农事活动具有很大的相似性。提出适当增加食物源基地的面积和数量,逐渐改变食物源基地的种植结构等建议。     

勐腊自然保护区亚洲象活动的时空规律及保护建议

采取野外监测和跟踪调查、资料查阅、村寨访谈、数据分析等方法,分析亚洲象在勐腊保护区的活动区域变化,季节、日的活动规律。结果发现,与2010年相比,亚洲象的活动范围已扩大到勐腊保护区60%的区域以及保护区以外的东北部区域,这些区域主要在人类活动频繁的村落周围;在活动时间上,一年中活动最频繁的时间为4—8月,一天中活动最频繁的时间为下午到夜晚(17—21点),表明亚洲象的活动区域、活动范围与食源密切相关。对亚洲象保护的管理规范、群众保护意识有所增强等有利因素和食源减少、食性改变、栖息地减少等不利因素进行分析;提出引导当地居民调整种植结构、合理安排生产活动时间,开展跨境保护、加强栖息地保护,加强宣传、建立预警预报系统等缓解人象冲突的对策。     

2017—2020年思茅区亚洲象肇事及补偿情况调查

对思茅区亚洲象肇事情况进行调查,并分析思茅区土地利用类型情况及其对亚洲象肇事活动的影响。结果表明：2009年以来思茅区亚洲象数量呈稳定快速增长趋势,肇事数量和造成的损失也呈增长态势,2017—2020年共造成经济损失2 400.10万元,人员伤亡4人,分布范围和受损户数扩大;亚洲象对农作物损害程度不同,其肇事频率与季节性食物变化密切相关,月损失呈先波动增长后降低的趋势;土地利用格局是其种群扩散分布的重要基础。建议采取建设生态廊道提高亚洲象栖息地连通度,建设食源基地与完善象损赔偿机制,强化亚洲象预警系统等对策缓解人象冲突。     

君山江湖口湿地保护利用的生态设计策略

君山江湖口湿地体验园的建设从湿地保护、修复以及合理利用出发,基于调查分析项目地周边环境和项目地生境的历史演变为导向,为项目地湿地保护、修复和利用提供方向与参考,采用自然修复以及鸟类栖息地修复、鸟类食源补给地建设、鸟类栖息林建设等人工促进修复方式,改善和修复湿地生境。合理利用项目地的湿地、设施等资源,进行可持续的生态设计,在为市民提供生态科普宣教场所和自然体验地的同时,保证湿地生态系统功能的不断优化。     

亚洲象分布、数量、栖息地状况及种群管理

全世界野生亚洲象的数量约为5万只,分布于全球13个国家。亚洲象喜栖于热带雨林和季雨林地区,集中在各国气候湿润地带且多呈跨境分布。亚洲象适宜栖息地丧失和破碎化是各分布国面临的最主要问题之一,栖息地面积减少带来的亚洲象死亡、人象冲突等一系列生态经济问题凸显,各国就解决栖息地丧失与破碎化问题和缓解人象冲突问题提出了相关办法并拟定了共同行动方案。文中从亚洲象在世界各分布国的数量、栖息地丧失和破碎化程度的现状、人象冲突问题及各国针对保护亚洲象正在和将要计划实施的种群管理措施等方面介绍亚洲象相关信息,以期为科学管理和保护亚洲象种群提供详细的参考。     

GIS技术在西双版纳尚勇保护区亚洲象保护方案设计中的应用

针对亚洲象保护所面临的栖息地减少、生境破碎化、人象冲突加剧、盗猎等问题,通过查阅资料、实地调查和监测,取得了尚勇保护区亚洲象种群数量及分布、活动地点、对生境因子的选择、周边社区土地利用等方面的数据.应用GIS技术对数据进行分析处理,从野外巡护、栖息地改造与恢复、生物走廊带建设、缓解人象冲突4个方面开展对尚勇保护区的亚洲象保护方案设计.     

中国亚洲象研究现状与展望

我国亚洲象栖息地减少,伴随而来的人象冲突问题使亚洲象及其栖息地保护工作十分紧迫,通过对中国亚洲象种群数量、遗传多样性、行为和人象冲突等方面进行归纳与总结,对国内亚洲象相关研究工作进行梳理,为亚洲象保护管理和人象冲突缓解工作提供科研基础.     

云南临沧亚洲象保护管理及启示

临沧在亚洲象保护管理方面开展了大量工作,包括开展亚洲象基础研究、亚洲象抢救性保护、自然保护区专项执法检查、自然保护区政策及应用研究等,成效显著。随着亚洲象保护管理工作的深入,我们认为应重点加强亚洲象种群间基因交流、推进栖息地恢复工程、提升管理机构能力建设、加强打击非法盗猎及科普宣教等5个方面工作。     

普洱市思茅区亚洲象肇事原因和对策分析

近几年在思茅活动的亚洲象数量迅速增多,人象冲突日益尖锐。本文通过实地调查、数据收集等方法,分析了2008年~2013年以亚洲象为主的野生动物肇事情况,认为适宜生境和食物的不断减少、亚洲象取食习性的改变以及亚洲象报复行为是造成亚洲象肇事不断加剧的主要原因。根据分析结果,提出了加强亚洲象的栖息地保护、改善亚洲象生境质量、完善亚洲象监测与预警体系、完善补偿机制、调整产业结构、建立以亚洲象为主的生物廊道等缓解人象冲突的建议。     

亚洲象保护成效与策略

云南作为全球公认的生物多样性宝库和全国唯一有亚洲象分布的省份,将亚洲象的拯救保护作为生态文明建设排头兵的重点工程。云南省在亚洲象拯救保护中取得了一定成效,法律法规体系逐步健全,非法贸易得到遏制,监测预警和应急体系不断推进,安防和肇事补偿机制不断完善,但目前尚存在人象冲突不断加剧,管理与科研能力薄弱,经费投入严重不足,国际联合保护体系尚未建立等问题。藉此,提出转变发展方式,多措并举缓解人象冲突,提升科学研究能力建设、加大财政资金投入力度等策略。     

Can habitat prediction models contribute to the restoration and conservation of the threatened tree Abies pinsapo Boiss. in Southern Spain?

We examined the association between habitat variables and the relative impacts of topographic microclimates as a valuable tool for restoration and conservation of Abies pinsapo in southern Spain. We used presence–absence data from A. pinsapo and 79 environmental variables and biomod species distribution models to describe the current and future species habitat across the Sierra de las Nieves Natural Park (southern Spain). A. pinsapo habitat was most strongly associated with microtopographic (solar incidence) and temperature variables, indicating climate-driven changes in microhabitat use. Most of the temperature variation among the study site was attributable to topographic microclimates rather than regional temperature differences, such that differences in microhabitat associations occurred principally between north- and south-facing slopes within the same region. The current potential distribution suggests that around 8.7% (56.44 km²) of the study area is highly suitable for A. pinsapo, with 9.7% (62.84 km²) being moderately suitable. Under different global circulation models and climate change scenarios, the net decrease in suitable habitat is predicted to be 93% of the current distribution by 2040, disappearing altogether by 2099. Our findings also show a sharp reduction of potential restoration areas (1.8% of the current areas). Microclimatic variation generated by the topography offers the microclimate-driven locations of habitat suitability which could shape species’ distribution restoration actions and their responses to environmental change. The approach presented here can provide a rapid assessment of the future conservation status of other important forest tree species in Spain, improving our understanding of the vulnerability of endangered species under climate change, and can be an effective tool for biodiversity conservation, restoration, and management.

     

Effect of interspecific competition on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mus musculus</Emphasis> in an urban area

In this study, we examined the role of interspecific competition between native species and Mus musculus by a removal experiment conducted in vacant areas of the city of Río Cuarto. Abundance, demographic parameters, and habitat occupancy of M. musculus were recorded in grids where native species were removed (experimental grids) and in grids without removal (control grids) from November 2004 to April 2005. During the study period, we observed an increasing trend in the abundance and habitat occupancy by M. musculus in experimental grids, suggesting that interspecific competition could be determining the numbers and habitat use of M. musculus in vacant areas of the city of Río Cuarto. Understanding the population ecology of M. musculus in an urban area is crucial to the development of ecologically based pest management to provide effective management of a pest species.     

西双版纳勐满印度野牛生境利用初探

印度野牛是一种濒危的大型哺乳动物,其全球种群在过去的100年内发生了显著的下降,分布区也发生了剧烈的缩减。在中国,云南西双版纳是印度野牛现存种群的主要分布区。由于历史上遭受过较强的捕猎和栖息地破坏,该物种保护面临严峻危机。为了解该地印度野牛的生境利用特征,为该种群的保护提供一定依据,2014年7月—2015年11月,对西双版纳勐满地区的一个印度野牛群体开展了野外监测,通过收集到的野牛群位点统计了其家域面积,分析了海拔、植被和地形对其生境利用的影响。结果显示,该地区的印度野牛利用的家域面积为10～20 km²,利用的海拔范围为1 299～1 848 m,偏好森林覆盖率高且平坦的区域,在迁移时可能会利用平坦但森林覆盖率较低的区域。     

Maize and sesbania production in relay cropping at three landscape positions in Malawi

The relay cropping of sesbania (Sesbania sesban) — a N₂-fixing legume — with maize (Zea mays) has been proposed as a strategy to increase soil fertility and food production in densely populated areas in southern Africa. We determined the production of relay-cropped maize and sesbania at three landscape positions under researcher-designed and farmer-managed conditions in southern Malawi. Three landscape positions (dambo valley or bottomland, dambo margin with < 12% slope, and steep slopes with > 12% slope) were examined in factorial combination with N sources for maize (no added N, relay-cropped sesbania, and calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizer). Relay cropping of sesbania with maize increased maize grain yield, as compared to unfertilized sole maize in two of three years. Split application of 96 kg N ha^–1 as N fertilizer, however, was more effective than sesbania in increasing maize yields. Survival of sesbania seedlings and biomass production of sesbania were greater in the dambo valley and dambo margin than on steep slopes. Maize yields tended to be lower on steep slopes than in the dambo valley and dambo margin areas. Biomass production of sesbania and hence the potential benefits of intercropping sesbania with maize appear greater in the dambo valleys and dambo margins than on steep slopes.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Habitat selection by ungulates in relation to predation risk by wolves and humans in the Białowieża Forest, Poland

Predation risk is an important factor influencing the distribution of ungulates and their impact on forest structure. However, simultaneous predation risk by wolves and humans is rarely considered in the analyses of habitat selection by ungulates. We counted ungulate pellets on transects to analyse the influence of wolves and humans on ungulate density distribution in the Białowieża Forest, Poland. We assessed whether (1) forest exploitation influenced ungulate habitat selection, (2) ungulate density was higher in areas without human hunting, (3) ungulates avoided the surroundings of a major road, (4) prey density was higher in the strife zone between home ranges of wolf packs both in the presence and absence of human hunting, (5) ungulates avoided areas selected by wolves, and (6) wolf kill sites were in high prey density areas. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) selected unexploited over exploited forests and areas without hunting, whereas roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) preferred exploited forests. Wild boar and European bison (Bison bonasus) avoided the area within 300 m of a major road, whereas we could not detect any avoidance by red or roe deer. Prey density was not higher in wolf strife zones, regardless of human hunting. Ungulates did not avoid areas selected by wolves. Wolves killed red deer in areas with prey density of about 4 red deer/km², regardless of whether the average red deer density in those areas was higher or lower. We conclude that habitat alteration by forest exploitation and hunting by humans influenced the density distribution of ungulates more than predation risk by wolves.     

丽江市古城区湿地保护修复研究

丽江市古城区湿地在生物多样性保护、区域气候调节和调蓄洪水方面发挥着其重要生态功能,目前存在着资源面积萎缩和破碎化,湿地污染严重,对生物资源过度利用,对水资源利用不合理,湿地管理资金投入不足等问题。藉此,提出加强湿地保护利用体系和共建共管体系及其宣教体系建设,开展湿地物种保护及其生境修复,开展水源保护、湖滨带保护、汇水面山以及流域两岸植被保护,进行湿地基底修复、污染治理和生态修复,加大对湿地的调查监测能力和科研水平的提升力度等丽江市古城区湿地保护修复策略。     

Wintering habitat evaluation of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) in forest area of Northeastern China

Six ultimate factors (forage abundance, horizontal sheltering class, distance from human disturbance, snow depth, tree coverage, and edge effect) of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were investigated in eastern Heilongjiang Province during winter from 1988 to 1991. On the basis of analysis of field data, we evaluated winter habitat conditions of Red deer. The results showed as follows: the wintering habitat quality of Red deer in poplar-birch stands was excellent in the Wanda Mountains, and was moderate in shrub-woods and Korean pine seed stands. According to habitat index (HI) values, the habitat quality in poplar-birch stands (HI=0.8185) was superior to that in shrub-woods (HI=0.4825) and in Korean pine seed stands (HI=0.4385). The wintering habitat quality of Red deer in the Wanda Mountains was superior to that of Dailing Forestry Region. According to the current situations of forestry areas in northeastern China, strengthening habitat management was important for the conservation and management of Red deer population in the next decades. This subject is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

Do restoration fellings in protected forests increase the risk of bark beetle damages in adjacent forests? A case study from Fennoscandian boreal forest

Gap fellings are used to promote multi-cohort structures and to restore other natural forest structures and processes in protected areas that have been altered by anthropogenic activities. Gaps and felled trees may also provide breeding material for species that in high numbers can cause significant tree mortality, growth reduction and consequent economic losses in surrounding production forests. In this study, the effect of restoration gap fellings on feeding intensity of Tomicus spp. (pine shoot beetles) was evaluated by counting fallen pine shoots at different distances from gaps in a protected area in eastern Finland. Gap fellings had a clear effect on the feeding intensity of the beetles. The average density of fallen shoots m⁻² was 17 within a 10-m distance from gaps but decreased rapidly to around 4 at the distance of 50 m and beyond. The distance decay in shoot feeding is described well by the negative exponential models. Our results suggest that gap fellings have only a localized effect on shoot feeding by Tomicus in the forests surrounding the restoration gaps. In practical restoration, a buffer zone of 100–200 m around the gap fellings, as implemented here, is enough to minimize economically significant growth reduction in surrounding production forests. As shown in this study, restoration of natural forest structures and dynamics to protect biodiversity is not necessarily in conflict with forest hygiene objectives in production forests.     

Terrestrial movements and habitat use of gopher frogs in longleaf pine forests: A comparative study of juveniles and adults

Many animals exhibit changes in patterns of movement and habitat use as they age, and understanding such ontogenetic shifts is important for ensuring that habitat management is appropriate for all life stages. We used radiotelemetry to study movements and habitat use of juvenile and adult gopher frogs (Rana capito) as they migrated from the same ponds following metamorphosis or breeding. To supplement radiotelemetry data, we also captured adult gopher frogs at drift fences as they left ponds for the terrestrial environment. We directly compared patterns of movement, directional orientation, macrohabitat use (forest type), and microhabitat use (refugia) between the two life stages. Both juveniles and adults moved considerable distances from breeding ponds (up to 691 m) and selected fire-maintained longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forest over fire-suppressed forest. However, fire-suppressed habitat appeared to be a greater barrier to juveniles than adults. Additionally, we found differences in microhabitat use; both juveniles and adults used underground refuges (e.g., burrows and stump holes) for shelter, but juveniles used such refuges less often than adults. Juveniles also took more time than adults to locate their first refuge after exiting ponds. These differences may reflect the juveniles’ lack of experience in terrestrial habitats. Unlike juveniles, adults are likely more familiar with the locations of specific habitat features (e.g., burrows and ponds) and may take the shortest routes when moving among them, even if it requires moving through fire-suppressed habitat. Previous research has recommended that terrestrial habitats surrounding breeding ponds should be managed with frequent prescribed fire (i.e., 1–3-year intervals) in order to maintain suitable terrestrial habitat for juvenile gopher frogs, and our study suggests that these management practices are also likely beneficial to adults.