水泥厂周边稻田土壤剖面磁学性质及其环境意义

为了研究工业粉尘对农田土壤磁学性质的影响,在水泥厂周边挖掘了2个稻田土壤剖面(L01、L02)和1个山林土壤剖面(L04),同时设置对照剖面(L03),采用环境磁学方法,分别对4个土壤剖面磁学参数、矿物成分和化学成分进行了分析。结果表明:水泥厂周边3个土壤剖面中主要矿物成分是石英、伊利石、针铁矿、蒙脱石、方解石等。稻田土壤剖面中存在亚铁磁性矿物和反铁磁性矿物,但亚铁磁性矿物含量较低,剖面L01和L02的χ(质量磁化率)、χ_(ARM)(非磁滞剩磁磁化率)、SIRM(饱和等温剩磁)平均值分别为12.05×10~(–8) m~3/kg、52.71×10~(–8) m~3/kg、9.74×10~(–4) Am~2/kg和9.40×10~(–8) m~3/kg、43.82×10~(–8) m~3/kg、7.67×10~(–4) Am~2/kg,这2个剖面中磁性矿物粒径较粗,超顺磁性颗粒含量较低,χ_(fd)(频率磁化率)平均值分别为3.41%和3.08%。剖面L04中亚铁磁性矿物含量较高,其χ、χ_(ARM)、SIRM平均值分别为53.85×10~(–8) m~3/kg、393.73×10~(–8) m~3/kg、26.90×10~(–4) Am~2/kg,该剖面中磁性矿物粒径细,超顺磁性颗粒含量高,χ_(fd)平均值高达14.20%。由于受到水泥粉尘的影响,水泥厂周边3个土壤剖面(L01、L02、L04)0～20 cm土壤磁学性质和ω_(CaO)(CaO质量分数)都发生了明显变化,磁性增强,磁性矿物粒径变粗,ω_(CaO)升高,3个土壤剖面中ω_(CaO)与磁学参数χ、χ_(ARM)、SIRM均存在正相关关系。因此,稻田土壤剖面的磁学参数χ、χ_(ARM)、SIRM和ω_(CaO)对水泥粉尘的影响具有较好的指示作用,两类参数的值越高,指示稻田土壤被水泥粉尘影响越严重。     

土壤磁性矿物的多元成因——成土作用成因与人为污染成因磁性的区分

对黄土高原古土壤和上海市城市土壤磁性特征进行比较,研究和区分土壤磁性的多元成因。结果表明,黄土高原古土壤磁化率(χlf)平均值为108×10-8m3kg-1;频率磁化率(χfd%)平均值为11·4%,且χlf与χfd%呈极显著正相关性,表明风化成土作用形成超细顺磁颗粒(SP)是其磁性增强的主要原因。χlf与游离态铁(Fed)、铁游离度(Fed/Fet)和黏粒含量相关性达极显著水平,也说明古土壤磁性增强与风化成土作用有关。上海城市土壤χlf异常增强,变化范围为127～1959×10-8m3kg-1,χfd%2·0%,表明其不含SP,磁性增强并非由于风化成土作用,应与人为污染有关。非滞后剩磁(χarm)、非滞后剩磁/饱和等温剩磁(χarm/SIRM)、非滞后剩磁/磁化率(χarm/χlf)和饱和等温剩磁/磁化率(SIRM/χlf)等参数及组合的研究表明,城市土壤磁性矿物占主导的是多畴(MD)和稳定单畴(SSD)颗粒;而古土壤磁性矿物中占主导的是SP颗粒。软等温剩磁(SOFT)、硬等温剩磁(HIRM)、软磁百分含量(SOFT%)、硬磁百分含量(HARD%)、IRM300mT/SIRM(F300mT)等磁性参数的研究表明,城市土壤矫顽力低,软磁组分高,以铁磁性矿物为主导;黄土高原古土壤也以铁磁性矿物为主导,但HARD%通常高于城市土壤。用磁学参数及组合,能较有效分辨土壤磁性的风化成土作用成因或人为污染成因。     

澧阳平原古水稻土铁形态演变特征

采用野外采样与室内分析的方法,研究了澧阳平原杉龙岗遗址埋藏古水稻土与现代耕作水稻土铁形态、含量变化及剖面演变特征,探讨了土壤铁形态变化与成土过程的关系。结果表明:澧阳平原现代耕作水稻土与埋藏古水稻土铁形态及含量分别为:全铁31.61~35.10 g/kg和33.97~46.88 g/kg,游离铁8.88~13.92 g/kg和11.10~20.36 g/kg,无定型铁2.52~4.06 g/kg和2.64~3.35 g/kg,结晶态铁5.06~11.40 g/kg和8.46~17.43 g/kg。澧阳平原水稻土各形态铁含量除无定型铁外,其他形态铁含量总趋势为埋藏古水稻土现代耕作水稻土,且古水稻土各形态铁分异明显。现代耕作水稻土全铁、游离铁、结晶铁含量均呈现随深度加深而增加趋势,而无定型铁则相反,且各形态铁含量波动性较小;埋藏古水稻土全铁含量随土层增深而增加,无定型铁含量呈现微幅增加趋势,但游离铁和结晶铁含量变化有异,PA剖面减少,PC剖面增加,埋藏古水稻土中各形态铁含量变化趋势多样。澧阳平原古水稻土的铁有明显的淋溶淀积特征,不同形态铁在各土层变异较大,埋藏古水稻土铁富集明显。     

耕作侵蚀磁性示踪的影响因素

以钛铁矿粉作为磁性示踪剂,研究土壤磁化率背景值、操作方式、测定条件对耕作侵蚀磁性示踪的影响,确定耕作侵蚀磁性示踪技术的适宜测定条件。结果表明:紫色土研究样地的耕层土壤磁化率背景值和空间变异性都较小,对示踪剂磁性强度要求不高;土壤磁化率与示踪剂浓度可以利用线性方程拟合,示踪剂浓度在20~70g/kg时,拟合效果较好(R~2=0.999 6,P0.001);当土壤颗粒组成中粗颗粒(粒径5mm)占主导时,土壤磁化率与粒径2mm和2~5 mm含量呈显著正相关,与粒径5~10 mm和10~20mm含量呈显著负相关,然而当细颗粒(粒径5mm)占主导时,土壤磁化率与土壤颗粒组成无关;土壤磁化率与堆积厚度、土壤含水量和土壤紧实度呈正相关关系,与取样间距、示踪剂老化、土壤温度关系不明显。耕作侵蚀磁性示踪技术的适宜测定条件为:钛铁矿粉磁性示踪剂浓度为20~70g/kg,土壤磁化率测定时细颗粒占多数(50%),堆积厚度在5cm以上,土壤紧实度在50~150N/cm~2,保持耕作前后土壤磁化率测定中堆积厚度、土壤含水量和土壤紧实度等条件基本相似。试验和应用表明钛铁矿粉的性能较适合作为耕作侵蚀磁性示踪剂。     

上海市杨浦区表土重金属污染的磁学响应

[目的]揭示上海市杨浦区土壤重金属污染情况,为环境磁学在城市表土重金属污染的应用提供科学依据。[方法]结合磁学方法与传统化学方法,对杨浦区5个功能区内的17个表土样品进行磁学特征和重金属浓度的分析。[结果]杨浦区表土磁化率值平均值为2.42×10~(-6) m~3/kg,磁性特征以低矫顽力的亚铁磁性矿物为主导,颗粒较粗。除频率磁化率外,磁学参数整体呈现工业区与交通区值较高的特点;重金属Zn,Pb,Cu,Cr浓度值高于背景值,且高值集中在工业区、交通区、居住区,污染负荷指数(PLI)的值为1.962,属于轻度污染。除工业区外,各功能区之间重金属含量与磁学参数的相关性较好(p0.05),磁化率(χlf)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)、硬剩磁(HIRM)对杨浦区表土重金属含量有良好的指示作用。[结论]环境磁学方法可以快速简便地提供城市污染信息。     

低丘侵蚀红壤垦种熟化过程中土壤磁性特征演变规律

应用磁测方法并结合土壤理化指标 ,对相同母质发育但利用方式和熟化程度不同的浙西红壤磁性特征进行研究。结果表明 ,6种利用方式的红壤中 ,耕植年限长、熟化程度高的红壤由于土壤结构、p H值和有机质含量的改善 ,磁性特征有明显变化 ,磁性矿物由亚铁磁性矿物向不完整反铁磁性矿物方向发展 ,且超顺磁性矿物和单畴磁性矿物含量减少。此外 ,耕植年限相同的红壤磁性相近 ,裸地红壤的磁性低值反映了裸地表土强烈侵蚀状况。     

黔中喀斯特山区不同土地利用方式下土壤的矿物磁性特征研究

对黔中典型喀斯特地区，对不同土地利用方式下的土壤矿物磁性做了研究。研究结果显示，典型喀斯特地区发育的土壤的磁性矿物组成一致，基本上是以亚铁磁性矿物为主，多畴颗粒（MD Multi-Domain，〉0．04μm）、稳定单畴颗粒（SSD　Stable Single Domain，0．02～O．04μm）和超顺磁颗粒（SP Super Paramagnetism，〈O．02μm）三种颗粒都含有。不同的土地利用方式对土壤的磁性特征有着明显的影响，林地和耕地的磁性矿物中含有较多的细颗粒物质，而撂荒地、草地和灌丛地则相对较少；土壤中细颗粒的磁性物质的含量又与土壤本身的黏粒含量有明显的相关关系；土壤中反铁磁性矿物的含量均较少，其中耕地的反铁磁性物质的含量明显高于其他土壤，可能与长期渍水和耕种翻作有关。     

磁性参数在红壤退化评价指标中的应用

选择浙西金华地区兰溪实验观测站六种不同退化程度的红壤为研究对象 ,分析了反映红壤退化程度的物理、化学和生物指标及红壤磁测参数与它们之间的内在联系。结果表明 ,磁性参数与反映红壤退化程度的理化及生物指标均有显著或较显著的相关性。退化程度较轻的香樟林和混交林表现了较低的细晶粒磁性矿物含量和较高的反铁磁性矿物含量 ,退化程度较高的杉木林、桔园、草地则相反 ,细晶粒磁性矿物含量较高且亚铁磁性矿物的相对含量上升。磁性参数和土壤理化生物指标之间良好的相关性表明 ,磁性参数可以作为指示红壤退化程度的重要指标。     

福建周宁黄红壤的磁学特征及其磁性矿物转化

对我国亚热带地区发育于花岗岩之上的一个黄红壤剖面进行了系统的环境磁学测量,对土壤样品的磁化率、等温剩磁、磁滞回线等常温磁学参数进行测量,对代表性样品进行热磁分析,并结合色度、常量地球化学元素和漫反射光谱参数,探讨亚热带黄红壤的磁性特征,以及在相对湿冷的气候条件下,黄红壤中的磁性矿物具有怎样的转化规律。结果表明：亚热带黄红壤中强磁性矿物为亚铁磁性的磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿,弱磁性矿物为反铁磁性的赤铁矿、针铁矿。随着成土作用/风化作用增强,磁性矿物颗粒变细。母质和气候条件是影响区域磁性差异的重要因素,次生磁性矿物（特别是赤铁矿与针铁矿）的含量主要受气候条件控制。在相对湿冷的气候条件下,磁性矿物的转化以强磁性的磁铁矿与磁赤铁矿转化为弱磁性的赤铁矿与针铁矿为主。气温（而非降水）是湿润亚热带地区花岗岩风化壳上发育土壤中针铁矿和赤铁矿含量以及相对比例的主导影响因素。     

福建周宁黄红壤的磁学特征及其磁性矿物转化

对我国亚热带地区发育于花岗岩之上的一个黄红壤剖面进行了系统的环境磁学测量,对土壤样品的磁化率、等温剩磁、磁滞回线等常温磁学参数进行测量,对代表性样品进行热磁分析,并结合色度、常量地球化学元素和漫反射光谱参数,探讨亚热带黄红壤的磁性特征,以及在相对湿冷的气候条件下,黄红壤中的磁性矿物具有怎样的转化规律。结果表明：亚热带黄红壤中强磁性矿物为亚铁磁性的磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿,弱磁性矿物为反铁磁性的赤铁矿、针铁矿。随着成土作用/风化作用增强,磁性矿物颗粒变细。母质和气候条件是影响区域磁性差异的重要因素,次生磁性矿物（特别是赤铁矿与针铁矿）的含量主要受气候条件控制。在相对湿冷的气候条件下,磁性矿物的转化以强磁性的磁铁矿与磁赤铁矿转化为弱磁性的赤铁矿与针铁矿为主。气温（而非降水）是湿润亚热带地区花岗岩风化壳上发育土壤中针铁矿和赤铁矿含量以及相对比例的主导影响因素。     

Characterization of subtropical soils by mineral magnetic measurements

Abstract

This paper reports the use of mineral magnetic measurement techniques to characterize the iron oxide assemblage within soils of varying parent material type and water regime from subtropical region in Zhejiang Province, China. Results show that dryland soils formed on Quaternary red clay, limestone, arenaceous shale, and diluvium, exhibit a distinct ferrimagnetic profile with a magnetic susceptibility (χ) enhancement in surface horizon. This enhancement is interpreted as being due to pedogenic superparamagnetic (SP) ferrimagnetic grains, which is supported by a higher frequency dependent susceptibility (χ_fd) values. The χ and χ_fd have highly significant positive linear relationship with dithionite‐citrate‐bicarbonate (DCB) extractable iron (Fed) content. The upper horizon of paddy soil has extremely lower χ and χ_fd values than dryland soils formed on the same parent material. Soil with poorly‐drained condition has distinctly lower absolute χ and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) value than associated well‐drained soil. It indicates that reduction state is an important factor responsible for loss of SP ferrimagnetic minerals in soils.     

Mineral magnetic properties of a weathering sequence of soils derived from basalt in Eastern China

The magnetic properties and magnetic mineralogy of a weathering sequence of soils developed on basalt parent material from eastern China, were studied by rock magnetism, X-ray diffraction and soil chemical analyses to establish the connection between mineral magnetic properties and pedogenic development in a subtropical region. The magnetic susceptibility of soils formed on basalt varied greatly and did not increase with the degree of pedogenic development. The frequency-dependent susceptibility (χfd) values of soils ranged from 1.0 to 11.1% and increased with the pedogenic development. Highly significant linear relationship was found between the frequency-dependent susceptibility and the Fe_d content (R² = 0.683) and Fe_d/Fe_t ratio (R² = 0.780) in soils, indicating that pedogenic SP ferrimagnetic grains were associated with enrichment of the secondary iron oxide minerals in the weathering process of soil. Rock magnetism analysis showed that the major magnetic carriers in the weakly weathered soil profiles are magnetite and/or maghemite, and the highly developed soil profiles are generally enriched in magnetite/maghemite grains of pedogenic origin and the magnetically hard haematite, indicating that the magnetic component was transformed from a ferrimagnetic phase (magnetite) to antiferromagnetic phase (hematite) during pedogenic development. Results indicated that some of the magnetic parameters of soils, in this case χfd, can be useful for pedogenic comparisons and age correlations in the weathering sequence of soil. It is thus suggested that multiparameter rock magnetic investigations represent a more powerful approach for pedogenesis.     

第四纪红土的磁性与氧化铁矿物学特征及其古环境意义

应用矿物磁测,Ｘ－衍射和电镜技术对浙江省第四纪红土的磁性与氧化铁矿物学特征进行了研究。结果表明,均质层和网纹层的磁化率（χ）、频率磁化率（χｆｄ）、软剩磁（ＳｏｆｔＩＲＭ）、非滞后剩磁（ＡＲＭ）、饱和等温剩磁（ＳＩＲＭ）和剩磁矫顽力（（Ｂｏ）ｃｋ）等磁性参数存在明显差异,均质层的磁化率和饱和等温剩磁分别是网纹层的６倍和４倍;第四纪红土的磁化率主要由风化成土作用产生的超顺磁性颗粒（ＳＰ）和稳定单畴颗     

水耕人为土磁性矿物的生成转化机制研究回顾与展望

随着环境问题的日益突出,人为活动对土壤的影响越来越深刻,需加强对"人为作用"的研究以便解释现代土壤磁性的过程和变化。水耕人为土在发育过程中人为作用的方式多种多样,明确其磁性矿物的生成和转化机制及其影响因素有利于理解人为活动对现代土壤磁性的作用。但目前水耕人为土磁学研究还比较零散,缺乏系统性,已有研究结果有待深入梳理。本文对已有的相关研究报道,包括水耕人为土磁性参数的演变特征、磁性矿物的生成转化机制以及对成土因素的响应等进行综合评述。最后,对当前研究的不足和存在问题进行总结,并对研究方向进行了展望,以期有助于环境磁学的发展。     

土壤溶质迁移的柱滞留方程

The relationship between magnetic properties and particle size of soils derived from metamorphic rock,basalt,granite,Quaternary red clay,limestone and mudstone from Zhejiang Province,East China was studied,Based on the variations of the mass magnetic susceptibility (χ),anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM),and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) with soil particle size,the relationship could be classfied into three groups.For the soils derived from metamorphic rock and basalt,magnetic values were the highest in the gravel and coarse sand fractions and decreased with decreasing soil particle size.The soils derived from sedimentary rock had a bimodal distribution of magnetic values.with peaks in 1-0.5 and 0.005-0.0005mm fractions.The soil developed on granite was characterized by a peak of magnetic value in 0.001-0.0005mm fractions.The soil developed on granite was characterized by a peak of magnetic value in 0.001-0.0005 mm fractions.Frequency-dependent susceptibility(χfd)and ratios of magnetic parameters (ARM/χ,SIRM/χand SIRM/ARM) of soil particle fractions showed that variations in ferrimagnetic grain size paralleled those in particle size,χfd peaked in caly fraction and decreased with increasing particle size,irrespective of soil parent materials.The acquisition curves of IRM and demagnetization paramenter of different soil particles indicated that there were different magnetic minerals assemblages in different particle fractions.     

Magnetic signature and source identification of heavy metal contamination in urban soils of steel industrial city,Northeast China

Purpose

Identifying the spatial distribution and degree of heavy metal contamination in the soils is required for urban environmental management. Magnetic measurement provides a rapid means of determining spatial distribution and degree of soil pollution and identifying various anthropogenic sources of heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to characterize the magnetic signature of heavy metal contamination and identify the sources of heavy metals in urban soils from steel industrial city.

Materials and methods

A total of 115 urban topsoils from Anshan city, Northeast China, were collected and determined for magnetic properties and heavy metal concentration. Magnetic susceptibility (χlf) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) were determined as proxy for ferrimagnetic mineral concentration. Magnetic minerals were identified by using Curie temperature, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The Pearson’ correlation and matrix cluster analyses were used to establish the relationship between magnetic parameters and heavy metal concentrations.

Results and discussion

Urban topsoils exhibit characteristic magnetic enhancement. The magnetic measurement in particle size fractions indicates that 50–2 μm fraction has the highest low-field magnetic susceptibility (χlf), while <2 μm has the highest frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility (χfd) value. The soil χlf and SIRM values are significantly correlated with the contents of metals (Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cr) and Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI), which indicates that χlf and SIRM could be served as better indicators for the pollution of heavy metals in the urban topsoil. Spatial distribution maps of χlf, SIRM, and PLI indicate that the pollution hotspots tend to associate with the regions within and close to steel industrial zones. XRD and Curie temperature analyses indicate that the main magnetic minerals of urban topsoils are magnetite (Fe₃O₄), hematite (α-Fe₂O₃), and metallic iron. Magnetic minerals mostly occur in the pseudo-single-domain/multidomain (PSD/MD) grain size range, which is the dominant contributor to the magnetic enhancement of topsoils. SEM observation reveals that magnetic particles in soils exist in irregular-shaped particles and spherule. Results reveal that heavy metals from industrially derived and traffic emissions coexist with coarse-grained magnetic phases.

Conclusions

It is concluded that the magnetic measurement could be regarded as a proxy tool to detect the level of heavy metal pollution and identify the source of heavy metals in urban soils. Magnetic properties provide a fast and inexpensive method to map the spatial distribution of long-term pollution from steel industrial origin on region scale.

     

稻田改为茶园后土壤铁形态与磁学性质演变特征

以四川省名山区稻田及由稻田改造的茶园土壤为研究对象,采用铁形态连续分级提取与环境磁学技术相结合的方法,分析铁氧化物与磁学特征随土壤利用方式及植茶时间变化而变化的特征。结果表明,稻田及不同植茶年限(3、6、10年)茶园土壤110cm土体均表现为可还原铁(Red-Fe)>可氧化态铁(Oxi-Fe)>酸溶态铁(Acid-Fe)；稻田改为茶园以及随着植茶年限延长,表层(0-10cm)及亚表层(10-20cm)土壤Acid-Fe、Oxi-Fe明显增加,而整个土体Red-Fe降低。稻田改为茶园3年后, 0~30cm土壤表现出质量磁化率(MS)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)、软剩磁(IRMs)升高,而硬剩磁(IRMh)降低；随着植茶年限的延长,土体总体表现出各磁性参数均降低的趋势,亚铁磁性矿物主导土壤磁性特征变化。稻田改为茶园后土壤逐渐酸化且有机质积累,使亚铁磁性矿物不稳定,进一步导致Red-Fe溶解并向Acid-Fe、Oxi-Fe转化,且随植茶年限的延长,部分铁氧化物结晶度会增加。     

绰墩遗址古今水稻土黏土矿物特征比较研究

在江苏绰墩山遗址考古发掘中,发现了在剖面不同深度埋藏的距今约6000年的史前水稻土层、距今约3 000年的商周史前的古水稻土层和现代水稻土层.本研究为了比较古今水稻土黏土矿物特征的差异,以土壤剖面P01(包含史前古水稻土、商周史古水稻土和现代水稻土)与P03(仅含商周时期古水稻土和现代水稻土)为对象,测定其各种形态铁锰...     

太湖流域水稻土的磁化率剖面

土壤磁学是一门新兴的土壤学分支学科。它以研究土壤磁性为中心内容,把现代磁学理论以及磁测、磁查和磁诊断等研究手段和方法应用到土壤学中来^[2]。土壤磁性的强弱,可用磁化率作为指标。土壤磁化率的大小,主要决定于含铁矿物的种类和数量,特别是强磁性矿物(亚铁磁性的磁铁矿Fe₂O₃·FeO和磁赤铁矿γ-Fe₂O₃)的数量。